The Crucible: Revered Hale

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Revered John Hale of Beverly is first described as "a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual" who is nearing forty.Like most learned men, he spent a good deal of time "pondering the invisible world."There was no doubt in his mind of the "existence of Lucifer's many-faced lieutenants."Revered Hale prides himself on his ability to ascertain witchcraft.He eagerly goes to Salem to showcase his knowledge with his "painfully acquired armory of symptoms, catchwords, and diagnostic procedures" for finding the Devil in people.He also brings with him books "weighted with authority," showing that he does not expect to be questioned.With John Hale present, the slightest bit of irregular behavior leads to suspicion of witchcraft such as Martha Corey's reading of books."Have no fear," Hale says, "I mean to crush him (the devil) utterly if he has shown his face."

Education can be defined as "the knowledge and development resulting from an educational process."Throughout The Crucible, Revered Hale goes through an educational process, which causes him to change his views completely.Though at first he is extremely zealous about his beliefs and the witch accusations, he later faces an internal conflict and realizes the true nature of the witch-hunts and the justice system.

In Act I, Thomas Putnam suggests that Betty is possessed for she could not bear to hear the Lord's name.Hale ironically responds by saying, "We cannot look to superstition in this.The Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone."He holds the contradictory belief that superstition will not solve the problem but justifiable supernatural explanations will clarify the events.Like many others in the play, Hale believed that those who confessed of witchcraft were innocent.When Tituba confessed, she was exonerated with Revered saying, "You are God's instrument to discover the Devil's agents among us…God will protect you."Later on in the play, Hale realizes that the "innocent" accusers are really the guilty.

In the second act of The Crucible, Revered Hale appears different with a "quality of deference" and even some guilt in his manner.He came into the Proctor household and explained that since he was new to Salem, he found it "hard to draw a clear opinion of them that has come accused before this court."This is where Hale's earliest signs of development and change are revealed.With a minute amount of doubt for the accused, he might have felt slightly guilty for catalyzing the accusations.In the beginning of Act II however, most of Hale's beliefs have yet to change.He mentions that anyone is susceptible to the Devil's power stating, "No man may longer doubt the powers of the dark are gathered in monstrous attack upon this village.There is too much evidence now to deny it."Revered Hale also states that "the Devil is a wily one," meaning one can never be too sure of things when it comes to dealing with witchcraft.

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John Hale's main internal conflict starts when Proctor mentions that Abigail told him that the girls' sickness had "naught to do with witchcraft."Hale does not believe Proctor on the account of numerous people have already "confessed to dealing with the Devil."Proctor sensibly points out that there are those that "will swear to anything before they'll hang," indicating that confessing was the easiest way out of trouble.Hale is only slightly persuaded at first but the seeds doubt continued to grow.

Since Rebecca Nurse was known even in Beverly as a pious woman, Hale was shocked and troubled when he heard that she'd been convicted saying, "if Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing's left to stop the whole green world from burning."At this time Hale still believed in the court confidently stating,"Let you rest upon the justice of the court; the court will send her home."The arresting of Rebecca increases his doubt of the trials but Hale still adheres tightly to his beliefs declaring, "There is a misty plot afoot so subtly we should be criminal to cling to old respects and ancient friendships.I have seen too many frightful proofs in courtthe Devil is alive in Salem."Even after Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey are arrested, Revered Hale nevertheless remains suspicious.

When Elizabeth Proctor is taken, Hale faithfully defends the court yet again saying it is just.Consequently John Proctor calls the Revered Pontius Pilate for being passive and cowardly.Hale once again starts to doubt his allegiances and his perspective on the entire matter gradually changes even more.

By Act III, the development of Hale's character is unmistakably evident.In court, Danforth suspects Proctor's Christian values when he learned that Proctor has plowed on Sundays.Hale stands up for John Proctor declaring, "I cannot think you may judge the man on such evidence."This is significant in that it demonstrates Hale's changed point of view because in Act II at the Proctor house, Hale also judged Proctor with ambiguous evidence such how frequently he went to church and his knowledge of the Commandments.By this time Hale questions the justice system that he once fervently defended.He learns that many of his prior beliefs are untrue. He vocally expresses his doubt for the guilt of the people he once helped accuse.

When Parris accuses Francis Nurse for attacking the court by defending people who signed a deposition, Hale angrily remarks, "Is every defense an attack upon the court?"He also the questions the accusations by saying,"I dare not take a life without there be proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of conscience may doubt it."That statement entirely contradicts an earlier statement Hale made when he said, "we dare not quail to follow wherever an accusing finger points!"Obviously by then his outlook on the affair had drastically changed due in part perhaps to the guilt he experienced for helping the hysteria grow in the beginning.

The new Revered Hale became a voice of reason in court and defends those who are actually innocent.When Elizabeth Proctor lies to protect her husband saying that he never committed lechery, Hale defends her by pleading to Danforth, "it is natural to tell a lie; I beg you, stop before another is condemned! I may shut my conscience to it no moreprivate vengeance is working through this testimony!"Hale realizes the true motives behind the trials and that the girls had been lying all along.He comes to believe that the "innocent" were actually the guilty.In Proctor's defense he firmly states, "From the beginning this man has struck me true.By my oath to Heaven, I believe him now." He then points to Abigail saying,"This girl has always struck me false!"

Once Danforth orders Proctor to be taken to jail for associating with the devil, Hale becomes enraged, causing him to denounce the proceedings and quitting the court.By the final act of the play, Hale is "steeped in sorrow, exhausted, and more direct than he ever was."He has given up quarrelling with Danforth and fighting with the justice system; instead he tries to persuade the accused to confess to witchcraft before they are hanged.He begs Elizabeth Proctor to convince her husband to confess to save himself.He does this in guilt saying, "if he is taken I count myself his murderer," because he realized that he was a significant force in initiation the trials.In trying to convince Elizabeth, Hale admits he was wrong in the beginning saying, "Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own."He tells Goody Proctor,"cleave to no faith when it brings blood…Life, woman, is God's most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it.I big you, woman, prevail upon you husband to confess.Let him give his lie…God damns a liar less than he that throws his life away for pride."Elizabeth suggests that this is a devils argument, but Hale desperately says that before Gods laws we are swine and that we cannot read His will.

When John Proctor withdraws his confession, the Revered begs Elizabeth for the last time to plead with John but this was to no avail.In the end, though Revered John Hale believed in what was right, he could not fix was he started.Formerly a self-proclaimed expert on witchcraft, the once naïve Revered Hale learns a great deal from the event and comes out with a changed perspective on life.

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Trotsky

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Preface

Lev Davidovich Bronstein (187-140), better known as Trotsky, was the fifth son of a prosperous Jewish farmer from the Ukraine. From an early age Trotsky had an "intense hatred of the existing order, of injustice, of tyranny" as stated in his autobiography. In 187 he was inspired by the self-sacrifice of a female student in Petrograd and decided to engage in revolutionary politics.

Part 1- Describe the significant changes in fortune of Leon Trotsky between 117 and 140

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117 was an eventful year for Trotsky; after a brief imprisonment for his involvement in the 'July Days' he accepted the appointment of chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.Trotsky's groups then joined the Bolsheviks.Within the Bolshevik Party Trotsky played a key role leading to the October revolution.Following the revolutionafter rejecting other offershe accepted the appointment of Commissar of Foreign Affairs. In this position, much to the fury of the Western Allies, Trotsky was involved in separate armistice talks with the Germans and their allies at Brest-Litovsk.When Lenin threatened to resign if the papers (which held harsh conditions for Russia) were not signed, Trotsky relented and signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

At the outbreak of the Civil War (118-10) Trotsky became the Commissar of War and gained control of the newly created Red Army. The Red Army was a disorderly volunteer force, but under his leadership, it evolved into a professional, conscripted army with strict discipline imposed by former imperial officers. Trotsky's rousing orations and regular appearances at critical junctures in his famous armoured train played an important part in raising the Red Army's morale.Trotsky's brilliant strategies and organisational skills resulted in the crushing defeat of the Whites' by the Red Army and Trotsky being celebrated as a hero throughout Russia.

Trotsky's fortune was then affected by the power struggle, following Lenin's death in 14.There were four key men who vied for leadership Trotsky, Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev.Trotsky was the most feared of the four contenders, as he had once been Lenin's right-hand man. Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined forces as a triumvirate and opposed Trotsky, forcing him to resign as Commissar of War, after accusing him of "acting against the Party's interests."However, Kamenev and Zinoviev soon became aware of Stalin's great ambition.Consequently, in 16 Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev formed the United Opposition alliance.In effect it was an anti-Stalinist bloc aimed at opposing the policies of the Right.However, at the Fifteenth Party Congress in December 17, Stalin convinced the Congress to expel both Trotsky and Zinoviev.Trotsky was sent to Alma Ata in Kazakhstan and in 1 deported to Turkey.

After his expulsion to Turkey, Trotsky lived in France and Norway before settling in Mexico.There he lived the rest of his life, writing books and articles, giving lectures and interviews that 'poured scorn on Stalin.' (Evans, D., Jenkins, J., 001 pg 15)

Trotsky was still targeted by Stalin. An unsuccessful attempt on Trotsky's life was made in May 140.However, Trotsky succumbed when a second attempt was made at his home on 0 August 140 and died the following day.

Trotsky experienced tumultuous changes in fortune between 117 and his untimely death in 140.During the Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent civil war he was hailed as a hero.However, after the death of Lenin, in the power struggle with Stalin, Trotsky lost his position in the Party, and ultimately, his life.

Part - Assess Leon Trotsky's contribution to the Bolshevik Revolution in 117

'All of Stalin's efforts notwithstanding, there can be no argument about the fact that Trotsky was perceived by admirers and detractors alike- as second only to Lenin in the revolution.' (Volkogonov, D., 17)

When Lenin originally proposed the Bolshevik Revolution for late October, the Bolsheviks in general evinced little enthusiasm. It was Trotsky who inspired them and through his Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) of the Petrograd Soviet ensured that the Bolshevik coup d'tat took place.

In September and early October, the Germans scored new successes on the Northwestern front.Consequently, on October , the Petrograd Soviet established a committee to consider 'war planning' - the transfer of troops.They accepted the idea of Trotsky's idea of a "revolutionary defence committee," later named the Military Revolutionary Committee.

The chairman of the MRCformed on 0th Octoberwas ostensibly Lazimir, a left wing Social Revolutionary who later joined the Bolsheviks, but it was Trotsky who led the MRC.Furthermore Stalin's Military Revolutionary Centre was subordinated to Trotsky.The MRC sent commissars to all the regiments in Petrograd, authorising the arsenals in the city to issue arms to the workers.

By the rd of October, Trotsky had reports that all the recently appointed commissars now had control over their units.This meant that some 50,000 garrison troops were, in effect, neutralised; only two regiments outwardly refused to obey the MRC.Therefore the military would take no part in aiding or thwarting the Bolshevik Revolution.

Though Trotsky had no precise strategy for the coup, Lenin suggested the seizure of the central post office.Trotsky then planned for the neutralisation of the fortress of St Peter and Paul.This allowed the MRC to take control of railway stations, power plants and sewerage plants.The bulk of the Bolshevik forces were scheduled to storm the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional Government) on the 5th of October.

The plan ran so smoothly, it was almost bloodless.At 100pm on 6th October, Trotsky proclaimed the collapse of the Provisional Government and proudly declared that power had passed to the hands of the soviet and its MRC.

Through his command of the Military Revolutionary Committee, Trotsky brought about the strategically brilliant Bolshevik Revolution.He later claimed that the revolution had been in progress during the whole of 117, and this was the last act in the tremendous and prolonged drama.The Provisional Government had "renounced the very idea of resistance. The bourgeois class had expected barricades, flaming conflagrations, looting, and rivers of blood.In reality a silence reigned more terrible than all the thunders of the world.The social ground shifted noiselessly like a revolving stage, bringing forward the popular masses, carrying away to limbo the rulers of yesterday."Trotsky. (Kochan, L., 170, pg 87)

Word Count 1000

Bibliography

BBC HistoryLeon Trotsky (187-10), n.d., http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/trotsky_leon.shtml, 4--0.

Bolshevik Revolution 117, n.d., http//www.johndclare.net/Russ5.htm, 4--0.

Bradley, J., 188, The Russian Revolution, Bison Books Ltd, London.

Cantwell, T., Cartlidge, B., Le Cornu, D., Kiem, P., Marchetto, A., Martin, D., Mootz, D., Panczyk, P., Pyne, M., 00, HTA Modern History Study Guide, History Teacher's Association of NSW, Wareemba NSW.

Christian, D., 1, Power and Privilege, Pitman Publishing, Melbourne.

Davidson, M(ed.), 1, When, Where, Why and How it Happened, The Readers Digest Association Limited, Sydney.

Dennett, B., Dixon, S., 001, Key Features of Modern History, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia

Evans, D., Jenkins, J., 001, Years of Russia and the USSR, 1851-11, Hooder and Stoughton Educational, London.

Factors in the Bolshevik Revolution, 00, http//www.essaybank.co.uk/free_coursework/181.html, 4--0.

Kochan, L., 170, The Russian Revolution, The Stellar Press, Great Britain.

Kochan, L., Abraham, R., 185, The Making of Modern Russia- Second Edition, Penguin Books Ltd, England.

Leon Trotsky's Biography Page, n.d., http//www.acerj.com/CommOnline/Leonbio.htm, 1--0.

Leon Trotsky, n.d, http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUStrotsky.htm, 1--0.

The Trotsky Archive, n.d., http//www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/index.htm, 1--0.

Trotsky - Succession, Revolutionary Success, Civil War Hero, Death, Failure and End, n.d., http//www.coursework.info/i/15.html, 1--0.

Trotsky, n.d., http//www.geocities.com/Athens/56/trotsky.html, 4--0.

Trotsky.net, n.d., http//www.trotsky.net, 1--0.

Russia The Bolshevik Revolution- Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, 4-7-0, http//www.workmall.com/wfb001/russia/russia_history_the_bolshevik_revolution.html, 4--0.

Volkogonov, D., 17, Trotsky the Eternal Revolutionary, HarperCollins, England. [Translation by Shukman, H.]

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Trading Labour

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Trading Labour. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Trading Labour paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Trading Labour, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Trading Labour paper at affordable prices with custom writing service!Canada has one of the highest standards of living in the world. We are the rd largest country by size and have one of the highest GNPs.It is not a surprise that this level is achieved and maintained by high productivity, and low population creating a high Gross National Product. From this, we can understand why Canada has recently created policies and programs by which foreign workers could come to Canada under restriction to work and return to their home countries after the work term is over. This is mainly due to the growing recognition of the need to focus on the challenges and opportunities of labour globalization by businesses and the government. These programs were created by means of alleviating poverty and providing greater equity of opportunity to the citizens of developing countries. (Department).

Over the years Canada has created numerous policies and trade agreements with other countries on the topic of labour trade. Mass labour trade first started in the late 1800's when the Canadian government needed mass amount of workers to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. People living in Canada at the time did not want to carry out such intensive labour, so the government introduced the old-Canadian Immigration Policy and shipped thousands of Chinese workers from China to work on the railroad. This was perhaps the first form of mass international labour trade experiences by Canada. (Canadian). After the railroad was built, Labour Trade settled down because of discriminatory issues against foreign people. It wasn't until the past several decades that labour trade began to appear in Canada once more.

One of the main policies that was set to create labour immigration programs is the revised Canada Immigration Labour Policy. The objective of the policy primarily focuses on the economic benefits available to Canada by fulfilling a justifiable need of the Canadian labour market. This is accomplished by assisting the entry of foreign workers who can benefit the Canadian Economy either through labour or skill. The government will exclude any entry of foreign workers who could have an adverse impact on the Canadian labour market. This program is strictly run by the HRCC (Human Resources Canada Centre). (Ambrose).

Recently speaking, in 17, Canada and Chile signed the "Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement" where both countries would unite together and focus mainly on labour cooperation. This labour agreement demonstrates Canada's commitment to cooperation on labour issues. Canada and Chile would try to protect each other's labour forces by trying to maintain a high level of skill among the workforce. Trading labour could be an option if the need arises. (Human).Also recently in October of 00, the Centre for Research and Information on Canada conducted a research on whether or not Canada should expand the NAFTA with the US to labour, allowing workers to move freely between the two countries in search of employment. Across Canada, 6% supported free trade for labour while 4% opposed. Despite public support however, restrictions on free trade of labour remains in place and is unlikely to change in the near future announced by the government of Canada.(Centre).

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Every year over 0,000 foreign workers enter Canada to help Canadian employers in the Foreign Work Program hosted by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC). This program ensures that foreign workers benefit from working in Canada, as well as support economic growth to create more opportunities for Canadians citizens as well. (Citizenship). The HRDC assess offers of employment made by employers to foreign workers in a selective process and develops an opinion based on whether the work is likely to benefit the Canadian economy In order to be accepted, the offer must either fill a labour shortage, have the potential to attract Canadian citizens and permanent residents, or have the potential to direct job creation for Canadian citizens.

The Canadian Immigration Labour Policy and the foreign work program developed by the government of Canada is a great way to boost our economy in times of hardship. There are many advantages to Canada of which include 1. it can fulfill labour shortages in the market which keeps the industry alive. . It promotes the Canadian economy because it creates more incentive for other people to come to Canada to work. . It attracts skilled labour for certain industries in times of hardship. 4. Employers do not have to pay as much in wages to these foreign workers as opposed to paying a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident. This therefore gives employers an opportunity to expand and attract Canadian citizens in the line of work. 5. Some foreign workers may consider immigrating to Canada permanently if they qualify, which is good for Canada because these workers would give us a reputation of having a strong labour force. 6. Many foreign workers have knowledge about a specific industry that Canadians do not. This could enhance the industry by increasing productivity with the skills that these foreign workers could bring. And. 7. Our overall economy increases because of political equity and economic growth since we are filling up the gaps in the Canadian labour market. (Ambrose).

The policies and the foreign work program do have drawbacks as well. Some disadvantages may include 1. Workers who return to their home countries after their work term is up will need to sell their Canadian wages for their country's currency. This devalues the Canadian dollar because the demand for Canadian dollars would decrease and the supply would increase. . Workers are usually provided with accommodations for their work term, this means that they wouldn't really spend as much money as a regular Canadian citizen. This decreases our economy because consumption is low and leakages are greater than injections. . Foreign workers wanting to stay in Canada but are not approved may decide to illegally stay in Canada which increases our crime rates thus decreasing our standard of living.

When foreign workers come to Canada to work, many industries benefit by filling up labour shortages. Foreign workers also benefit our industries by providing us with skills we currently do not have. One specific example of an industry is the agriculture industry. In booming seasons, Canada may need a lot of people to work on farms. Because Canada is becoming increasing more technologically advanced, there is a decreasing number of people who want to be farmers. Therefore there is a shortage of farmers because farmers are stereotypically depicted as being a 'low' profession. Thus Canada needs to find foreign workers to fill this shortage to keep the industry alive. Another example may be the computer industry. A couple of years ago computers took up a huge chunk out of the tech sector. To keep up with the industry, companies had to hire workers from foreign countries to come to Canada to work for them because there was a shortage of IT graduates out of university.Companies needed to keep up with the competition and found this as an alternative. Other industries such as the biomedical industry, the lumber industry, other tech industries, and other labour intensive industries also benefit through the foreign labour policy because it does keep many industries alive and it gives them a better chance to survive in this increasingly competitive economy. (Department).

As you can see the foreign labour program provides a way for industries to survive in hardships and allow Canadian companies to expand and grow within Canada. Not only does it improve the Canadian economy, it may also improve the political relationship between Canada and another country because citizens from that country are able to come to Canada and experience the Canadian culture and way of life. Workers from developing countries also benefit by giving themselves a chance to earn more money in the mean time pass on their experiences to their friends and families. In a way this is promoting Canada. The first mass of Chinese immigrants who came to Canada in the late 1800's to work on the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Immigration Policy has certainly given Canada a new way for keeping stability and growth. I'm sure the Foreign Worker Program will continue to benefit Canada in the future.

Please note that this sample paper on Trading Labour is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Trading Labour, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on Trading Labour will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Scalars and VectorsReport

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Vector quantities consist of both magnitude and direction. The magnitude is made up of a number and a unit. Scalar quantities consist of only a magnitude. Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, and momentum are examples of vector quantities. Scalar quantities include such things as mass, time, distance, speed, work, and energy, to name but a few. Vector quantities are represented on a diagram by a directed line segment, drawn to scale, with reference coordinates to show direction. The tail of a vector is called the origin and the tip is called the terminal point. Equivalent vectors have the same magnitude and direction. Collinear vectors can be added algebraically or graphically. The resultant vector is obtained from vector addition. Graphical addition of vectors is performed on a neat, accurate, scale diagram. Non-collinear vectors exist in more than one dimension. The sum of any two or more vectors can be determined graphically or mathematically. Vectors are added by aligning the tail of one vector (origin) with the tip of another vector (terminal point) on a neat, accurate, properly scaled diagram. The vector sum of two or more vectors is called the resultant vector. The resultant vector points from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last vector being added. To make a vector negative, change its direction. A negative vector has the opposite direction of a positive vector. The magnitude and direction must be stated for the resultant vector, as for any other vector quantity. Vector and scalar operations yield very different results. The two must not be confused.

To add vectors there are two techniques available, geometric addition and algebraic addition. Both yield the same result. The choice of which technique to use in adding vectors depends on the application and is a matter of convenience. Since a vector is defined by its magnitude and direction, changing its location in our reference frame without changing its direction or magnitude leaves it the same vector. We are free to relocate a vector anywhere in our space where we find it convenient. To add vectors geometrically you just place the tail of one at the head of the other. The sum then is a vector from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last.

The algebraic addition of vectors involves simply adding up the like components of the vectors. Imagine a vector with its tail at the origin. The scalar components of that vector are just the coordinates of the head of the vector. Remember that the coordinates where the distances along each axis which defined the position of the head of the vector. To add two vectors, add all the x components together and all the y components. The algebraic addition of vectors works because the sums of the components are the components of the sum.

To break a vector down into its components is called vector resolution. What that means is that it will resolve a vector into its ¡§vector components¡¨ which as stated before the coordinates of the head of the vector when its tail is at the origin. The vector components are the vectors lying along the axes, which add up to the vector that you interested in. Since a vector along an axis has its direction fixed by definition, only its magnitude changes. That means you can uniquely define each component of a vector with just a number, knowing whether we are talking about the x, y or z component. Remember that you could also specify the position of a particle with the scalars, which are called coordinates. There is an obvious relationship between the coordinates of a position and the components of the vector pointing to that position. They are numerically equal. Write your Scalars and VectorsReport research paper

Vectors can be related to the basic coordinate systems, which are used by the introduction of what is called unit vectors. A unit vector is one, which has a magnitude of one and is often indicated by putting a hat on top of the vector symbol. You can define a unit vector in the x-direction by X hat or it is sometimes denoted by I hat. Similarly in the y-direction, you use Y hat or sometimes j hat. Employing multiples of the unit vectors, X hat and Y hat, can now represent any two-dimensional vector. The vector A can be represented algebraically by A = Ax + Ay. Where Ax and Ay are vectors in the x and y directions. If Ax and Ay are the magnitudes of Ax and Ay, then Ax x hat and Ay y hat are the vector components of A in the x and y directions respectively. The breaking up of a vector into its component parts is known as resolving a vector. The representation of A by its components, Ax x hat and Ax y hat is not unique. Depending on the orientation of the coordinate system with respect to the vector in question, it is possible to have more than one set of components.

The scalar product of two vectors a and b is defined to be the real number a & b given by |a||b cos á whereánis the angle between a and b. This is called the scalar product since you can take vectors and produces a scalar (a real number). It is also called the scalar product to distinguish it from the vector product. Since cosá = cos (-á) it is not important to worry about about whether the angle is positive or negative. The relationship between a and b does not need to have the same units. We also need to notice that AB=BA. Which means that A(B+C)=AB+AC.

Given any two vectors A and B, the vector product A x B is defined as a third vector. This is called the vector product or cross product. The magnitude of the vector product is defined as |AxB|=ABsin á. The direction of C=AxB is defined as being given by the right hand rule, whereby you hold the thumb, fore-finger and middle finger of your right hand all at right angles to each other. The thumb represents vector C, the forefinger represents A and the middle finger represents B. The order in which two vectors are multiplied in a cross product is important. AxB=-BxA. If you change the order of the vectors in a cross product fashion, you must change the sign. If A is parallel to B (á=0 degrees or 180 degrees), then AxB=0. If A is perpendicular to B, then |A x B|=AB. The vector product obeys Ax(B+C)=

AxB+AxC.

Below are some examples of the previous material to make sense of it all.

1. Adding Vectors

A plane travels 50km due north and then 70km in a direction of 50 degrees west of north. Find the magnitude and direction of the planes displacement.

180degrees-50 degrees=10degrees

R=sqr(A^+B^-ABcosnáw

R=sqr(50^+5^-(505)cos10)

R=77.km

Sin/B=sin/R

á=(70/77.)sin10

á=.6

sin^-1(.6)=44degrees

The resultant displacement of the plane is 77.km in a direction of 44 degrees west of north.

. Components of a Vector

1. A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements

d1=(0i+40j+10k)cm, d=(5i-15j-4k)cm, and d=(-15i+17j)

Find the components of the resultant displacement and magnitude.

R=d1+d+d

R=(0+5-15)icm +(40-15+17)jcm +(10-4)kcm

R= (0i +4j + 6k)cm

The resultant displacement has components Rx=0cm,Ry=4cm,and Rz=6cm

R=sqr(Rx^+Ry^+Rz^)

R=sqr(0^+4^+6^)=5cm

Its magnitude is 40cm

. Scalar Product

1. The vectors A and B are given by A=4i+5j and B=-i+j. Determine the scalar vector AB

AB=(4i+5j)(-I+j)

=-4iI+4ij-5jI+5jj

=-4(1)+1(0)-5(0)+15(1)

=-4+15=11

4. Vector Product

1. Two vectors lying in the xy plane are given by the equations. Find the product and verify that A x B= -B x A

A=i+4j and B=-I+j

A x B = (i+4j) x (I +j)

= i x j + 4j x (-i) = k+4k=1k

B x A = (-i +j) x (i +4j)

= -I x 4j +j x i = -4k ¡V k= -1k

Therefore A x B = -B x A

There are two basic techniques when adding vectors geometric and algebraic. They will both give you the same result. To algebraically add vectors you just add up the like components. Vector A is represented by A=Ax + Ay where Ax and Ay are vectors in the x,y direction. The scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined by the relationship AB=AB cos Ö where the result is a scalar quanity and Önis the angle between the two vectors. The scalar product obeys the communitive and distributive laws. Given two vectors A and B, the cross product A x B is a vector C having a magnitude C=AB sin Ö where Ö is the angle between A and B. The direction of vector C=A x B is perpendicular to the plane formed by A and B and this direction is determined by the right hand rule.

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The Price of Arrogance

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Price of Arrogance. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Price of Arrogance paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Price of Arrogance, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Price of Arrogance paper at affordable prices!Sophocles' Antigone is the story of Creon, the current king of Thebes, who condemns Antigone to the grave and denies a dead man, Polynieces, of a proper burial.Antigone, regardless of Creon's decree that anyone that would bury Polynieces would be put to death, buries her dead brother in order to do what she believes is the right thing according to her religion.Creon rules his country by fear, causing the senate to withhold valuable advice. He refuses to listen to Haimon with an open mind instead of a mind that he is all knowing, resulting in the catastrophe to come. He refused to follow the advice of the prophet Teiresias, whose counsel he has relied upon all of his life. It is not until after the loss of his son that Creon truly sees the error of his ways. Due to his blind arrogance, Creon has lost everything which he holds dear.

Early on the chorus says that they would dare not disagree with Creon because; "There is none so foolish as to love his own death." (l, ) Had the chorus disagreed with anything Creon decreed, they would be put to death. Ruling by fear is not the sign of a great ruler, but the sign of a dictator who will have things his way, and his way only, regardless of what may or may not be the best thing for the citizens or the state. If Creon had been a clear thinking and just ruler with the good of the citizens and the state in mind, he would have been willing to listen to those he trusted, not sentence them to death for not agreeing with him. The fear factor is further established when Antigone says in regard to the senate not agreeing that she is right in what she has done; "All that are here would surely say that's true, if fear did not lock their tongues up." (l, 54) And again when she responds to Creon's statement that she is the only one that believes that the senate will not speak out of fear, replying with; "No, these do too, but keep their mouths shut for the fear of you." (l, 55) Creon believes he is justified in his actions because there is no dissent. Unfortunately, he fails to see that the reason for this lack of dissent is due to fear of retribution from him.

Not only does Creon rule by fear, he refuses the wise counsel of others. Haimon attempts to tell his father of what he has heard from the people. "...the city mourns for this girl; they think she is dying most wrongly and most undeservedly of all womenkind (sic) or the most glorious acts." (l, 74) Haimon understands that a good ruler uses all of his resources to come to the best conclusion for all, and that the citizen's thoughts must be considered when making a decision. Haimon further attempts to make Creon see that he is only looking out for his father's best interests when he says; "Nothing I own I value more highly, father, than your success. What greater distinction can a son have than the glory of a successful father, and for a father the distinction of successful children? Do not bear this single habit of mind, to think that what you say and nothing else is true." (ll, 75-760) In saying this, not only is Haimon telling his father that he is concerned only in the interest of how his father may appear, but also gives him a kernel of wisdom when he tells Creon that he should not be so convinced that he is the only one that knows what is best for the state or the people of the state. Haimon continues on to tell his father that it is no shame to make a mistake and learn from it when he says; "A man who thinks that he alone is right, or what he says, or what he is himself, unique, such men, when opened up, are seen to be quite empty. For a man, though he be wise, it is no shame to learnlearn many things, and not maintain his views too rigidly. You notice how by streams in wintertime the trees that yield preserve their branches safely, but those that fight the tempest perish utterly." (ll, 761-76) Haimon sees the wisdom of bending in order to avoid breaking and is trying valiantly to get Creon to see the right of this. It is almost as if Haimon sees that his father's unwillingness to bend will be his undoing in the end. Creon, in response to Haimon's eloquent appeal for the use of reason, scoffs at his son and deems him a villain. Creon, in his arrogance, refuses to listen to anything his son has said. Even when Haimon tells his father; "Not at my side! Never think that! She will not die by my side. But you will never again set eyes upon my face. Go then and rage with such of your friends as are willing to endure it." (ll, 8-80), Creon dismisses him as being frivolous, but continues on with his plan. Creon could not possibly believe that anyone other than himself could possibly know what was best. He was, after all, their king. Arrogance such as this often leads to destruction. Unfortunately, the arrogant man will refuse to believe this possibility even if it is right in front of him, as with Haimon telling his father that he would never again look upon his face.

Not only does Creon totally disregard the counsel of his son; but also insults Teiresias, a prophet whose advice Creon has followed for most of his life. Teiresias comes to Creon to tell him that his plans are causing the city's sickness and Creon responds by saying; "Old man you are all archers, and I am your mark. ...But this dead man you shall not hide in a grave, not though the eagles of Zeus should bear the carrion, snatching it to the throne of Zeus itself. Even so, I shall not so tremble at the pollution to let you bury him." (ll, 101-1100) Creon not only accuses Teiresias of being a crook, but also thumbs his nose at the gods' will. He is filled with his own power and at this point is willing to go against the gods to prove that he is the power of the land.

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In one last attempt to get through to Creon, Teiresias tells Creon of what is to come; "You will not live many cycles more of this swift sun before you give in exchange one of your own loins bred, a corpse for a corpse, for you have thrust one that belongs above below the earth, and bitterly dishonored a living soul by lodging her in the grave; while one that belonged indeed to the underworld gods you have kept on this earth without die share of rites of burial, of due funeral offerings, a corpse un hallowed. With all of this you, Creon, have nothing to do, nor have the gods above. These acts of yours are violence, on your part. And in requital the avenging Spirits of Death itself and the gods' Furies shall after your deeds, lie in ambush for you, and in their hands you shall be taken cruelly...All the cities will stir in hatred against you..." (ll, 111-1160) It is not until Teiresias gives Creon a prophecy that has direct bearing on his own house and well being does he even entertain the idea that maybe he was acting rashly. Now that he thinks that possibly, some harm may come to those he loves or even worse, himself, he asks what to do. When he is told that the way to avoid punishment from the gods was to release Antigone and then to bury Polynieces, Creon, in his infinite wisdom chooses to bury Polynieces first and then to release Antigone. Had he followed the instructions precisely he could have prevented Haimon's death. He would have gotten to the burial site before Antigone hung herself, and therefore prevented both deaths. In preventing those deaths, his wife would have had no reason to kill herself. Creon, after not only losing his son but his wife as well, finally sees the error of his ways. This is most evident when after discovering Haimon he tells all; "The mistakes of a blinded man are themselves rigid and laden with death. You look at us the killer and the killed of the one blood. Oh, the awful blindness of those plans of mine. My son, you were so young, so young to die. You were freed from the bonds of life through no folly of your own only through mine." (ll, 140-14)

In most governments where the leader rules much the way Creon did, there is dissent and often destruction. Many times the leaders of governments such as these are overthrown or assassinated. Creon's firm belief that he could not possibly be wrong because he was king did not spare him from the gods' wrath. Creon's arrogance was an affront to the gods.Many were those that tried to make Creon see the error of his ways. They tried to tell him that it was a wise man that listened to the counsel of others. The horror that befell Creon's house was payment from the gods for his arrogance. Unfortunately, Creon saw, too late, the wisdom of those who counseled him.

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Creation or chaos how did the universe begin

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PROFESSOR MURPHY 1

COMPOSITION 1

MARCH 8, 1

THE UNIVERSE; WHO OR WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE

Help with essay on Creation or chaos how did the universe begin

As the cotton farmer wearily climbed down from his tractor, he looked up into the night sky and wondered.As the reflection of the full moon danced in her eyes, the young girl lost in thought stared into the star filled sky and she began to wonder.As I mounted my motorcycle and rode off toward the setting sun, feeling the warm summernight breeze on my face, I too began to wonder.

Since humans first looked into the sky and beheld the sun, stars, or moon, we have all wondered.What caused all of this to come about?How did it all begin?What caused the universe?

The tales, legends, and folklore of the beginning of the universe are so many, that a team of scholars could not gather them all together.They range from the AristotelianSystem, Geocentric Universe, Heliocentric Universe, to theories by Copernicus, DeSitler, Freidman, Keplers, Newton, to Greek and Roman tales of promiscuous Gods, whose offspring form the elements.(Harrison 70-7)

As technology progressed and knowledge of the universeincreased, (mainly through the invention of more powerful telescopes), a revision of humanitys concept of the universe became necessary.

Davis

For thousands of years, humans thought that they sat at the center of the universe.They believed that a God or Supreme Power had made the earth for them to live on.That all the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, and stars were made to revolve around them.This was the line of thinking right up until the 10s when a revision of the fundamental theory was inevitable, but when the change came it was no mere revision, it was the most dramatic and revolutionary change in the history of human thought.Man was forever removed from his throne at the center of the universe, and the earth on which he dwelt was reduced to ordinary membership in a company of planets revolving around the sun.But in compensation, he became a citizen of a universe greater than any of his elders had dreamed, a universe whose boundaries we have not yet surveyed.(Mason )

This theory was dubbed the Big Bang, due to the fact that it was based on the belief that an explosion of unmeasurable proportions occurred.This explosion was aptly named The Primeval Fireball (Zeilik 41).Please dont picture The Big Bang as happening in the center of the universe and expanding to fill it.The big bang involved the entire universe; every place in it was at creation, which marked the beginning of time and space. (Dixon ,10)

Davis

Because the entire universe was involved, there was no visible point of detonation.The only way to see this point

was to be ouside the universe which by definition is impossible.According to this theory, the farther we go back in time, the hotter and denser the universe becomes.I think its kind of like a bomb going off.The farther the debris flies away from the point of detonation, the cooler and more scattered it becomes.Now if you ran that in reverse, the closer the particles come together, the hotter and denser it becomes, right up until the moment prior to the explosion. (Dixon )This moment of time after the initial explosion of the universe is called the Planck Density. This time lasted about 10 to the-4rd second, or about a trillion, of a trillion, of a trillion, of a trillionth of a second. (Dixon 41)

The other major theory existing today is that of creation.Modern day accounts of creation testify to a Supreme Being or God who created the universe.In some accounts, this period of creation took from 6 days, to 6000 years. They all however rely on the premise that God created the heavens and the earth. (Gen 11)Creationist also state that it was no mere chance explosion but, Due to the abundance of dynamic energy, he also being vigorous in

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power, not one of them {referring to the heavenly bodies} is missing. (Isa 4814)They also contend that the order and harmony in the universe is a positive sign of intelligent design and not a chance happening. I claim that the material universe with its variously designed atoms, and the way they have been used [in] the construction of objects, minerals, vegetables and animals that we see around us, is a sign also of a gigantic Design and Purpose, and is a glorious Work of Art. (Mason 1)If we where to indulge in the concept of a Primordial Fireball causing our existance, then we would have to accept that out of total chaos has come complete order.All on its own with no help from anyone.No the universe is not a chance phenomenon. (Creation of the Universe WMHT 17)

Through carbon dating, there is no disputing that the materials making up the earth and moon are indeed 15-0 billion years old.Both theories agree that an incredible release of energy brought about the universe.Robert Jastrow who wrote the book God and the Astronomers was quoted as saying, Now we see how the astronomical evidence leads to a biblical view of the origin of the world.The details differ, but the essential elements in the astronomical and biblical accounts of Genesis are the sameThe chain of

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events leading to man commenced suddenly and sharply at a definite moment, in a flash of light and energy. (WBATS 11)They both even share the concept of Harmony throughout the universe.If we communicate with beings in another

planetary system and inform them that something has a size in so many meters, an age of so many seconds, and a mass of so many kilograms, they will not understand because their units of measurements are undoubtedly different. {I live on this planet and I dont even know what a meter is.}But they will understand if we say that the size is so many times that of a hydrogen atom, the age of so many times that of a certain atomic period, and the mass is so many times that of a hydrogen atom, simply because their atoms are the same as ours. The universe provides all of us with the same set of natural units of measurements. (Harrison )Both agree on the chronological order of life, starting with the sea life, which would include microorganisms and ending with humans as the final lifeforms.

That is where any similarity ends.

Science maintains thatspontaneous creation is one of the oldest myths, and has no more credibility than the legends and fables of witches and wizards. (Harrison 88) The idea of Spontaneous Creation is exceedingly old, and no doubt was rife in the prehistoric Age of Magic.Science

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also states that the beginning of the universe may have been a stroke of blind luck or because of a fluke in nature.(Harrison 0) Perhaps a previous universe collapsed, or there may have been some interdimensional leakage from some other mega universe (Dixon ,10) {I mean come on, if that was the case, where did the other universes come from.}

Creationists argue that it was not mere chance that caused the universe. He is the Former of the earth, the Creator of the heavens, and the Maker of it. (Isa 4518)

Science also feels that all life rose from a completely sterile enviroment.The earth had reached a temperature of10 to the 68th power degrees Fahrenheit at the Moment of Detonation. (Zelick 465)This extreme temperature would have been more than enough to kill any living organisms, causing complete and total sterility of the universe.Life arose from nonlife. (Zelick 445)

Creation states that life was created or formed, from the ground every wild beast of the field, and every flying creature from the heavens. (Gen 1)Out of the dust of the ground man was formed, and he blew the breath of life

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into his nostrils so that man came to be a living soul. (Gen 7)

Creation or Chaos, Design or Disorder, was there an intelligent life form behind the construction of the universe?Or where we just plain lucky?Some people say, Who cares, just as long as were here.Now shut up and pass me another Budweiser.Then there are others who spend their entire lives trying to find the solution to a question, that may not even have an answer.And then there are those of us that simply wonder.

Albert Einstein once said The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious.It is the source of all true art and science.He to whom the emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead; his eyes are closed (Mason 7

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Famine in Somalia

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Due to drought, floods, and clan warfare a massive famine ravishes the country of Somalia, forcing families to flee from their homes and seek help until foreign intervention can help unite the people of Somalia and make efforts to make the country safe again. With the threat of civil war out of the way, foreign operatives could safely bring in aid to Somalia - in the form of agricultural technology and bulk food.However, until the clan warfare is removed, the problem of drought and overpopulation cannot be dealt with effectively.What may seem like complete shock to the Western world has become a way of life for the inhabitants of this country as they deal everyday with what may seem unthinkable.Most of the world does not fully understand these hunger pains as they live in luxury always having available to them the food of their choice.

(causes) The major source of the famine problems is clan warfare, drought, and floods, but also the importance placed on growing cash crops. Due to the drought, 00,000 people are facing famine. It has been a catastrophic time for farmers. Gedoo, Bay and Bakool are in the sorghum belt which should feed southern and central Somalia. But the floods of 17, which destroyed food stores, have been followed by drought.But they say water is a big problem. In some cases, even when food aid can be delivered to villages, the people cannot stay there because their water supply has finished.Recently, the United Nations World Food Program said food aid was available, but delivery was being severely hampered by continued faction fighting, particularly in Bay and Bakool where the militia loyal to Hussein Aideed is fighting the Rahanwein Resistance Army.The WFP said many parts of the country were too dangerous to work in because food aid trucks were looted and stolen by militiamen.International aid agencies say that almost one-half million people in southern Somalia are threatened with famine because of continued drought.It is a recurring problem, he said. I think you have to look at it in the context of the civil warand understand that each year that there is a crop failure their assets, which is to say their livestock and other things they can sell decrease. So each year its harder and harder for them to get through to the next harvest that succeeds. The situation is deteriorating and we are extremely concerned about it.Somalia has been torn by clan fighting since leader Mohamed Siad Barre was ousted in 11. Since then, heavily armed militias ruled by warlords have divided the country. Last year, exiled Somali leaders established an interim government at a peace conference in neighboring Djibouti, but many clan leaders refuse to recognize the new authority.In the present humanitarian crisis, the World Food Program is trying to get people to stay in their villages so that they are ready for the next planting season.Somalia has enough arable land to feed itself even in the worst drought, and in 187, it actually exported food. Yet there is a famine in Somalia because free food, unloaded year after year at the docks of Mogadishu and in other African countries, has undermined local agriculture and self-sufficiency.Once there is a drought or a civil war in which the normal channels of food distribution are disrupted, there is likely to be a famine. This is true not only in Somalia, but also in many other African countries where free, non-emergency food is distributed.As a result of surplus food shipments, Africas per capita food production has decreased 0 percent since 160.The regions have suffered seven consecutive poor harvests and three poor rainy seasons, drastically reducing crops and livestock, which are the mainstay of the economy.According to recent surveys by UNICEF, malnutrition has reached 0 percent in Rabule,in Hoddur and 1 in Hoddur townships of Bakool region, while Bardera in Gedo region recorded 4 percent each.Wells are also reportedly drying up due to overuse by people, with over-crowding of livestock around the meager water sources.The drought has also forced hundreds of families to migrate to riverine areas south of Baidoa and Mogadishu, while others have crossed to neighboring countries in the hope of finding better conditions there.The security situation in the country has also compounded the already fragile situation, since humanitarian food convoys, though heavily guarded, are often at risk from armed bandits.(puts stuff in about the overpopulation and all that has to do w/ the graphs and what not lol) Imperialism smashed the traditional African cycle of agriculture by demanding that Africans pay taxes in cash. This meant growing crops for sale on national and international markets.The Oth century has seen a huge expansion in the acreage devoted to growing cash crops such as tea, coffee, cotton, rubber, cocoa, and ground nuts. Today much of the most fertile land in Africa is growing cash crops. Half of the food growing land in Senegal is growing peanuts for western margarine firms. Cash crops involve intensive cultivation and the extensive use of fertilizers which has led to land degradation, an increase in desert areas and the poisoning of the water table. The bulk of external debt in Africa is owed to Western governments. External debt and falling commodity prices have had a crippling impact on African economies during the past decade. In the 170s Western banks encouraged many less developed countries to borrow heavily. This borrowing, supposedly for roads and irrigation projects and so on was often siphoned off for personal use by dictators or wasted on useless projects or on arms. The money was borrowed at low interest rates. Interest rates jumped from 6% to 18% in a few years, dramatically increasing the debts. In 10 African debt was double what it was in 180.

(results) This terrible natural disaster has resulted in thousands dead, and hundreds of thousands still starving. More than ,000 people have fled from food shortages in the Juba River Valley. About 6,000 displaced people now live in makeshift camps around the city of Kismayu. In Badera in Southern Somalia up to 00,000 people could face famine because of drought. Malnutrition in children under five years has also recorded an alarming rise in some areas in the country.

While many nations have already supplied short-term aid through food aid, this is not enough to rescue Somalia from the clutches of famine. According to the U.N. it will take well over half a million tons of food to provide for Somalia alone over the next year. Yet only the small amount of 0,000 tons of food is being sent from donor countries monthly to Somalia. ACT members, Diakonie Bread for the World Germany (DBG) and Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) propose to provide assistance to the weakest families through sending food and agriculture inputs of seeds and tools. Delivery of food is being severely hampered by continued faction fighting. Many parts of the country are too dangerous to work in because food aid trucks were looted and stolen by militiamen.Before food aid can be brought into the nation of Somalia, foreign nations must provide a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia.While overpopulation and drought may be the underlying sources of the famine, the most important obstacle to overcome is the faction fighting over Somalia.In order to bring aid in the form of food supplies the threat of violence should be eliminated by the collective efforts of several nationslike a task force by the United Nations.The UN created a multinational force to alleviate the problem of warfare in Somalia back in 1, which they entitled the United Nations Operation in Somalia II.Their mission entailed monitoring the activities of all factions to ensure continued termination of hostilities, preventing violence, and protecting personnel bringing relief to the country.The UN cancelled this operation in March 15 because of violent acts on United Nations soldiers.Eight years later the faction fighting continues and the famine spreads like a ravenous avalanche.The United Nations needs to reevaluate the situation in Somalia, and send in personnel to solve the crisis of clan rivalry.If the dispute cannot be resolved diplomatically, the time has come for military intervention if the need arises.In order to save the country from complete destruction, the civil war situation needs to be contained, foreign nations must send food relief, and agricultural reforms must fix the current problems of drought and poor harvests.The world has ignored Somalia for far too long.

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Euthanasia

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Euthanasia

The word euthanasia is derived from the Greek word eu for good and thantos which means death and originally referred to intentional mercy killing. But the word it euthanasia has acquired a more complex meaning in modern times. Proponents of euthanasia believe that a dying patient has the right to end their suffering and leave the world in a dignified manner. Those who contest euthanasia believe that man does not have the right to end another persons life no matter what pain they endure. Euthanasia is one of the most important public policy issues being debated today. The outcome of debate will profoundly affect family relationships, interaction between doctors and patients, and concepts of basic morality. The word euthanasia has acquired a complex meaning in modern times. There are several types of euthanasia and one must define them in order to avoid confusion. Passive euthanasia is the process of hastening the death of a person by withdrawing some form of support and letting nature take its course. Such a act would include removing life-support equipment, stopping medical procedures, stopping food and water and allowing the person to die. Active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action in response to request from that person. This is also called mercy killing. Physician assisted suicide is the process of a physician supplying information and or the means of committing suicide to a patient. This would include writing a prescription for a lethal dose of sleeping pills or providing the patient with carbon monoxide gas. Euthanasia has been practiced in some form or another by many societies in our history. In ancient Greece and Rome helping others to die our putting them to death was considered permissible in some situations. In the Greek city of Sparta all newborns with severe birth defects were left to die. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was approved custom in several ancient societies. Although euthanasia is widely practiced in the Netherlands it remains technically illegal. In 15 Australias Northern Territory approved a euthanasia bill. It went into effect in 16 and was overturned by the Australian parliament in 17. One may ask, what is the difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide? In euthanasia one person does something that directly kills another. For example a doctor gives a lethal injection to a patient. It assisted suicide, a person knowingly and intentionally provides the means or in some way helps a suicidal person killed himself or herself. For example, a doctor writes a prescription for poison, or someone who hooks up a face mask to a canister of carbon monoxide and then instructs the suicidal person on how to push a lever so that they will be gassed to death. For all practical purposes, any distinction between euthanasia and assisted suicide has been abandoned today. However passive euthanasia is different than other types of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is the process of hastening the death of a person by withdrawing some sort of treatment. This includes removing life-support, stopping medical procedures and medications, stopping food and water to the patient and thus allowing him to die. Or not delivering C P R or other resuscitating treatment and allowing the person whose heart has stopped to die. Perhaps the most common form of passive euthanasia is to give a patient at large doses of morphine to control pain, in spite of the likelihood of the painkiller suppressing respiration and causing death earlier that it would otherwise have. Many states in the United States and other countries engage in this type of passive euthanasia to what is known as a health-care proxy or do not resuscitate order. These procedures are usually performed on the terminally ill, suffering patients, so that natural death will occur sooner. It is also opted for persons in a persistent vegetative state, individuals with massive brain damage or in a coma from which they cannot possibly regain conscious. During the 0th century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhance the life expectancy of the average person. There are however many diseases that cannot be cured by modern medicine. Such diseases like AIDS, terminal cancer, multiples scalrosis. These conditions remain a certain death sentence. These diseases leave the patient in a constant state of pain sometimes lasting many weeks or months. There are however other reasons why a person may feel euthanasia is appropriate. These reasons include the patient feels that the their quality of life has shrunk to zero, they feel the indignities of being cared for as if they were and infant, including being diapered and fed by nurses. Others simply want to die with the dignity before they become sick. Such an example would be a person was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and would like to end their life before serious dementia overtakes their living. These people feel that they would rather die in full mind and body rather to let themselves live a few more years in a vegetative state or with debilitating dementia that does not allow them to recognize their closest family. Proponents of euthanasia believe that the patient has the right to end their life when it is known that there will not be any recovery and death is imminent. They believe that a human being has the right to die in dignity and a painless death rather than suffer endlessly knowing full well that they will not recover. Those are anti-euthanasia state many reasons for their position. One reason is because euthanasia is contrary to Judeo-Christian ethics. Many religious groups within Christian, Muslim, Jewish and other religions believe that God gave life and therefore only God should take away a.life. Suicide would then be considered as a rejection of Gods sovereignty and loving plan. They feel that we are all masters of our own lives, but thats suicide should never be an option. Many other faith groups believe that human suffering can have a positive value for the terminally ill person and for their direct family. A Roman Catholic document mentions that some people prefer to moderate their use of painkillers, in order to accept voluntary at least a part of their sufferings and thus associate themselves in a conscious way with the sufferings of Christ at the time of crucifixition. Some Jews feel that pain and suffering in this world acts as atonement for sinss and transgressions and may benefit them in entering the world to come. The two main arguments offered by Christians and other religious groups are the following life is a gift from God and that each individual is a gift. Thus only God can start a life and only God should be allowed to end it. Also, God does not send us any experience that we cannot handle. God supports people and suffering. To actively seek an end to ones life would represent a lack of trust in God. Those who are pro euthanasia offer the following arguments each person has autonomy over their own life. If a person's quality of life is nonexistent, they should have the right to decide to commit suicide, and to seek assistance if necessary. Sometimes a terminal patient's pain can cause an unbearable burden, death can represent a relief of intolerable pain. When one discusses euthanasia we must understand that this is a legal view. By passing legislation that allows euthanasia were getting the right to doctors and patients to end their lives. We will be allowing euthanasia to become a procedure practiced in the hospital or hospice. In the end it will just be a matter of procedure such as a blood transfusion or operation. One must ask, by denying the legislation of euthanasia are we in fact denying a person to end their life? The answer to this is no. People do have the power to commit suicide. Suicide and attempted suicide are not criminalized. Each and every year, and the United States alone, there are more suicides than homicides. Suicide is a tragic, individual act. There are several books on the subject of suicide such as Derek Humphrey's "Final Exit". Organizations such as the Hemlock Society have been established to give information on patients interested in ending their own lives. Euthanasia is not about a private act. Its about letting one-person facilitate the death of another. Euthanasia is not about giving rights to the person who dies, it is about changing law and public policy so that doctors, relatives and others can directly and intesinaly end another persons life. This change would not give rights to the person who is killed, but to the person who does the killing. In other words, euthanasia is not about the right to die. Its about the right to kill.

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Homosexuality and discrimination

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Protection laws have been formed, to protect homosexuals against harassment and discrimination. The physical and emotional effects, of harassment and discrimination can be traumatic. Even though many government and business policies have been formed to protect homosexuals against discrimination, they are still physically and emotionally abused because of how society views them.

Recently the number of homosexual related hate crimes has increased. In SanFransisco two gay men walking home, holding hands, were approached by others in a car. The car's passenger asked why they were holding hands, and some words were exchanged. The driver maneuvered the car, pinning one of the men against a wall. The car's passenger then got out of the car and shot the man in the chest. (APA). In Minneapolis, a caller made rude comments to two lesbians and said they would be beaten up. Shortly after there home was burglarized and their cars were vandalized. (APA). These are only a couple, among hundreds, of incidents reported last year. An FBI report shows that out of 7,587 bias-motivated crimes, eleven percent are against homosexuals. (APA). Klanwatch is and organization that monitors hate crimes. They say that the actual statistics are much higher. (APA).

Many psychologists research anti-gay violence. Anthony D'Augelli a psychologist and professor at Pennsylvania State University, studies the extent of harassment of young people. He also studies the impact on their mental health. (AEU). D'Augelli surveyed 14 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths (ages fifteen to twenty one years) about homosexuality and victimization. "The more people get put upon, the worse they do in terms of mental health," says D'Augelli. (AEU). Suicide attempts cannot be directly related to victimization. Victimization is verbal abuse, attack threats, and or assaults.

In Anthony D'Augelli's survey he found that 11 lesbian, gay, and bisexual undergraduates are victimized. Of those 11 undergraduates, eighty percent were verbally assaulted, forty had objects thrown at them, thirty-one percent were physically assaulted, and twenty-two percent were sexually assaulted. (AEU). Write your homosexuality and discrimination research paper

These acts lead homosexuals; both closeted and uncloseted, to hide their identity. Emotional stress, social problems, and academic difficulties are costs associated with hiding who you are. (APA). Those who have been personally or had a partner, who was victimized, have high levels of depression, anxiety, and anger related to post-traumatic stress. Society constantly tell us that "gays are bad", so many people fear gays. (AEU). It is hard to control or even reduce the amount of homophobia in the world. (APA). This inability to control has allowed for the number to buas-motivated crimes against gay to increase. In many of these crimes, the victim knows their assailant.

All students, gay and straight, have an equal opportunity to education in all public education institutions. The school needs to "provide a safe and secure learning environment". (APA). Open students are in a minority status. In addition, they face harassment and physical violence which leads to a lowered self esteem. On a daily basis gay students, as well as those perceived to be gay, are bullied at school. Of those who are bullied, some are beginning to fight back. (Criminal...). Schools are required to support homosexual students. It is believed that by school supporting homosexuals, the mental and psychological difficulties caused by discrimination will decrease. (LawLink). The rate of discrimination against homosexuals has driven many gay students to hide their sexuality. Therefore, the number of open students in school is very low. ("GLSEN").

In most schools, the number of open students can be counted on one hand. These open students are often insulted. In addition, classmates also throw around homophobic phrases ion classrooms and hallways. ("GLSEN"). When you are an openly gay student, pretty much everyone knows. The fact of everyone knowing that you are gay can lead to you being tormented. To decrease the tormenting many schools have begun to form Gay-Straight Alliances.

Over 800 Gay-Straight Alliances have been formed nationwide. ("GLSEN"). Gay-Straight Alliances do many things for school and those students who attend that school. They lobby in favor of a variety of homosexual causes. They also gain federal and state tax money. A national organization, called PLAG, sponsors lifeline. Lifeline provides up to $500 to a student wish to form a Gay-Straight Alliance at their school. (LawLink). However, staring a Gay-Straight Alliance can be difficult. There are many reasons that it can be difficult to form a Gay-Straight Alliance in your school, including that students meet resistance. It is hard to find a faculty member to support/sponsor the group. Once the difficult part of forming an alliance is done, the alliance begins to do the school some good. Gay-Straight Alliances hole school become a safer place, and creates communication between the groups. After school, gays can face more discrimination on where they decide to go with their lives.

Each year hundreds of men and women join the United States military. In addition, each year 1,000 able body men and women are forced to leave the service. (Koingsberg). By forcing homosexuals to leave the military the United States military wastes twenty seven million in training costs. The Unites States military could save money by letting gays in to the military. Many straight soldiers fear unwelcome advances in showers and living quarters. (Koingsberg). Therefore, discrimination in military is unfair, but necessary. Yet, because the military needs the talents of every person, the United States military has begun a new policy. This policy has four parts "1. Everyone will be judged by conduct not sexuality . Don't ask, don't tell . You must not break the rules 4.everyone must follow."(McCuen). Therefore, the United States military may not knowingly admit bisexuals, lesbians, or gays. The 1,000 men and women who are discharged from the military could have talents that the military needs. A military needs the talents of everyone. (APA).

There are many places where gay in the military work. A few countries that allow gays in their military are; France, Denmark, and Sweden. In France in order for a homosexual to be allowed in their military, they have to prove that they are psychologically normal. In the French military homosexuals are still discriminated against and viewed as weird or silly. In Denmark, military service is mandatory. Since Denmark passed the law stating that service is mandatory, there have been no cases of threats in their military. There is no ban on homosexuality in the Swedish military. Anyone who threatens or persecutes gay lesbian or bisexual in the military is "punished with fines and up to two years in jail." (Koingsberg). Homosexual soldiers in Sweden are prohibited from forming cliques by law. In many countries, homosexuals are also discriminated in the work place.

For those homosexuals who whish to work, the government has set up many policies. It is against the law to discriminated homosexuals in their workplace. It is also against the law to do anything publicly that could encourage hatred. The Equal Employment Opportunity law was amended to include sexual orientation. (APA). In this amendment, they hope to remove misconceptions about homosexuals that have risen in recent years. Homosexuality has NO impairment to personal characteristics such as; judgement, stability, reliability, general social skills, and vocational capabilities. (APA). The question of whether homosexuals should be allowed to be teacher is a hard one, answer greatly by Policy statements on Lesbian and Gay issues.

Homosexuals and the right to become teachers? Homosexuals by law have the right to become teachers. As APA states "no burden shall be placed on these individuals". Therefore, it is also true that it is against the law to discriminate against gay teachers. (LawLink). Homosexuals are harassed in many different places throughout the world.

Even though many government and business policies have been formed to protect homosexuals against discrimination, they are still physically and emotionally abused because of how society views them. Homosexuals face the terrible effects of harassment and discrimination daily. In the future hopefully society will learn that the only difference between being straight and gay is your sexual preference, and not your mentality.

Please note that this sample paper on homosexuality and discrimination is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on homosexuality and discrimination, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on homosexuality and discrimination will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius paper at affordable prices !Doctrine of terra nullius

Terra nullius literally means 'land belonging to no one', and referred not only to territory that was inhabited, but also yo territory inhabited by people who had no system of law or social or political organization that was recognised by the English.Instead of recognising the laws and customs that existed at time of colonisation, the British government declared the land of the colony of New South Wales to be terra nullius.

Subsequent legal developments

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The federal Parliament, in response to the Mabo case enacted the Native Title Act 1(Cth).Sectionoutlines the purposes of this Act

•To provide for the recognition and protection of native title

•To establish ways in which future dealings affecting native title may proceed and to set standards for those dealings

•To establish a mechanism for determining claims to native title

•To provide for, or permit, the validation of past acts invalidated because of the existence of native title.

Once native title has been recognised it may only be extinguished with the approval of the holders of the native title, or by compulsory acquisition by the government.

The Mabo and the Wik Case

The Mabo case led to the native title legislation but also gave indigenous Australians recognition.Indigenous Australian traditional land ownership was not recognised under the doctrine or terra nullius.

In 171, Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (Gove Rights Case) affirmed the applicability of the terra nullius doctrine to Australia.However in 1, the High Court of Australia overturned the doctrine of terra nullius, in the leading case of Mabo v the State of Queensland (No.).Following the case the government passed the Native Title Act.The Act allows indigenous Australians to claim land where they can prove that they have maintained traditional links with it.

In 16, the High Court held in Wik peoples v Queensland that pastoral leases did not extinguish native title.Both pastoral leases and native title could co-exist (A pastoral lease is a grant of rights by the government, pursuant to legislation, to the lease holder to use the land for the purpose of raising livestock or related purposes.Pastoral leases cover over 40% of Australia.)From the Wik decision, indigenous Australians may have the right to continue the traditional uses of the land given to them by native title, in spite of pastoral leases, which have been granted over the land.They would still have to establish that they have title over the land.The decision created much confusion and uncertainty in farming communities.

The Commonwealth Government's response was to publish a 'ten point plan'.

The plan summarised the government's proposed changes to the Native Title Act 1.The Senate rejected the first version.In 18 a revised version of the plan was passed and the Native Title Act was amended to reflect the changes.Under the amendments indigenous Australians rights to negotiate with the Government was abolished.The right to negotiate has been merely replaced with the right to consult.

Land Rights and Native Title Mabo v State of Queensland (No 1)(188)

The case concerned the Murray Islands, in the Torres Strait, with a total land area ofsquare kilometres.The Murray Islands were annexed to Queensland in 187(in other words, became part of Queensland.).The original occupants were known as the Meriam people, who settled several generations before European Contact.

In 18, three Murray IslandersEddie Mabo, David Passi and James Rice brought an action in the High Court of Australia against the State of Queensland.They claimed that Queenslands sovereignty (ownership) over the Murray Islands was subject to the land rights of the islanders based on local custom and traditional title.

They attempted to claim that

•That the Meriam people are entitled to the Murray Islands as owners; or as possessors; or as occupiers; or as persons entitled to use and enjoy the islands; and

•That the State of Queensland has no power to extinguish the Meriam people's title.

Issues

The plaintiffs, Mabo and others, claimed that

•A system of native title existed on the Torres Strait Island of Mer; and

•Native titles are recognised under common law

The defendant, the State of Queensland argued that

•Native titles were not apart of Australian law; and, in the Alternative,

•The 185 Act retrospectively extinguished any native titles (in other words, applied 'back in time' to override any claims to native titles which might have existed before the Act was passed.).

The Queensland Coast Island Declaratory Act 185 (QLD)

Section three of the above Act provided that the annexation by the crown in 187, became owned by the Crown, free of all other rights, interests and claims.By passing the law, the Queensland Government hoped to stop any potential claims for land rights by the Torres Strait Islanders.

Decision

The first decision, the High Court Of Australia made did not address whether native title existed in Australia.The High Court found that the Queensland Coast Island Declaratory Act 185 (QLD) was trying to limit the land rights of Torres Strait Islanders, simply due to their race.The Act would have meant that the land rights of the Torres Strait Islanders would have been different to other groups.Therefore, the High Court held that the 185 Act was invalid because of Section 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act 175(Cth).Section 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act held that no law could limit the rights of a particular group on the grounds of race.

The High Court then referred the matter back to the Queensland Supreme Court for determination of the facts of the case, before going to consider the issue of Native Title in the Mabo case (no ).

Mabo v the State of Queensland (No.)(1)

Justice Moynihan of the Queensland Supreme Court visited the Murray Islands in order to gather evidence.

Issues

The main issue was whether the annexation of the Murray Islands by Queensland in 187 had the effect of vesting in the Crown absolute ownership of all land in the Murray Islands, thereby extinguishing native title.

Decision

Briefly, the High Court held

•That the Meriam people are entitled to possess, occupy, use and enjoy the Murray islands.

•That the State of Queensland has the power to extinguish the Meriam people's title, as long as it exercises that power validly and in a manner consistent with Commonwealth Laws.

On the issue of terra nullius, the High Court said

The terra nullius doctrine is not apart of Australian Law.The historical facts do not fit the 'absence of law' or the 'barbarian' theory, which underpinned the reception of English law into Australia.Thus, the notion that Australia was terra nullius was dismissed by the High Court in Mabo.

On the issue of Crown sovereignty, the High Court said

The common law of England, which applied to the colony of New South Wales, included the general system of land law.One of the basic principles of that land law was and still is that the Crown is the ultimate owner of all land.The practical effect was to enable the English system of private land ownership to be observed in the colony.But this did not mean that any traditional native interests in the land existed under native law or custom at the time the colony was established could not be preserved and protected.

On the issue of common law recognition of native titles, the High Court stated that

•The recognition and protection of native title interests extended to traditional interests to use or enjoy land;

•The interest would normally belong to a community or group, but it could belong to an individual;

•The interest could relate to lands that were cultivated, or lands left uncultivated but which, under the law or custom observed in the territory, were traditional homelands or hunting grounds.

What common law required was that the group claiming native title interests

•Must have maintained their traditional identity and system of culture and customs

•Must have maintained a substantial connection with the land

•Had interests that, under customary law, entitled a group to occupy and use the particular land claimed

The High Court also held that indigenous Australians continued to hold native title so long as they have maintained their traditional links with the land or until the government takes lawful action to extinguish their native title.The Court, however, denied that indigenous Australians had the right to claim compensation.

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