Biology

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I.Introduction

a.What is air pollution?

i.Human caused air degradation (something humans do to worsen air)

b.Natural vs. human-caused air degradationOrder Custom Biology paper

II.5 main types of air pollutants (of 7 designated in the U.S. Clean Air Act of 170)

a.Particulate materials

i.What tiny solid or liquid matter suspended in the atmosphere as aerosols

ii.Examples dust, smoke, pollen, spores

iii.Sources burning of coal, wood, and other organic materials, soils, volcanic ash

iv.Effects can lead to a variety of respiratory (breathing) problems such as bronchitis and emphysema

b.Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

i.What organic compounds that are in the form of a gas in the atmosphere

ii.Examples terpenes (why Christmas trees smell nice) toxic ones include benzene and formaldehyde

iii.Sources forests, gasoline, chemical plants

iv.Effects toxic VOC's can have serious effects on human health

1.(e.g. methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by a subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation killed several thousand people in India in 184)

c.Carbon Monoxide (CO)

i.What inorganic carbon compound that is highly toxic to animals, including humans; odorless and colorless

ii.Sources processes where fuel is not completely burned

1.(e.g. gas furnace, cars, exhaust; most of anthropogenic (human caused) CO is from transportation

iii.Effectsleading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the U.S

d.Sulfur dioxide (SO)

i.Whatcolorless inorganic gas containing sulfur

ii.Sourcesvarious natural sources, main anthropogenic source is combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur (coal, oil)

iii.Effectsreacts with water vapor in atmosphere to form acid rain

1.SO + HO à HNO(sulfuric acid)

.The acidity of rain is described by pH

a.Measure of the amount of positively charged hydrogen atoms

.Variation in the acidity of rain in U.S

4.Consequences of acid rain on ecosystems

a.Can make effected lakes unsuitable for some fish species (e.g. rainbow trout begin to die at a pH5)

e.Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO)

i.What colorless inorganic gas containing nitrogen

ii.Sourcesprocesses that combust nitrogen containing compounds such as fossil fuels (gasoline, oil) at high temperatures

iii.Effectsreacts with water in atmosphere to form acid rain

1.e.g.NO + HO àHNO

.Reacts with ultraviolet light (UV) to eventually form ozone (O) in troposphere

a.NO + UV àNO + O

b.O + O à O (ozone)

f.Is CO a pollutant?

III.Components of atmosphere

a.Atmospherelayer of air surrounding earth

b.Tropospherelowest layer in atmosphere, 5 to 10 miles high

c.Stratospherelayer on top of troposphere extends to about 0 miles high

IV.Ozone (O)

a.Ozone in troposphere ("Bad" ozone)

i.Role of ultraviolet light and NO

ii. Type of weather that leads to ozone formation in the troposphere

1.Hot, sunny days contribute to ozone formation in troposphere

iii.Where ozone tends to be most abundant

1.Typically in urban areas

iv.Effects on human health

1.Can cause permanent damage to the lungs, also can cause nausea and throat irritation and can worsen heart disease

v.Effects on plants

1.Responsible for $500 million/year in crop damages

.Tends to make plants more susceptible to disease, insects, and other pollutants

b.Ozone in the stratosphere ("Good" ozone)

i.Ozone in the stratosphere is produced by a reaction between O and ultraviolet light (UV)

1.O + UV à O + O

.O + O à O

ii.Ozone in stratosphere absorbs UV-b, most harmful type of UV to humans

1.Effects of UV-b on humans

.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)

.Levels of ozone in the stratosphere

4.Ozone "hole" over Antarctica

5.Many countries have banned the use of CFC's

V.Air pollution control

a.Clean Air Act of 16

b.170 amendments to Clean Air Act established national air quality standards for a variety of pollutants

c.10 amendments to Clean Air Act

d.Changes in air quality in the U.S.

Day 0

4--0

I.History of energy use

a.Prior to the Industrial revolution Wood

i.Wood was main source of energy for cooking and heating

b.Mid to late 1800s Coal

i.Steam engine converted heat energy to energy motion

c.Early 100s beginning of oil use

i.Early use of oil was primarily to make kerosene for lamps

ii.By 10, 8 million cars in U.S.

d.In 150s-60 economic boom in the U.S.; oil demand and use surged

i.Increasing demands for oil (by 1 à 16 million cars)

ii.Plastics

iii.U.S. became increasingly reliant on foreign sources of oil

e.In 17, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed, this led to higher prices for oil

i.OPEC oil embargo imposed on the U.S.

1.17-174

a.Price of oil in U.S went up dramatically

b.Gasoline shortages in U.S

.In 178, CAFÉ (corporate average fuel efficiency) standards enacted; in 185 standards raised so cars on average had to get 7.5 mpg and light trucks 0 mpg

a.In 185 CAFÉ standards raised

.Beginning in 10s SUVs

a.Partly in response to cheaper gasoline prices in 10s SUVs became very popular (most get 10-18 mpg and are exempt from CAFÉ standards)

f.Breakdown of energy inputs and consumption in U.S in 16

i.Total domestic energy production is greater to total energy imports

ii.For oil, imports exceed domestic sources

iii.Order of energy consumption in U.S.

1.Oil = %

.Natural gas = %

.Coal = %

4.Renewable = 7%

5.Nuclear = 8%

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