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Causes -
German Objectives
The first onslaught of Operation Barbarossa in 141 had carried the German armies to the outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad. In the summer of 14 Hitlers main target was the oil fields of the Caucasustheir capture would deprive the Russians of their fuel supply as well as give the Germans a shorter supply line. Simultaneously the German Sixth Army was ordered to take Stalingrad; a long urban strip strung out along the west bank of the Volga. If this was done successfully Stalingrad would serve as an anchor to the Northern flank of the larger German drive into the Caucasus oil fields and control of the city of Stalingrad would have cut Soviet transport links with Southern Russia via the Vulga River.
Why Stalingrad?
Cheap College Papers on Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler was determined to capture it as it was a major manufacturing centre and the key to the communications system of southern Russia, it also became an obsession of his because it simply had Stalin's name in it.
In German hands it would block Russian attempts to destroy German armies between the Don and Caucasus. But Stalin was equally determined to defend it, not least as it bore his name. His order was read out to every Soviet soldier - Not a step backwards!
By July 14 the oil fields seemed to be at Hitlers mercy. Then he changed his mind and ordered part of the forces that were to occupy them to the siege of Stalingrad instead. By diverting them to this ultimately futile attack Hitler wrecked the Caucasus campaign, which had a good chance of success.
The Battle -
In the Don and Volga steppes began one of the greatest battles in the Second World Warthe battle of Stalingrad. It was fought over a territory of 100,000 sq. Km. and continued with unmatched fury for six and a half moths. The battle in its various stages involved on the both sides more than two million men, over ,000 tanks, some 6,000 guns and mortars and more then ,000 planes. On August , when German Sixth Army forces, commanded by General Friedrich Paulus, reached the Volga at Stalingrad, Soviet and German infantry fought a long, house-to-house battle for the city. During the summer of 14 the Germans advanced to the suburbs of Stalingrad but failed to take the city itself against a determined defence by the Red Army, despite repeated attacks by the 6th Army under Friedrich Paulus and part of the 4th Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist. By September they had reached the citys centre, where they encountered stiff resistance from the Soviet 6nd Army under General Vasily I. Chuikov. The citys Soviet defenders had been driven almost to the Volga by mid-October, but the Germans supplies were beginning to run low, their tanks were of little value in the constant street fighting, and winter was approaching. The Russian army occupying Stalingrad was fanatical. It contested every street and factory, whether still standing or totally destroyed. The state that Stalingrad was in made it impossible for the Germans to bring in tanks or any other heavy artillery. Territory which the Germans, with their superior firepower, had won by day was regained by night. At the same time Soviet armies, ultimately numbering an estimated 1 million men was being built up. On 1 November, preceded by an enormous barrage, forces under General Zhukov attacked on both German flanks. Within 5 days they had executed a pincer movement that encircled 50,000-00,000 German and satellite troops. Hitler forbade Paulus from attempting to break out to the rear, which he might have done early in the encirclement.
Goering promised him an airlift which never occurred. A relief army stalled in December and rations had to be reduced. Ammunition was runningSoviets trap more than 50,000 Germans in Stalingrad low. In January the
Russians called on von Paulus to surrender. Hitler ordered him to refuse, made him a Field Marshal and informed him that no German Field Marshal had ever been taken alive. The German position was now hopeless. Troops slowly froze, starved and ran out of ammunition. Pauluss forces were divided into two parts by a Russian push forward. By 0 January he was trapped in the basement of the large department store in Stalingrad where he had set up his final HQ. To Hitlers disappointment he preferred to surrender and live onFebruary he and his staff gave themselves up. By then 70,000 Germans had died in Stalingrad. The Russians took 1,000 prisoners, including twenty-four German generals. Only 6000 ever returned. Hitler himself said, The god of war has gone over to the other side'
Why is Stalingrad a turning point?
Stalingrad was a turning point in the war because it was the first time the German South-Eastern advance had been stopped this resulted in the Germans losing somewhere from 50,000 to 00,000 men in the battle that could have been evacuated if it was not for Hitler's stubbornness and some 600,000 dead German soldiers were found after the battle. After the battle of Stalingrad Soviet armies began the series of offensives that eventually led them to Berlin. Stalingrad proved to be the turning point of the military struggle between Germany and the Soviet Union. The battle used up precious German reserves, destroyed two entire German armies, and humiliated the prestigious German war machine. It also marked the increasing skill and professionalism of a group of younger Soviet generals who had emerged as capable commanders. Paulus' surrender was the first time a German Field Marshall had ever surrendered.
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