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Preface
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (187-140), better known as Trotsky, was the fifth son of a prosperous Jewish farmer from the Ukraine. From an early age Trotsky had an "intense hatred of the existing order, of injustice, of tyranny" as stated in his autobiography. In 187 he was inspired by the self-sacrifice of a female student in Petrograd and decided to engage in revolutionary politics.
Part 1- Describe the significant changes in fortune of Leon Trotsky between 117 and 140
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117 was an eventful year for Trotsky; after a brief imprisonment for his involvement in the 'July Days' he accepted the appointment of chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.Trotsky's groups then joined the Bolsheviks.Within the Bolshevik Party Trotsky played a key role leading to the October revolution.Following the revolutionafter rejecting other offershe accepted the appointment of Commissar of Foreign Affairs. In this position, much to the fury of the Western Allies, Trotsky was involved in separate armistice talks with the Germans and their allies at Brest-Litovsk.When Lenin threatened to resign if the papers (which held harsh conditions for Russia) were not signed, Trotsky relented and signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
At the outbreak of the Civil War (118-10) Trotsky became the Commissar of War and gained control of the newly created Red Army. The Red Army was a disorderly volunteer force, but under his leadership, it evolved into a professional, conscripted army with strict discipline imposed by former imperial officers. Trotsky's rousing orations and regular appearances at critical junctures in his famous armoured train played an important part in raising the Red Army's morale.Trotsky's brilliant strategies and organisational skills resulted in the crushing defeat of the Whites' by the Red Army and Trotsky being celebrated as a hero throughout Russia.
Trotsky's fortune was then affected by the power struggle, following Lenin's death in 14.There were four key men who vied for leadership Trotsky, Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev.Trotsky was the most feared of the four contenders, as he had once been Lenin's right-hand man. Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined forces as a triumvirate and opposed Trotsky, forcing him to resign as Commissar of War, after accusing him of "acting against the Party's interests."However, Kamenev and Zinoviev soon became aware of Stalin's great ambition.Consequently, in 16 Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev formed the United Opposition alliance.In effect it was an anti-Stalinist bloc aimed at opposing the policies of the Right.However, at the Fifteenth Party Congress in December 17, Stalin convinced the Congress to expel both Trotsky and Zinoviev.Trotsky was sent to Alma Ata in Kazakhstan and in 1 deported to Turkey.
After his expulsion to Turkey, Trotsky lived in France and Norway before settling in Mexico.There he lived the rest of his life, writing books and articles, giving lectures and interviews that 'poured scorn on Stalin.' (Evans, D., Jenkins, J., 001 pg 15)
Trotsky was still targeted by Stalin. An unsuccessful attempt on Trotsky's life was made in May 140.However, Trotsky succumbed when a second attempt was made at his home on 0 August 140 and died the following day.
Trotsky experienced tumultuous changes in fortune between 117 and his untimely death in 140.During the Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent civil war he was hailed as a hero.However, after the death of Lenin, in the power struggle with Stalin, Trotsky lost his position in the Party, and ultimately, his life.
Part - Assess Leon Trotsky's contribution to the Bolshevik Revolution in 117
'All of Stalin's efforts notwithstanding, there can be no argument about the fact that Trotsky was perceived by admirers and detractors alike- as second only to Lenin in the revolution.' (Volkogonov, D., 17)
When Lenin originally proposed the Bolshevik Revolution for late October, the Bolsheviks in general evinced little enthusiasm. It was Trotsky who inspired them and through his Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) of the Petrograd Soviet ensured that the Bolshevik coup d'tat took place.
In September and early October, the Germans scored new successes on the Northwestern front.Consequently, on October , the Petrograd Soviet established a committee to consider 'war planning' - the transfer of troops.They accepted the idea of Trotsky's idea of a "revolutionary defence committee," later named the Military Revolutionary Committee.
The chairman of the MRCformed on 0th Octoberwas ostensibly Lazimir, a left wing Social Revolutionary who later joined the Bolsheviks, but it was Trotsky who led the MRC.Furthermore Stalin's Military Revolutionary Centre was subordinated to Trotsky.The MRC sent commissars to all the regiments in Petrograd, authorising the arsenals in the city to issue arms to the workers.
By the rd of October, Trotsky had reports that all the recently appointed commissars now had control over their units.This meant that some 50,000 garrison troops were, in effect, neutralised; only two regiments outwardly refused to obey the MRC.Therefore the military would take no part in aiding or thwarting the Bolshevik Revolution.
Though Trotsky had no precise strategy for the coup, Lenin suggested the seizure of the central post office.Trotsky then planned for the neutralisation of the fortress of St Peter and Paul.This allowed the MRC to take control of railway stations, power plants and sewerage plants.The bulk of the Bolshevik forces were scheduled to storm the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional Government) on the 5th of October.
The plan ran so smoothly, it was almost bloodless.At 100pm on 6th October, Trotsky proclaimed the collapse of the Provisional Government and proudly declared that power had passed to the hands of the soviet and its MRC.
Through his command of the Military Revolutionary Committee, Trotsky brought about the strategically brilliant Bolshevik Revolution.He later claimed that the revolution had been in progress during the whole of 117, and this was the last act in the tremendous and prolonged drama.The Provisional Government had "renounced the very idea of resistance. The bourgeois class had expected barricades, flaming conflagrations, looting, and rivers of blood.In reality a silence reigned more terrible than all the thunders of the world.The social ground shifted noiselessly like a revolving stage, bringing forward the popular masses, carrying away to limbo the rulers of yesterday."Trotsky. (Kochan, L., 170, pg 87)
Word Count 1000
Bibliography
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Volkogonov, D., 17, Trotsky the Eternal Revolutionary, HarperCollins, England. [Translation by Shukman, H.]
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