How to get a job in a law firm

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in how to get a job in a law firm, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your how to get a job in a law firm paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!Securing a Training Contract with a top City law firm is extremely

competitive and difficult. It is worth reflecting though that the reason

the selection procedure is so tough is because of the value of the prize

on offer.

City law firms look for certain skills and certain knowledge to be

demonstrated in a certain way. Legal careers recruiters in city firms

follow fairly uniform application and interview formats and look for

predictable qualities. Undergraduates are not, and are not expected to

be, aware of this. If you are willing to prepare properly for your

application and actively seek out lawyers and legal careers advisers you

will pick up valuable inside information that will assist your

application and give you edge over the thousands of other applicants

after your job.

Edward Kempson has a Training Contract at leading City law firmn. He is

a legal careers advisor for Harrison Careers Services

(edkem@hotmail.com, http//www.harrisoncareers.com , 08707 50 50).

Harrison Careers Services helps students get jobs with City law firms.

The Vacation Placement/Internship

The best way to find out information about a law firm is to complete a

vacation placement or an internship at the firm in question. However,

there are fewer vacation placements available than there are Training

Contracts and as a result they are even more fiercely contested. Every

year several thousand students apply for roughly 80 vacation placements

at each Magic Circle firm. Of those invited to a first interview about 1

in 10 will be offered a place. If you are good enough to secure a

placement you are in a good position to get a full offer at a later

date, providing you do not actively disgrace yourself during your

placement.

The Interview

If you reach the interview phase the job is yours to be won or lost.

Ensure that you are fully aware of everything you submitted in your CV

and be prepared to answer any questions thereon. Concentrate

particularly on areas of content within your application that you

consider to be a little weak. Prepare thoroughly and don't be caught

out. If you are found wanting in this respect you will look lazy and

will fail to give a good account of yourself for the remainder of the

interview.

Ensure you have prepared answers to such obvious questions as 'Why do

you want to be a lawyer?' Make sure your answers are convincing and

full. They must be believable and hopefully true but must also give a

good impression to the recruiter. Work with lawyers and careers advisers

to understand what sets lawyers apart from other professionals.

Understand what lawyers believe distinguishes them from everyone else

and be sure to bring the points up in the interview. Why are you best

suited to following a career as a lawyer and why you would enjoy your

time and succeed at a top law firm?

Prepare for the classic personal competence interview questions, such as

'When have you displayed leadership?' You should have a mental list of

your top achievements from every area of your life. Be able to link the

achievements smoothly to specific questions without undue delay or

difficulty. Revise your general knowledge and current affairs. Be

prepared to think on your feet and spend time thinking about your

attitudes to political and humanitarian issues.

Develop an understanding of macro-economic factors and be prepared to

demonstrate a level of financial knowledge and commercial awareness.

Read the Financial Times or the business section of any major broadsheet

newspaper. You must speak to lawyers and other professionals who work in

the City. Listen to their opinions and then develop your own. Use your

contacts to keep up to date with the most current issues in the business

world. You must be able to demonstrate a level of competence and display

general enthusiasm for business, finance and the City.

It is crucial to research in detail the firm you are applying to. Use as

many sources of information as possible including careers advisors,

magazines and internet resources. Be prepared to describe to the

interviewer how you went about researching the firm. However, nothing is

as valuable or as highly regarded by recruiters as knowledge gleaned

from lawyers with experience of private practise.

The Application

The key to a successful application to a City law firm is simple. The

content and substance of an application must be matched by the

presentation and style of the delivery. At each and every phase, your

application must have sufficient content to convince the recruiters that

you would be a successful and industrious Trainee. You must be able to

discuss the following areas.

- The composition of each firm you are applying to. You must be aware of

all of the different departments in the firm and how they interact with

one another on major deals. Understand the various sub-categories of

those departments. For example, within the Banking and Finance

department at Allen and Overy how do the Asset Finance and Project

Finance teams differ? Who are the major Partners in each department and

what have they been actively involved with recently?

- Recent deals within each department of each firm you apply to. Who or

what was the client, and what part did the firm play to achieve the

wider business objectives of the parties involved in the transaction?

Try to avoid general comments in your answer; what did the firm actually

achieve for the client on a particular deal?

- Which department of the firm are you most interested in and why? You

must have at least 5 convincing arguments why you want to work in the

Capital Markets or Corporate department of a major City law firm.

- How the firm is seeking to develop key sectors of its practise in the

context of the general macro-economic climate. How has the bear market

affected the Corporate M&A team? How can any decline in corporate work

be related to the profitability of the Insolvency team in the Banking

and Finance department?

- Recent hot topics within the legal world. Current regulatory and

compliance issues affecting private corporate practise. For example,

what issues are currently influencing the structuring of derivative

contracts?

It is difficult to acquire the requisite level of insight without

working with a lawyer or a legal expert to help you prepare your

application.

Every time an applicant writes to, or meets with, a legal recruiter the

content of the application must be communicated to the recruiter in a

confident, professional manner. An applicant must have great

presentational skills, but they must be tailored to the firm you are

applying to. Different firms assess CV's in slightly different ways,

according to the type of person they wish to recruit. An application

that may be successful at Macfarlanes may not be successful at the more

traditional Magic Circle firm Slaughter and May because the firms value

personal qualities differently.

I succeeded in securing interviews because I used recruitment

professionals and my contacts within the legal profession to gain inside

knowledge of the structure and business dealings of the top firms that

were not available on website or in brochures. But, crucially, I also

used my contacts to gauge the environment and attitudes at the firm I

was applying to so that I could prepare my application accordingly.

Candidates must be aware how each law firm wishes applications to be

made and by when. Most application deadlines will be the same for all

firms, but some may differ. Do not be caught out. Similarly, most firms

will want applications submitted on-line, but a small number will want

hand written versions. Failure to comply at this early stage will be

disastrous. Ensure that each individual application has a covering

letter attached to it, briefly explaining why you wish to work for the

particular firm you are applying to.

When completing your CV make sure your details are correct and that the

content is of as high a standard as possible. Think carefully about

participating in activities designed impress legal recruiters. Seek to

acquire skills and qualifications to put in your CV. Research the

subject of CV presentation carefully to find the best format possible to

present the content of your application.

Why become a lawyer?

As a lawyer in a City law firm you will be extremely well remunerated

throughout your career. It is estimated by Legal Week that your career

earnings as partner in a Magic Circle firm could be as high as £0

million. You will also have a comparatively secure job in relation to

other financial careers in the city and hold an invaluable professional

qualification. The opportunities for career progression within private

practise are numerous and well defined. A position as a partner, and all

the riches and powers that it entails, can realistically be attained

within 8 years by the most talented and industrious.

Options outside of private practise are varied. Lawyers are employed

in-house inInvestment Banks, Management Consultancies, FTSE 100

companies and by the Government. Equally, training as a lawyer makes it

possible to switch to a non-legal career in finance, business or

commerce. Qualities that are developed during a legal career, such as

corporate and financial knowledge, clarity of thought and expression and

attention to detail, make lawyers sought-after commodities in the City.

Please note that this sample paper on how to get a job in a law firm is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on how to get a job in a law firm, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on how to get a job in a law firm will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Fourth Century Greece

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During the fourth century B.C., the political powers in Greece were continually in upheaval as the city-states battled for supremacy. Generally however, many city-states either flourished or regressed in response to their leaders' skill as orators, warriors, and figureheads. The city-states of Sparta (under the government of Kings Lysander and Agesilaus), Athens (under the authority of political orators Demosthenes and Isocrates), Thebes (led by their great generals Pelopidas and Epaminondas) and Macedonia (Ruled by Philip and Alexander), are all examples of how superior leadership during the fourth century was crucial in the battle for a city-states power over Greece.

After Sparta defeated the Aegean cities in the battle at Aegospotami, King Lysander established decarchies (boards of ten Spartiates), supported by Spartan garrisons and harmosts (military governors) to maintain Sparta's stronghold over the Aegean and also to ensure tribute was paid. Whilst at the time this was seen as a politically astute tactic, King Lysander soured Sparta's dominance by encouraging cruel and unrelenting behaviour by the garrisons and harmosts. Sparta's hegemony in Greece was only accepted uncontested for nine years until a coalition rose against Sparta's harsh dominance.

The coalition consisted of Athens, Corinth, Thebes, Argos and other smaller city-states opposed to Sparta's authority. The coalition first battled Sparta at what is called the Corinthian War (4 B.C.), but was defeated at Nemea. The Persians also disliked the uneven distribution if power in Greece and sent gold to support an exiled Athenian, Conon, to battle, and eventually beat the Spartans at Cnidus. This therefore gained Persia, (ruled by Artaxerxes II), the control of the Aegean and subsequently the Spartan garrisons and decarchies were ejected from the Aegean city-states.

Persia then funded the Athenians to rebuild their long walls and refortify their Piraeus. Consequentially the Persians saw that the Athenians had gained too much power and formed allegiance with Sparta to defeat Athens in Hellespont. During this battle Sparta relied heavily on the help of its allies, yet once the campaign had drawn to a conclusion Sparta (and Lysander) claimed the victory as their own. This angered their allies who realised that their many soldiers had died in vain.Order Custom Fourth Century Greece paper

By 87 B.C. the Great King of Persia, Artaxerxes II, was beginning to tire of all the Greek conflicts so he called for representatives from all the city-states assemble in Persia. The Great King laid down an ultimatum for the settlement of the Greeks' conflicts, which stated that all city-states were to remain autonomous except Lemnos, Imbros and Sycros, which would belong to Athens and The Peloponnesian League, which would remain under Spartan control. All states signed the King's Peace in fear of Persia's wealth and influence.

For almost a decade, Greece remained more or less at peace. However, In 8 King Agesilaus set out and seized the Thebans citadel and then went on to destroy the powerful Chalcidian League in 7. But in 78, Thebes revolted and expelled its Spartan garrison. The garrisons that Agesilaus reinstated in Boeotia were expelled one by one and eventually no more were replaced.

Sparta had become far too selfish. As a response to the ever-growing hatred of Sparta, Athens established a second Athenian League (77 B.C.) in order to defeat Sparta. In 76 Athens and her allies defeated the Spartans and regained the principal power over Greece.

In 71 a revision of the King's Peace was established called the Peace of Callias, in which the representatives of Greece assembled in Sparta. The main focus of the Peace of Callias was to ensure to autonomy of all the Greek city-states with the exceptions of the Peloponnesian League and the Athenian League. When Thebes sought the recognition of their Boeotian League King Agesilaus refused them and the Thebans withdrew from the pact.

This led to the Spartan King Cleombrotus' invasion of Boeotia later in 71, which was followed by the Battle of Leuctra in which Thebes' new General, Epaminondas, was first able to display his tactical brilliance. After Thebes gained unexpected victory it was able to assert its authority over Greece much to the jealousy and suspicion of Athens and Pherae. In 70 Thebes then began its new campaign of dominance by expanding its empire into Thessaly, Macedon and interfering in the Peloponnese while Spartas' demise was already asserted.

In 6 B.C. Thebes responded to a plea for help from the Arcadians whom they had aided in their uprise against the Spartans and formation of the Arcadian Union. Athens ignored the cry for help, but the great Generals Epaminondas and Pelopidas responded by leading an army of Boeotians into Sparta. Epaminondas and Pelopidas then went on to free Sparta's enslaved helots and evade an combined Athenian and Corinthian Force on their journey home.

King Agesilaus' failure to transform the Spartan army into a more efficient battalion and his underestimation of Thebes caused the ruin of Sparta. Had Agesilaus recognised the need for change in battle tactics and formation, Sparta would have proved to be a more of a challenge to Thebes, but he was stubborn and unwilling to adhere to radically needed change. It was largely due to Lysander's fierce and brutal harmosts and garrisons that began the downfall of Sparta but it was Agesilaus' obduracy that sealed Sparta's fate.

In 67 Pelopidas met the Great King of Susa who had been called upon to aid the settlement of Greece turmoil. Pelopidas impressed the Great King who then showed Thebes much favour. The Great King ordered that Sparta give up Messenia and Athens was to beach her fleet. This only caused an uprising in anti-Theban sentiment so an alliance between Sparta and Athens was made in response. Thebes was not troubled by the combined forces of Athens and Sparta and went on to capture more territory in Thessaly.

Tragically in 64, Pelopidas led his army to victory in Pherae only to be slain. After his death, in the absence on Epaminondas a plot to overthrow the Theban democratic government was uncovered and without the opinion or assistance of their great leader, the Boeotian Assembly punished the entire village of Orchomenos by burning it to the ground an enslaving all of its occupants. This caused further political angst in Greece and even led to the disbandment of the Arcadian league, due to conflicting allegiances. The Arcadian cites of Megalopolis and Tegea remain sided with the Thebans while many other cities crossed over into the Spartan/Athenian alliance. In 6, to counter the danger of a Spartan and Arcadian alliance, Epaminondas led an army into the Peloponnese. During an attack upon Mantinea, Epaminondas was mortally wounded by a spear thrust and died after he ensured to Boeotians were winning.

Both Epaminondas and Pelopidas had been remarkable men. Together they had unified the forces in Boeotia and reorganised them into a revered army. They had planned their battles decisively and executed their plans determinedly and with conviction. After their deaths with the help of Persian gold, the power of Athens rose and the Thebans could not maintain their stronghold.

Athens began its climb to dominance by first re-establishing its naval stronghold over the Aegean but at the same time Macedonia began its rise under the leadership of Philip II, an intelligent and politically astute regent. In 60 he killed his young nephew and claimed the throne. He then went about building a uniquely professional army of citizens. So began the battle for superiority between the highly competitive Athens and Macedonia.

In Athens there were two great forces capable of winning Athens the power she so desperately sought, yet they were opposing forces (although both orators). Isocrates was a renowned teacher of oratory who made many speeches urging Athens to unite under the rule of Philip II and conquer Persia, while Demosthenes was a self-taught orator who was passionately patriotic and strongly believed that Philip was intending to destroy Athens.

Philip II realised that Athens was becoming more and more threatening under the persuasions of Demosthenes and led an army, which triumphed against Athens and her allies. Philip then set to work uniting Greece and asserting his influence by disbanding the Boeotian League and dissolving the Athenian Alliance.

In 6 B.C., whilst marching in a parade to show his triumph and fearlessness, Philip II was assassinated by Pausanias, who was then hunted down and killed. Philip's death did not see the decline of Macedonia (as Pelopidas and Epaminondas' deaths had done to Thebes). Philip was succeeded by his son Alexander, who was to become the most famous Grecian leader to unite the city-states under a unified government. He had taught his son so well that Alexander was ready to take over the leadership of Macedonia in the same exemplary fashion as Philip had done.

The leaders in fourth century Greece were the key to each city-states rise to, or fall from power. Had it not been for Pelopidas, Epaminondas, Philip II and Alexander the states of Thebes and Macedonia would never have built their empires to dominance; if King Agesilaus and Lysander had led Sparta more nobly and not been led so furiously by their hubris, Sparta may have retained her former brilliance; and if Athens had not been conflicted by the arguments of Demosthenes and Isocrates then Athens may have been able to defeat the Macedonians. With out the strength and courage of their leaders as warriors, orator and figureheads no city-states were capable of successfully pursuing a stronghold over Greece.

Please note that this sample paper on Fourth Century Greece is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Fourth Century Greece, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on Fourth Century Greece will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Vitamins and your Health

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Vitamins and your Health. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Vitamins and your Health paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Vitamins and your Health, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Vitamins and your Health paper at affordable prices

Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body.

Proper nutrition means that you are receiving enough foods and supplements for

the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no

single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, althoughCustom Essays on Vitamins and your Health

it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. All of

the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain

proper health.

There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health.

They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. They

all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five

major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy

products, grains, and meats.

Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone

and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the bodys organs stay in good

condition. Healthy eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition

and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The most

important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be

practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also desirable to

practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the

body.

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of energy for the body.

The contained energy is expressed in calories. There arecalories per gram in

fat and there are about 4 calories per gram in proteins and carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. This energy is mostly

used for muscle movement and digestion of food. Some sources of carbohydrates

aregrains, fruits, vegetables, and anything else that grows out of the ground.

The energy in carbohydrates is almost instantly digested. This results in a

quick rise in blood sugar, which is soon followed by a drop in blood sugar that

is interpreted by the body as a craving for more sugars. This sugar low may

also result in fatigue, dizziness, nervousness, and headache. However, not all

carbohydrates do this. Most fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains are

digested more slowly. Fats, which are lipids, are the source of energy that is

the most concentrated. Fats produce more that twice the amount of energy that

is in carbohydrates or proteins. Besides having a high concentration of energy,

fat acts as a carrier for the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. Also, by

helping in the absorption of vitamin D, fats help make calcium available to

various body tissues, in particular, the bones and teeth. Another function of

fat is to convert carotene to vitamin A. Fat also helps keep organs in place by

surrounding them in a layer of fat. Fat also surrounds the body in a layer that

preserves body temperature and keeps us warm. One other function of fat is to

slow the production of hydrochloric acid thereby slowing down digestion and

making food last longer. Some sources of fats are meats and nuts as well as

just plain oils and fats.

Proteins, besides water, are the most plentiful substance in the body. Protein is also one of the most important elements for the health of the body. Protein is the major source of building material in the body and is important in the development and growth of all body tissues.Protein is also needed for the formation of all hormones. It also helps

regulate the bodys water balance. When proteins are digested they are broken

down into simpler sections called amino acids. However, not all proteins will

contain all the necessary amino acids. Most meat and dairy products contain all

necessary amino acids in their proteins. Proteins are available from both

plants and animals. However, Animal proteins are more complete and thus

desirable. Knowledge of the nutrients and their function is essential to

understanding the importance of good nutrition.

As mentioned above, there are six nutrients. All vitamins are organic food substances that are found only in living things, plants and animals. It is believed that there are about twenty substances that are active as vitamins in human nutrition. Every vitamin is essential to the proper growth and development of the body. With a few exceptions, the body cannot make vitamins and must be supplied with them.Vitamins contain no energy but are important as enzymes, which help speed up nearly all metabolic functions. Also, vitamins are not building components of body tissues, but aid in the construction of these tissues. It is impossible to reliably determine the vitamin requirements of an individual because of differences in age, sex, body size, genetic makeup, and activity.

A good sourceof a recommendation is the RDA. The RDA makes its recommendations based on

studies of consumption of the given nutrient. On the recommendation it will

usually specify what size diet the recommendation is based on, for example, a

two thousand calorie per day diet. It is harmless to ingest excess of most

vitamins. However, some vitamins are toxic in large amounts. Vitamin A is a fat

soluble vitamin which is only available in two forms. Pre-formed, which is

found in animal tissue. The other is carotene, which can be converted into

Vitamin A by animals . Carotene is found in easily found in carrots as well as

other vegetables . Vitamin A is important to the growth and repair of body

tissues and helps maintain a smooth, soft, and disease free skin. It also helps

protect the mucus membranes of the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs which reduces

the chance of infection. Another function is helping mucus membranes combat the

effects of air pollutants. Vitamin A also protects the soft lining of all the

digestive tract. Another function of vitamin A is to aid in the secretion of

gastric juices. The B complex vitamins have many known sub-types, but they all

are water soluble vitamins. The B vitamins can be cultivated from a variety of

bacteria, yeast, fungi, or molds . They are active in the body by helping the

body convert carbohydrates into glucose, a form of sugar. B vitamins are also

vital in the metabolism of proteins and fats. They are also the single most

important element in the health of the nerves. B vitamins are also essential

for the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, the health of the skin, hair,

eyes, mouth, liver, and muscle tone. The intestine contain a bacteria that

produces vitamin b but milk-free diets, and taking sulfonamides or antibiotics

can destroy these bacteria . Whole grains contain high concentrations of B

complex vitamins. Also, enriched bread and cereal products contain high

concentrations of B vitamins due to a governmental intervention of the whole

food group to ensure that the nation was getting enough B vitamins Vitamin C,

also known as ascorbic acid, is a water soluble vitamin. It is sensitive to

oxygen and is the least stable of all vitamins . One primary function of

vitamin C is to maintain collagen, a protein necessary for the formation of skin,

ligaments, and bones. Vitamin C also plays a role in healing of burns and

wounds because it aids the formation of scar tissue. It also helps form red

blood cells and prevent hemorrhaging. Another function is to prevent the

disease, scurvy, which used to be seen in sailors because of their lack of

vitamin C in their diet. This was corrected by issuing each sailor one lime per

day which supplied citric acid, a source of vitamin C. Other sources include

broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Strawberries, Oranges, and grapefruits . Vitamin E

is a fat soluble vitamin which is made up of a group of compounds called

tocoherols. There are seven forms of it but the form known as Alpha tocoherol

is the most potent . Tocoherols occur in the highest concentrations in cold

pressed vegetable oils, all whole raw seeds and nuts, and soybeans. Vitamin E

plays an essential role in cellular respiration of all muscles, especially the

cardiac and skeletal. It makes these muscles able to function with less oxygen,

thereby increasing efficiency and stamina. It also is an antioxidant, which

prevents oxidization. This prevents saturated fatty compounds from breaking

down and combining to form toxic compounds. Minerals are nutrients that exist

in the body and in organic and inorganic combinations . There are approximately

seventeen minerals that are necessary in human nutrition . Although only about

four or five percent of the body weight is mineral matter, minerals are

important to overall mental and physical health. All of the bodys tissues and

fluids contain some amount of mineral. Minerals are necessary for proper muscle

function and many other biological reactions in the body. Minerals are also

important in the production of hormones. Another important function of minerals

is to maintain the delicate water balance of the body and to regulate the

bloods pH. Physical and emotional stress causes a strain on the bodys supply

of minerals. A mineral deficiency often results in illness, which may be

treated by the addition of the missing mineral to the diet. Calcium, a primary

mineral, is available through dairy products. In order to get all the other

minerals, one should eat protein rich foods, seeds, grains, nuts, greens, and

limited amounts of salt or salty foods. Nutrition is just one aspect of total

body health. It is important to remember that on must compliment good nutrition

with good exercise and emotional health in order to achieve complete well being.

It is also important to remember that no one part of nutrition will completely

fulfill the bodys requirements for health.

Please note that this sample paper on Vitamins and your Health is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Vitamins and your Health, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on Vitamins and your Health will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Life And Works Of Bertolt Brecht

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The Life and Works of Bertolt Brecht Bertolt Brecht was one of the chief innovators of modern theatrical techniques. He was both a poet and a playwright all in one. His epic theatrical creations developed drama as a forum for social and idealistic causes. Brecht's imagination, artistic genius, and social views distinguish his work and his life. Eugen Bertolt Brecht was born February 10, 188 in Augsburg Germany, a town in Bavaria. His family was of middle class, which he came to resent, in favor of a Marxist proletarian society. In 117 he attended Ludwig Maximillian University, in Munich, where he studied medicine. Towards the end of the First World War, Brecht served in a military hospital. During this time in 118, he wrote his first piece of work Baal, however it was not published until a later time. In 1 he wrote his first success, Drums in the Night. In 1 Baal was finally produced. Until this time Brecht had lived in Bavaria. In 14 he moved to Berlin, where he developed a strong antibourgeois attitude. Several people of his generation developed similar attitudes, as a result of the disappointing post World War I society in Germany. Among his friends, at this time, was a group of Dadaist, who aimed at destroying what they called the false standards and ideals of the bourgeois society. Brecht also became acquainted with a prominent theoretician named Karl Korsch, who taught him the elements of Marxism. During this time period from 14 to 1, Brecht worked briefly with the directors Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator. However he mainly worked with his own group of associates. In 14 he wrote his first professional production Edward II. In 17 he wrote A manual of Piety. In 18, while working with the composer Kurt Weil, Bertolt Brecht created what many believe to be his finest piece of work; The Threepenny Opera; a satirical and successful ballad opera. In 10 he wrote The Rise and Fall of the Town of Mahogany. Also during this year he wrote his first "exemplary plays," A Man's Man, which introduced his unorthodox idea of "epic theatre." Epic theatre is a technique created by Brecht, which causes the audience to feel no emotions about a play, but to think critically about its content. This would become a well-used and important technique in Brecht's later plays. In 1 Brecht's Marxist political beliefs forced him to go into self-imposed exile, from fascists Germany. His writings had made him a natural enemy of the National Socialists, rising to power in his native country. He first managed to escape to Switzerland, then to Scandinavia. With help from some of his fellow artists and exiles, especially Lion Feuchtwagner, Brecht was able to come to the United States of America. He became anti-Nazi writer for a periodical published in Moscow, and produced the 18 drama Fear and Misery of the Third Reich. During this time Brecht wrote what are critically regarded as his greatest works. In 14 Brecht's desire to motivate social concerns, in his audience, led to the play The life of Galileo. In this play, through the character Galileo, Brecht reexamines the recurrent theme of obstacles to social progress. In 14, he created Mother Courage and her Children, which enlists the spectators' feelings as well as their reason. This play was both a success and a failure. It was a success because it was highly popular, but it was a failure in that it caused the audience to feel sympathy for its characters, which violated Brecht's technique of "epic theatre." In these mature works Brecht overgrew the single-minded didactic message of his earlier pieces, and achieved complex themes that would be impermissible under the official policies of communism. For a brief period of time, Brecht lived in Hollywood on154 argyle Avenue. He then moved into a house on 817 5th Street in Santa Monica, from 141 to 14. In 14 Brecht moved into a house on 106 6th Street. Brecht described the latter house in his diary saying this about it "one of the oldest is about 0 years old, California clapboard, whitewashed, with an upper floor with two bedrooms. I have a long workroom (almost 7 meters), which we immediately whitewashed and equipped with 4 tables. There are old trees in the garden (a peeper tree and a fig tree). Rent is $60 per month, $1.5o more than in 5th street." Brecht stayed in this house for the remainder of his time in the United States, until 147. Around 147 The United States of America was going through a red scare, or fear of the spread of communism. The House Un-American Activities Committee, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, questioned and accused anyone remotely suspicious of being a communist. After being summoned before this committee and being forced to give evidence, Brecht left the country on his own. He then spent the rest of the year and the whole year of 148 in Zurich, where he worked mainly on the play Antigone-Modell; an adapted work from the translation of Sophocles. Later that year Brecht worked on a play called A Little Orangum for the Theatre. Through this work Brecht revealed his theory of drama, which is that a truly Marxist drama must avoid the premise that the audience should be made to believe that what they are witnessing is really happening here and now. Brecht argued that the theatre should not seek to make its audience believe in or relate to the characters on the stage, but rather make the audience realize that what it sees on stage is merely an account that should be watched with critical detachment. A Little Orangum for the Theatre, thoroughly explained Brecht's theory of "epic theatre." In 14 Brecht went back to Berlin to stage Mother Courage and her Children, with his wife Helene Weigel, in the title part. This led to the formation of Brecht's own theatre company, the Berliner Ensemble. From that point on, Brecht devoted all his time and energy on the Ensemble and on staging his own plays. He was often criticized in Eastern Europe for being unorthodox; and was sometimes boycotted in the West for being too communistic. However, he had a great triumph at the Paris Theatre des Nations in 155, and in the same year in Moscow he received a Stalin Peace Prize. Unfortunately this streak of success was to be short lived. Brecht died the following year in East Berlin. Bertolt Brecht was an ingenious and skillful writer. He was a masterful poet who commanded many styles and moods. As a playwright he was a restless worker and a man in pursuit of idealistic change, by properly presenting his beliefs to the public. Bertolt Brecht was a man of rare humor, musical, and visual awareness. He did have some faults and did encounter difficulties in his life. However his strong character and intelligence helped him overcome these obstacles and become a success. He is remembered today, and will be throughout history, as one of the greatest authors of his time. Mother Courage and her Children Bertolt Brecht had two main periods of maximum creativity. The first period came at the onset of his manhood. During this time his writings were greatly influenced by the Dadaist group and by Marxism. Still though he created some of his finest poems before the age of twenty-five. The second period came when Brecht had to somewhat abandoned his hectic political activities during the depression years, and go into a self induced exile. This is the time, which many critics believe to be, when Brecht created his greatest plays. The Good woman of Setzuan, The Life of Galileo, and the Caucasian Chalk Circle were all among them. His greatest piece of work created at this time was Mother Courage and her Children, a play that many regard as his masterpiece and finest mature creation. Mother Courage and her Children, is the story of a woman who, with her family, follows around the Thirty Years War to make a living as a peddler. The main characters of the play are Mother Courage, her daughter Kattrin, her older son Elif, her younger son Swiss Cheese, and several soldiers and officers. Mother Courage's real name was Anna Fierling, but all her children have different last names and different fathers. They are a rag tag bunch but are making a good living following the war and being peddlers. As the play goes on things only get worse. The army becomes desperate and starts taking things from Mother Courage without paying. Her peddling wagon is robbed and she ends up losing almost everything. As the war rages on, violence, death, and destruction surround her and her children. In the end she is ruined, and yet seems to have e learned nothing new about the nature of war, from her experience. Mother courage was a very important play because it showed how peasants and lower class citizens could be used as tools for the socially elite. It exposed the commercial aspect of war, which some individuals take total advantage of. Mother Courage herself was one of these people. It never dawns on her that one must be high up in society and wealth to make a prophet from war. She seems to think of this somewhat in the middle of the play, but stops thinking about it towards the end. However, Bertolt Brecht's main goal was not for Mother Courage to think about these topics, but for the audience watching the play to thing about them. Mother Courage and her Children succeeded in getting across the social issues that Brecht wanted to be noticed, while it used his style of "epic theatre." The Audience was never supposed to feel sympathy for Mother Courage, but to think of the reasons of why she was going through her ordeal. For these reasons Mother Courage and her Children is considered to be one of Bertolt Brecht's finest works and one of this lasts century's greatest plays.

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Technology Choices

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Technology Choices. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Technology Choices paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Technology Choices, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Technology Choices paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).

Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).

Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.

When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.

It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.

In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).

Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).

Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.

When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.

It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.

In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).

Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).

Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.

When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.

It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.

Please note that this sample paper on Technology Choices is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Technology Choices, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Technology Choices will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from Live Paper Help and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Social responsibility

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on social responsibility. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality social responsibility paper right on time.

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The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit

This article talks about business and individuals of a business having responsibility. The text says that a business cannot, as a whole have responsibilities, but only people (businessmen) can have responsibilities. The book also talks about the difficulty of exercising "social responsibility" by forcing people to be responsible for their own actions, and therefore making it difficult for an individual to manipulate other people for either selfish or unselfish purposes. In other words, they can do good, but only at their own expense.

Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis

This article talks about the central questions in the field of business ethics, such as ethical management, and how a corporation can be managed with appropriate attention to ethical concerns. The article says that these topics can be addressed by an approach called "stakeholder analysis". It is said to be both misleading and truthful at the same time, as it compares the ethical relationship between managers and stockholders to their relationship with other stockholders. The decision making process of an individual or company can be seen in terms of six steps, which are covered in this articleperception, analysis, synthesis, choice, action, and learning. In the conclusion of this article, it talks about how ethically different the relationship between management and stockholders is, compared to the relationship between management and other parties.

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Ethical Aspects of Investor Behavior

This article teaches about the assumption that investors are interested only in share price maximization, and how that illustrates much of investor behavior. This assumption also underlies the neoclassical model and the stakeholder view. The assumption leads to the neoclassical recommendation that corporate decisions should be made on the basis of shareholder wealth maximization, because shareholder welfare and shareholder wealth are understood to be the same. The book teaches however, that if this belief isn't valid, then the validation for the SWM decision rule is weakened considerably. Investors who take into account social and ethical concerns, and act on these concerns, symbolize a hefty part of equity investment in the United States.

The Myth of the "Oppressive Corporation"

This article talks about corporations and all the myths out there about them. They are accused of polluting the air, land, and water, as well as, not providing enough jobs. It talks about the unequal treatment of women in corporations, and how one woman blames not male chauvinism, but blames the inferior status of women on the structure of a corporation. The article then goes on to talk about how most of the injustice that goes on among citizens is beyond the reach of courts or any government instrument. This book talked about the psychological damage done to employees by the structure of corporations, like stress, tensions, and inequities. It was said in this article by one man that employees are required to be obedient to their supervisors regardless of ethical and legal considerations. Most employees however, are allowed large autonomy in their personal behavior, including speech.

Employee and Employer Rights in an Institutional Context

This article talks about EAW, the common law principle of Employment at Will, which states that an employer may hire, fire, demote, or promote any employee whenever that employer wishes. Today many businesses are owned by a large number of changing shareholders and managed by employees who usually own little or no stock in the company. Each manager is an at-will employee, but sees himself as proprietor of certain responsibilities to the organization and as being in control of certain other employees whom the manager can dismiss at will. At the same time an employee may quit whenever he or she wishes. The employee-manager hierarchy of at-will employment relationships is both more complicated and more straightforward in union-management relationships because often the relationship is precise or limited by a number of well-defined rules for seniority, layoffs, and dismissals. EAW is to be justified on the basis of the right to freedom when controlling a business, and it requires an equal respect for employee freedoms. This article talks about both the moral and legal rights of employees and how employers need to respect them.

Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility

The text talks about whistleblowers, and defines them as being a sound or alarm from within an organization in which they work, aiming to spotlight neglect or abuses that threaten the public interest. This article talks about the moral conflicts when deciding whether or not to speak out about abuses, risks, or serious neglect. The more oppressive the authority they challenge, the greater the personal risk they take in speaking out. Sometimes the act of whistleblowing is seen as a violation of loyalty. The text says that not only is loyalty violated in whistleblowing, hierarchy as well is often opposed, since the whisleblower is not only a colleague but also a subordinate. Different methods are addressed in this article to help one understand whistleblowing, and when to do so. One method mentioned at the end of the article to reduce the tension and risk of whistleblowing is to state conditions specifically under which those who learn about an abuse must blow the whistle.

A Defense of Affirmative Action

This article talks about affirmative action and how its meaning has changed over the years. It originally referred to special efforts to guarantee equal opportunity for members of groups that had been subject to discrimination. Recently the term has come to submit to members of these groups in shaping access to positions from which they were previously barred. Usually it involves the assortment of women or minority members over other candidates who are better skilled for the position. The article separates affirmative action into two categories "weak affirmative action" and "strong affirmative action". It is strong affirmative action, the policy of preference, which stir up controversy. The text says most individuals would agree that weak affirmative action is a good thing, and worth its cost in time and energy. There are three objections to strong affirmative action that are brought to our attention in this article that it's inefficient, unfair, and that it damages self-esteem. Also there are points addressed in this article in justifying it as well. Strong affirmative action, involving significant preference should be undertaken only if it will significantly further a social goal of the first significance. The text teaches that a quota may be a good method of either weak or strong affirmative action, depending on the circumstances. It amounts to weak affirmative action, a safeguard against discrimination, if there is self-determining proof that average experience for the position being filled are no lower in the group to which a bare minimum quota is being assigned than in the interviewee group as a whole.

Affirmative Action The Price of Preference

This article talks about affirmative action, and how it can be both a good thing as well as a bad thing. The man writing this article, Shelby Steele, is a black college professor. He says that in theory, affirmative action has all the moral regularity that fairness needs, yet objectives, because of the chance for purity they offer us are very seductive and can blind us to the effects they produce when executed. He says that after twenty years of implementation, affirmative action has shown itself to be more of a bad thing than good, and that blacks lose more from it than what they gain. He says racial representation isn't the same thing as racial development, but affirmative action promotes a confusion of these different needs. Affirmative action is a gesture, and tells people that racial preferences can do for them what they cannot do for themselves. It tries to function like a social program, but instead of bringing others together, it separates them by races. This article brings the question to mind on whether or not affirmative action is doing what is was initially set out to do, or if it's doing what it's supposed to be doing, than is it really a good thing?

In Defense of Hiring Apparently Less Qualified Women

This article talks about affirmative actions that take place to ensure a women's job in an organization. There have been affirmative action programs that have been put together to try to counterbalance discrimination, and one of them requires academic departments to search for female candidates with qualifications at least as good as those of the leading male contender, and to hire her and not him. The author of this article talks about how men perceive women and how difficult it can be for a woman to be looked at by men equally and respectively. The author believes there are good reasons for affirmative action practices, but that nothing in the end is going to change unless faculty members take certain factors into consideration. No improvement in the position of women can be expected, for women are likely to seem less worthy of being hired than their male competitors when they are judged in the usual manner.

An Argument Against Comparable Worth

By comparable worth, the author, June O' Neill, means the view that employers should base compensation on the intrinsic value of a job rather than market considerations. People who agree with comparable worth see it as a way of raising women's economic status, and to minimize costs. Employers and business interests have a long history of protesting that fair treatment of workers will result in massive economic disruption. This article talks about comparable worth, and if companies should adopt it as a pay-setting mechanism.

Please note that this sample paper on social responsibility is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on social responsibility, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on social responsibility will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Design Report of:Output Buffer

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Design Report of:Output Buffer. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Design Report of:Output Buffer paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Design Report of:Output Buffer, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Design Report of:Output Buffer paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Output Buffer

The output buffer is an inverter with IOH =1mA @ VOH=.4V & IOL=1mA @ VOL=0.4V

It has aO/P states (0,1,Hi-Z).

The O/P buffer is designed in VLSI with the following capabilities

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1. Meets IOL & VOL specs for all VDD ranges (4V-6V).

. Meets IOH & VOH specs for all VDD.

. Minimize transient power dissipation.

4. has Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.

I. Design of output inverter

PMOS transistor sizing

VS = VB=VDD= 4V (worst case for VDD & no body effect).

VD = VOH= .4V VG= 0V VTp=VTp0= -0.74 V

So, VDS= -1.6V,VGS= -4V

since VDSVDSAT= -4 +0.74 = -.66 then transistor operates in linear region.

IDS= k'(W/L)p[(VGS-VTp)VDS - VDS²/]

Wherek'= µpCOX

where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m

Then, k'= (16010-4) COX = .564410-5 F/V.s

(W/L)p=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTp)VDS-VDS²/]}

=1.010-/{k'[.456]}= 7.111

If we take Lp = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wp= 0.87.111= 5.6µ

So (W/L)p = 5.6/0.8

NMOS transistor sizing

VS = VB= 0V (no body effect).

VD = VOL= 0.4V VG= 4(worst case for VDD) VTn=VTn0= 0.844 V

So, VDS= 0.4V,VGS= 4V

since VDSVDSAT= 4 - 0.844 = .156 then transistor operates in linear region.

IDS= k'(W/L)n[(VGS-VTn)VDS - VDS²/]

Wherek'= µnCOX

where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m

Then, k'= (4610-4) COX = 1.010-4 F/V.s

(W/L)n=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTn)VDS-VDS²/]}

=1.010-/{k'[1.184]}= 8.60

If we take Ln = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wn= 0.88.60= 78.8µ

So (W/L)n = 78.8/0.8

Simulation of NMOS of output inverter

The following circuit should be used

Fig#

(File Name VOL_IOL_1.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0 1 0.01

NMOS Transistor

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=78.8U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This will result in the following wave forms

See Plot #1

We see from the plot that at VOL= 0.4V we have Iout = 4.46mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA

After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen

(W/L)n = 1/0.8

This value is simulated using the following code

(File Name VOL_IOL_.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0 1 0.01

NMOS Transistors

MN_A1 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A4 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A5 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A6 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This code will result in the following plot

See plot#

From the plot we see that at VOL = 0.4V we have Iout = 1.184mA which meets our requierment.

Simulation of PMOS of output inverter

The following circuit should be used

Fig#

(File NameVOH_IOH_1.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Gate voltage

VG0 DC 0

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0.01

PMOS Transistor

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=5.6U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This will result in the following wave forms

See Plot#

We see from the plot that at VOH=.4V we have Iout =0.5mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA

After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen

(W/L)p = 10/0.8

This value is simulated using the following code

(File Name VOH_IOH_.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Gate voltage

VG0 DC 0

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0.01

PMOS Transistor

MP_A1 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A4 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A5 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This code will result in the following plot

See plot# 4

From the plot we see that at VOH = 0.4V we have Iout =1.05mA which meets our requirement.

II. Design of the NAND gate

To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.

To make NAND turns the PMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NAND output trip voltage should be high (i.e. NAND output signal tf slow, tr fast). Something like 0.7VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the lowest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).

VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)

With VDD=4V, VTRIP=.8V, VTp=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,

We get kR = 0.8

Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p

We get 0.0568= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]

so , if we take (W/L)n= 1/0.8 (for both NMOS's) we get (W/L)p=50.8/0.8

This NAND is driving the gate of PMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of

CG= COXWpLp

=(.7810-)(1010-6)(0.810-6)=0.01784 PF

Simulation of the NAND gate

Fig#4

(File Name NAND.CIR)

Test Hi-trip NAND gate

Pull up circiut

MP_A1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

MP_BP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

Pull down circuit

MN_A1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U

MN_B 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter

C_PGATE0 0.01784PF

Worst case for Hi-Vtrip,Lowest VDD

VDD0 DC 4

VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 N 0)

VIN0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 N 0)

.TRAN 0.001N N

.PLOT TRAN V(1) V() V()

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#5

From the plot we see that the NAND output trip voltage is high as the output signal tf slow, tr fast).

III. Design of the NOR gate

To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.

To make NOR turns the NMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NOR output trip voltage should be low (i.e. NOR output signal tf fast, tr slow). Something like 0.VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the highest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).

VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)

With VDD=6V, VTRIP=1.V, VTn=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,

We get kR =11.41

Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p

We get10.446= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]

so , if we take (W/L)p= 1/0.8 (for both PMOS's) we get (W/L)n=45./0.8

This NOR is driving the gate of NMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of

CG= COXWnLn

=(.7810-)(110-6)(0.810-6)=0. PF

Simulation of the NOR gate

Fig# 5

(File Name NOR.CIR)

Test Low-Trip NOR gate

Pull up circiut

MP_A 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_B 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U

Pull down circuit

MN_A 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

MN_B 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter

C_PGATE 6 0 0.PF

Worst case for low Vtrip highest VDD

VDD0 DC 4

VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 0N 0)

VIN 451 0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 0N 0)

.TRAN 0.001N 0N

.PLOT TRAN V(1) V(451) V(6)

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#6

From the plot we see that the NOR output trip voltage is LOW as the output signal tr slow, tf fast).

IV. Design ofOutput Control signalInverter

PMOS Transistor sizing

(W/L)p = (5 CL)/ (tr k'p VDD)

•we need tr = nS = 10- S

•k'p = .564410-5 F/V.S

•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)

•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)

•CGp = COXWpLp

= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F

•CGn = COXWnLn

= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F

Then CL = .410710-14 F

So (W/L)p= 1.65 if we take Lp= 0.8µwe get Wp=1.= µ

NMOS Transistor sizing

(W/L)n = (5 CL)/ (tf k'n VDD)

•we need tf = nS = 10- S

•k'n = 1.010-4 F/V.S

•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)

•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)

•CGp = COXWpLp

= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F

•CGn = COXWnLn

= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F

Then CL = .410710-14 F

So (W/L)n= 0.57 if we take Ln= 0.8µwe get Wn=0.46= µ

Simulation of Output Control signalInverter

Fig#6

(File Name INVERTER.CIR)

output control inverter

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 451 0

.DC VIN 0 5 0.01

NMOS Transistor

MN_A451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

PMOS Transistor

MP_A451 P8 L=0.8U W=U

.PLOT DC V() V(451)

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#7

V. Output BufferFull Circuit Simulation

To simulate the output buffer, a dummy voltage source and a resistor should be added to emulate the load.In addition the required capacitive load ( i.e. 50 pF) should be considered too.

To find the value of the dummy voltage source and the dummy resistor, the following system of equations should be solved

VOH - VDUM = RDUMIOH

VDUM - VOL = RDUMIOL

Which result inVDUM = .4615 VRDUM = 15.84615 Ohms

Fig # 7

(File Name OP_BUFFER.CIR)

Output Buffer

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Output control voltage

VOC 451 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 16N 4 18N 0 N 0)

Vin voltage

VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 5N 0 7N 4 1N 4 14N 0 1N 0 0N 4 5N 4 7N 0 N 0)

.TRAN .001N N

.PLOT TRAN V(451) V(1) V(7)

.PROBE

The dummy voltage source

VDUM 8 0 DC .4615

The dummy resistor

RDUM 7 8 15.84615

Capacitive load

CL 7 0 50PF

output control inverter

NMOS Transistor

MN_INVERTER451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

PMOS Transistor

MP_INVERTER451 P8 L=0.8U W=U

NAND gate

Pull up circiut

MP_ANAND1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

MP_BNANDP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

Pull down circuit

MN_ANAND1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U

MN_BNAND 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

NOR gate

Pull up circiut

MP_ANOR 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_BNOR 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U

Pull down circuit

MN_ANOR 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

MN_BNOR 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

Output Inverter

PMOS Transistor

MP_A1 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A4 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A5 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

NMOS Transistors

MN_A1 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A4 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A5 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A6 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

.END

The out put plot

See plot#8

From the plot we find thatthat the output buffer we designed has

Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.

VI. Possible Improvements

We could also have considered

1. All junction capacitance

. Wiring capacitance

. The body effect. This will change VTp & VTn as they depend on VSB.

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Lord of the Flies

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William Golding's novel Lord of the flies shows his theory on how human nature in itself

is stubborn, uncivilized, evil, destructive etc. Golding tells a story about a group of

British boys stranded on a deserted island during W.W.I. As time goes by the behavior of

these boys worsens from being nothing but good school boys to ones who would kill anOrder Custom Lord of the Flies paper

animal even worse one of their own. The changes that happen to the boys on the island

represent the changes that the world and its people are facing while evil is in control.On

the island Ralph, Jack, and Roger are the characters who show Goldings pessimistic

theory the best. Golding shows a pessimistic attitude about the future of mankind through

the boys changing of values, who is chosen for leadership, and though savage behavior of

his characters in his novel.

The boys on the island start to alter the values and rules they started with. After

Jacks hunt returns from his hunt he goes to the beach to find an angry Ralph waiting from

him, when Ralph says"You let the fire go out..." Jack who was irritated responded

"... We can light the fire again. You should have been with us Ralph." (pg. 6) This starts

to show how life on the island is changing these boys. Day one on the island all the boys

wanted was to get rescued and go back home, and now they start to getting used to

their lives and most forget all about the rescue plan. The author is leaving us a message

that is saying that human beings have the ability to be both good and evil but, evil will

always win over good once law and order is broken. This point is also show when Ralph

and Piggy have a conversation about the other boys and the rules on the island. Ralph is

worried that if he blows the conch and none of the others come back that it means that

sooner or later the whole group of boys will turn savage and no one will get rescued,

Piggy responds to him with " If you don't blow, we'll soon be animals anyway. I can't

see what they're doing but I can hear." (pg. ) This is supportingwhat the authors

message is bye showing that the commonsense boy on the island Ralph, is just starting to

notice the changes that can happen and the realist on the island Piggy, already has

noticed the changed and is trying to find a way to stop evil from destroying the laws they

created. It is also saying that even though the transformation to evil isn't showing in

appearance it can be recognized by the way the other boys speak. Close to the end of the

novel Jack has his own meeting with his followers about the "beast" he tells them "and

about the best. When we kill we'll leave some of the kill for it. Then it wont bother us,

maybe." (pg. 1) This shows how they starts to think like primitive people making up

their own god, this new god they made up takes their minds off the things they believed

in before like getting rescued and being the bravest and smartest British boys. Now they

feel threatened by an imagined object. It also seems that because of the beast they do

things differently, like having sacrifices. They start to get scared proving that peoples

values change when they are scared, they make it so their life goes around a problem

instead of facing it. Finally we have Ralph all alone, his two loyal friends dead and

everyone else had gone to Jack. Ralph goes to SamnEric who tell him that in the morning

Jack and everyone are going to go hunting for him, this explains what the authors intent

was, to show how without laws to follow, people will inevitably lose sight of their true

values, in this case being a civilized group and getting rescued, to truing into savage

people who kill. As the boys grew together on the island they started drifting apart from

one another causing the rules they created to crumble and there values to fade leading to

the change in leadership on the island.

Leaders arepeople who keep everyone in order. The first thing the boys do while

together is talk about the situation they are inwhich leads to the election of a chief,

"Every hand outside the choir except Piggy's was raised immediately. Then Piggy, too,

raised his hand grudgingly into the air." (pg. ) Ralph gets voted for chief, as a result

Jack gets very angry determined to out due Ralph at everything from that moment on. In

Ralphs group the boys consider the conch as the best power that one could have. They

chose the conch over anything else on the island, because it was the first thing that

assembled them together, creating the group. This is what really made Ralph the first

chief, because he held the conch when he was picked. As time goes on Ralph tries to

make everything run as smoothly as possible. But he runs into problems which causes

people on the island to rethink his capability as a leader. So the boys look for a new

leader, so they turn to Jack. They join Jacks group leaving Ralph to deal with his own

ideas of how the island should run. Once mostly everyone joins Jacks group he has a

meeting and tells them " We'll hunt, I'm going to be chief." (pg. 1) Jack feels the need

to make them believe that he is the only leader for them and that hunting is the only thing

they'll need. He believes that hunting is good enough for a tribe to live off of. He also

tries to encourage others this way by making them remember past hunts and how fun it

was, in which he takes them away from the boring working life that Ralph has made.

Finally, when SamnEric were being pushed into joining Jacks tribe by Jack and Roger the

author mentions that "Roger advanced upon them as one wielding a nameless authority."

feeling intimidated by Roger they are forced to join evils side. Now we see a different

type ofleader among the boys, Roger. Roger has gotten to be even more feared by than

Jack which causes the boys to obey him. Roger is the executive power, the needed

authority which does dirty work, he has secret need of power which is seen if the way he

treats SamnEric. He treats others like a bully this power he has over them is caused by

the fear he brings to them. Fear and superstition rule the island instead of the laws. A

leader is chosen by his ability to get his followers attention in a lot of cases this can be

shown through how savage the leader behaves.

The boys go from being good to turning into savages. Jack was out hunting again

when Golding describes the mask Jack has created for himself "... and the mask was

anything of its own, behind which Jack had hid, liberated from shame and

self-consciousness." (pg. 64) Golding shows how Jack lets the fire inside of him free

once the mask is on. He is showing a side of Jack we haven't seen before, an evilness, its

as if with this mask the real Jack comes out letting all the rules he has obeyed for years

go. Golding is letting us know that we do have that evilness in us, we are born with it

even if you try and hide it sooner or later it will be unmasked. While hunting for a pig

Roger the boy who wasn't capable of hitting the little ones with rocks on the beach

before now has changed dramatically, Golding describes how the sow they are hunting

was killed by Roger "Roger found a lodgment for his point and began to push till he was

leaning with his weight." (pg. 15) Roger had killed a pig in a way that it seemed to be

okay among them. Roger and the others craved the challenging hunts, the freedom of the

island had allowed them to unleash the darker side of their personalities which had been

hidden always within them. This killing shows how evil man can be. This sow

symbolically represented a motherly women and Roger once a good boy, has

symbolically rapped this poor sow. The boys killed a figure that was like one of their

mothers and in killing the mother pig they have killed their own mother, which is one of

the worst things you can do in civilization. The time comes when we see the dramatic

changes the boys have taken on the island. Ralph who doesn't have anyone on his side

after Piggy and Simon were killed goes to the cliffs to see if SamnEric can help him, by

telling what Jacks plans are for tomorrow, when he gets to the cliffs the boys are

guarding they tell him that Roger sharpened a stick at both ends(pg. 175). At the

beginning of Jacks tribe, Jack and the other boys had killed a sow. They had cut its head

off and stuck it on a stick. A stick sharpened at both ends. To the boys this was a scarifies

to the beast that was created in their minds. If the boys didn't feel that they had to please

the beast they wouldn't have any reason to kill Ralph, he was not a danger to them. The

island had caused them not only to lose logic but faithful beliefs too. Now the boys

would go hunt for Ralph. He was next scarifies to their new found god figure. Humans

are born with the instinct to be savage its just hidden by all the laws that are programmed

in people minds but like all things that are hidden they start to appear once a tiny opening

appears.

William Goldings basic philosophy is that man was inherently evil, Lord of the

Flies shows us that the evil living within everyone could be unleashed. The novel proves

that the dark side of human nature could be as evil and awful as the unknown in itself,

and even the most innocent people are weak to it. The boys in the beginning try and act

like grown-ups, the good civilized people, but by the end they act more grown-up than

they would have though because grown-ups do kill other humans for no apparent reason

just like they did. This is a really good novel that portrayed the evils of human nature

though the lives of boys stranded on a island while a war was going on around them.

Golding intended people to understand that humans underneath all the goodness are by

birth savage once the laws and government disappears from their minds. It is reviled that

the human race is really born evil, this is shown though the boys and the way they change

their responsibilities, the leaders and the way they become primitive people in the book.

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International Organised Crime and Terrorism

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in International Organised Crime and Terrorism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your International Organised Crime and Terrorism paper at affordable prices

The interrelated law and order issues of Organised Transnational Crime (OTC), the illicit drug trade and terrorism, are those which are most threatening to international security today. 'Law and order' issues have also been called, 'low-intensity conflict', problems of 'global governability' and 'grey area phenomenon' and can be seen as threats tosecurity arising from non-state actors andnon-governmental processes. Increasingly since the end of the cold war, threats to national security are coming from these grey area phenomena and due to the process of globalisation, threats to national security can threaten international security. This essay will examine how OTC, terrorism and international drug trafficking are affecting all aspects of human security and it will be seen that it is increasingly difficult to clearly distinguish the difference between these issues. It will be shown that these particular GAP are the most threatening due to; the range of aspects of security they threaten, the convergence of and partnership between OTC and terrorism, the growing lethality of terrorism and the disparity of capabilities and effectiveness between these groups and the law enforcement and security bodies attempting to combat them.

The new global economy has presented new opportunities for criminal organisations. These organisations have

increasingly engaged in cross-border activity, both in response to market activities and as a means of decreasing their vulnerability to law enforcement efforts. As a result, organisations and networks have increased in size and power and many have developed interests beyond their country of origin. Criminal organisations have developed to resemble transnational corporations which treat national borders as nothing more than minor inconveniences to their criminal enterprises. (McFarlane 16, p.456)

The most threatening of activities undertaken by OTC and increasingly by terrorists is the trafficking of illegal narcotics. The drug trade has the ability to penetrate all aspects of society and can threaten the social, political and economic security of nations, regions and the global community.

Help with essay on International Organised Crime and Terrorism

Through corruption of state employees, transnational crime syndicates have the ability to undermine legitimate political processes. Dupont (1, p.46) suggests that '…the growth in the coercive power of organised crime, if unchecked, has international security implications because large-scale criminal enterprise can subvert the norms and institutions that underpin the global order and the society of states'.

He offers Burma as the prime example of a threat to sovereignty from the "anti-state imperatives of criminals trafficking in heroin and [synthetic drugs]". (p.454)

Chalk (001, p.188) offers an example closer to home however. He cites the findings of the 16-7 Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service. The findings of the report suggest their has been a close relationship between police officers and drug traffickers for some time and Chalk goes on to explain that 'such corruption not only undermines the integrity and credibility of Australian social and political institutions, it also exposes the country to international influences over which it has little, if any, control.' Thus OTC can be seen to pose a direct threat to sovereignty.

In the post Cold War era, concerns have increasingly focused on security aspects other than the traditional concerns of political, military and sovereign integrity. The economic and social security of nations and its populations is becoming more important to security analysts and policy makers.

The social impact of the drug trade may not necessarily be the most threatening to security but is probably the impact most felt by the majority of citizens within a society. These threats and impacts include; problems with addiction and the related problem of the spread of infectious diseases particularly HIV/AIDS and an increase in crime associated to the drug trade brought about by addicts trying to finance their habit and by traffickers trying to obtain larger shares of a market. McFarlane (16, p.45) points to another interesting threat which may emerge from an increase in crime'Furthermore, with increasing crime a free press and civil rights tend to be ignored both by the criminals and by the hard-pressed law enforcement agencies.'

The potential for the drug trade to affect economic security is also large and is more and more becoming the focus of anti-crime initiatives.

The importance of programmes and clinics to help those with an addiction problem or associated health or medical problem diverts funds from other areas of the economy. Finance of resources to combat OTC and the drug trade also diverts money from other sectors of the economy. Destabilisation of a financial system can also occur through the process of money laundering (Chalk 001 p181).

The threat of terrorism also looms large on the international stage, especially since the events of Sept 11 001 in New York and in Bali on Oct 1 00. Due to these events, Militant Islamic terrorism is the focus of much of the international effort against terrorism and is seen as an immediate threat to international security. The difference between terrorists and OTC syndicates is largely determined by their motives and objectives. While OTC will usually focus on the acquisition of profits and power, militant Islamic terrors purpose is commonly identified as the eradication ofinfidel. In this, they are becoming much more proficient. One of the reasons for this proficiency is the availability and affordability of weapons and supporting technology left over from old Cold War conflicts (Chalk 1, p.161; Marenko n.d). Campbell (17, p. 8, cited in Chalk 1, p.16)suggests that terrorism 'has demonstrated an increasing trend towards growing lethality and extreme violence….suggesting a potential escalation spiral that could culminate in the indiscriminate use of weapons of mass destruction'

As separate law and order issues, Organised Transnational Crime and non-profit motivated terrorism constitute immediate threats to international security. There is however, an escalating trend towards cooperation and indeed a convergence between these two groups, so much so that is becoming more difficult to distinguish between them. Since the end of the Cold War, state sponsored and subsidised terrorism has declined and terrorist organisations have turned to criminal like activities to fund operations (Jamieson 001, p.7).The most common and threatening of these activities is drug trafficking which offers dividends that can often lead revolutionary groups to neglect their ideals. Hezbollah operates a narcotics export operation out of the Bekaa Valley in the Middle East, has ties with the insurgent Kurdistan Workers Party and with Russian organised crime and is a good example of a group turning to crime to fund their terror operations. Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) are better examples of ideologically driven groups that that have transformed into criminal enterprises (Cillufo 000).

On the other hand, organised crime groups are increasing their use of terror tactics. In 1 for example, the Sicilian Mafia carried out a series of car bomb attacks near historic sites on the Italian mainland with the aim of 'intimidating public opinion and Parliament into abrogating recently passed anti-mafia legislation' (Jamieson 001, p.7).

The cooperation between and convergence of OTC and terrorism naturally poses a larger threat to international security than if they operated alone. It is implied by the Report on the 11th Meeting of the CSCSP Working Group on Transnational Crime (00) that John McFarlane suggests that the attacks on Sept 11 001 in New York could not have been perpetrated without criminal means and connections being used to acquire funds and identity papers.

The direct threats of OTC, the Drug trade and terrorism have been recognised but a related threat must also be addressed. This threat comes from a disparity between the capabilities of OTC and terrorist groups and the ability of governments to stop their activities. This is exacerbated by the effects of globalisation.Naim (00) best describes this situation

Never fettered by the niceties of sovereignty, they [OTCs and terrorists] are now increasingly free of geographic constraints. Moreover, globalisation has not only expanded illegal markets and boosted the size and the resources of criminal networks, it has also imposed more burdens on governments Tighter public budgets, decentralisation, privatisation, deregulation and a more open environment for national trade and investment all make the task of fighting global criminal more difficult. Governments are made up of cumbersome bureaucracies that generally cooperate with difficulty, but drug traffickers, arms dealers, alien smugglers, counterfeiters and money launderers have refined networking to a high science, entering into complex and improbable strategic alliances that span cultures and continents.

It is clear from this that governments need to redefine notions of sovereignty in order to foster more international cooperation within the framework of strengthened international institutions.

Organised Transnational Crime activities, particularly narcotics trafficking, are a serious threat to international security. They can destabilise a nation socially, politically and economically, which in turn can lead to destabilisation in the international community.

The increasing occurrence and lethality of militant Islamic terrorism also creates concern for international stability.

The most significant threat however, comes from a convergence of OTC and terrorism and the international community's inability to react effectively to this increasing phenomena.

Please note that this sample paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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