Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Robert E. Lee's Dominating Role in Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels

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The Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest engagement in American history, and the turning point in The Civil War. The South was at the height of its power. Robert E. Lee had led the army of Northern Virginia through a string of defensive victories leading up to the summer of 186. Inspired by past successes, General Lee would bring his army of70,000 men across the Potomac and onto Union soil. By going on the offensive for the first time in the war, Lee hoped "to draw the Union Army out into the open," (xv) and force a military engagement.


Michael Shaara's historical novel, The Killer Angels, depicts the Battle of Gettysburg from the perspective of Robert E. Lee and other Confederate and Union military leaders. Through the use of first person perspective, Shaara is able to explore what motivated Lee, Longstreet, Chamberlain, and others during the battle. Shaara's novel is arranged to highlight the importance of generalship in determining the outcome of Gettysburg and the Civil War. Lee as the commanding general of the Confederate Army, I contend and he would concede, is the most responsible for the outcome of The Killer Angels. It was Lee that led the invading army and Lee that insisted that "if we stay, we must fight." (64)


Shaara shows that the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg was the outcome of a series of tactical mistakes by Southern military leadership. For each one of the Confederate generals in the novel, a command error could mean hundreds, even thousands of casualties. As commanding general, the repercussions of Robert Lee's decisions are the most significant for the army of Northern Virginia. "There were many decisions that could only be made by the commanding officer, and the commanding officer should know as much as possible about the logistics of the situation." (61)


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J.E.B. Stuart had failed his mission to keep Lee informed of the Union Army's movements. Lee would not know that Stuart was "joyriding," () and Gettysburg became the chosen battle ground as a consequence of Lee being unaware of the Union's position. "It was almost like a plan," Lee thought, "It was possible to see Intention in it." (104) Shaara's Robert Lee believes that he is a servant of God's will. Lee trusts that the events leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg are all part of God's larger plan. When general Longstreet advises Lee to reposition Confederate forces, Lee simply responds "The enemy is here." (11)


Lee is the aggressor. He is the commanding general of the invading army. Lee is willing to order his men to fight against a superior force on bad ground. He believes a good officer must be able to order his men to their deaths. "Each man has his own reason to die," Lee says, "But if they go on, I will go on." () Yet, Lee orders caution to General Ewell in taking the high ground at Gettysburg. Lee's indecisiveness in ordering General Ewell to take the best strategic position by force may have been the single greatest error of command at Gettysburg. "I do not want him [Ewell] to engage a superior force," Lee informs a messenger, "but I do want him to take that hill, if he thinks [it] practicable." (10) Given the choice, Ewell decides it is not practical to take the high ground.


For Lee, in The Killer Angels, retreat is simply not an option. When Lee took the most pragmatic approach at Richmond, choosing defense over aggression, they called him the King of Spades. "He had enough of defensive war. The King of Spades. Let us attack and let it be done." (11) Lee had succeeded in drawing the Union Army out from their defense of Washington. Jefferson Davis's offer of peace to Abraham Lincoln had already been prepared. If Lee could not attack and destroy the Union Army, it would only gain strength. "Supplies will come to them in rivers, but nothing will come to us. Richmond has nothing to send." (64) Lee had too much pride to lead his men back Southward to Confederate soil.


There is something "oddly biblical" (7) about the strength of Lee's presence among the soldiers that he commands. Shaara presents Lee as a sort of lesser God. Like all generals, he wields the power of life and death over his army. There is something in Lee's presence which overshadows the other characters in The Killer Angels. "The secret of General Lee is that men love him and follow him with faith." (51)


Lee was loved like a "father of the army, symbol of war." () Yet, Robert E. Lee also shows unparalleled leadership when he asks his men to laydown their arms after being defeated at Gettysburg. "His great prestige brings a peace which might not otherwise have been possible." (4)


Lee was not the only Confederate general to make tactical errors at Gettysburg. Still, Lee as commanding general would accept total responsibility for the outcome of the battle. "No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me…" Lee says of the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg, "I alone am to blame." In Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels, Lee sees no alternative to attacking a deeply entrenched Union army and gaining control over the field. Shaara's Lee continues the assault against Union forces at Gettysburg for three days with a stubborn pride. By the final day of the battle he is outnumbered, outgunned, and out positioned. In The Killer Angels, Robert E. Lee costs the South the Civil War by having too much faith in God to bring a Confederate victory. Lee seems to have little use for tactics, believing that numbers are meaningless, and trusting in the will of God.


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