Credit Card Industry: Smart Cards

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For the past decade, Europe has been the world's number one maker of smart cards, the

pocket plastic with an embedded chip that stores reams of financial and other

information.In the meantime, American markets are trying to switch over to chip based

cards but the consumers and merchants are not as enthusiastic.In this analysis, I will

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compare two different articles that have separate views about smart cards coming to the

United States.

In August 000, Business Week published an article about the future of smart cards

coming to the U.S.The article contained nothing but positive aspects of the new

technology and its perks for consumers.It seemed the article was written simply to boost

the idea of the smart card to holders of the cards.The article did not mention the

business owners views or card issuers views.The article was also very statistical in the

prospects of the smart card in the years to come.For example, the article says that

companies and government agencies will have an annual sales growth of 100% if the

smart cards take off in the U.S.Since smart cards have a chip it can verify the users

passwords and even fingerprints thus bringing a whole new network security feature.

The Business Week article also looks at how smart cards will bring annual sales

growth of 4% for Pay TV users.Couch potatoes can now enter their credit card

numbers directly from their comfort of their homes and order anything on television that

interests the person.The problem with this estimate is that Pay TV has not been

introduced in the United States yet so this option will not be available for a few years to

come.

The most prominent feature that smart cards can help consumers right now is the on-line

shopping features."Consider what happens when you buy online with your credit card.

A secure server will probably encrypt your account number, but the merchant might store

it on a vulnerable computer network" (Business Week).This is a definite problem that

consumers worry about.Last winter, a hacker stole 00,000 credit card numbers from

online music retailer CDUniverse who stored their credit card information on a private

computer network.If, however, you slid a smart card into a reader on your PC and

entered your password, the merchant would never get to your account numberonly a

code authorizing the sale.This feature is the only current item that would benefit getting

a smart card as a consumer.

The assumptions this article makes is just that, assumptions.Everything written makes

smart cards seem like there is nothing that could stop the roll out of the smart card

production but it does not look at the merchant side of the equation.This article would

make anyone excited about getting a smart card in their wallet but the businesses are not

prepared to deal with the technology advancement.

Transaction Trends is a monthly magazine sent to credit card processing companies and

related fields.In the October 001 edition, Lauri Giesen wrote an article that is more

realistic for businesses and smart card preparation.Ms. Giesen has recorded early tests of

smart card transactions at the Olympics in Atlanta and in the upper West side of New

York.The trial period "failed to excite merchants on the prospect of accepting smart

cards.And Internet-based smart card applications are progressing slower than many had

expected"(Giesen).

The article that Lauri Giesen wrote spoke to the business owners and card issuers side of

processing the smart card transactions.It was not all negative aspects of the future of

smart cards.She noted that merchant loyalty programs may have breathed new air into

the smart card applications.It will give something to everyone.Consumers will like the

ability to get free purchases and discounts through such programs.Smart card chips store

the activity of the consumer at certain businesses and if they ensue the loyalty program

then business can expect an annual growth rate.It is expected to be more effective than

clipping coupons or direct mailings.

Card issuers have long been interested in the ability to reduce card fraud.The chip

embedded in the card gives that feature, Laurie points out.The issuers will be able to

differentiate their cards while at the same time use the chip to cut down on fraud and

misuse.

One fact that Ms. Giesen notes is that all the U.S. merchants that have credit card

equipment in their business would have to upgrade to a higher technology that would

accept smart cards.Smart cards do not get "swiped" as regular cards do.You insert the

card into the machine like a disk into a computer and wait for the credit card terminal to

read it."There just hasn't been a good reason for merchant to invest in the extra

equipment needed for smart card acceptance"(Giensen).

The two articles both raised the question of the future of smart cards in the United States.

The article from Business Week you might think was written by a smart card company or

by a person that stood something to gain from the issuance of smart cards.But the ither

article written by Lauri Giesen was by far more realistic.It gave pros and cons from the

business perspective and introduce another feature, the loyalty programs that reward you

by shopping at the same place over and over.

Either way, smart cards are a definite for the United States.American Express has

already rolled out their smart card program with over a million consumers already smart

card capable.The company that introduced smart card technology, Gemplus, is now

developing chips that enable watches and even eyeglasses to receive and process data.

With technology moving at the rate it is there is no reason why not to accept it and enjoy

the new features available to us today, tomorrow or in the future.

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Dying young

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Dying young. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Dying young paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Dying young, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Dying young paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!To an Athlete Dying Young The poem To an Athlete Dying Young by A. E. Housman is a piece about one of the most tragic fates. That fate, of course, is dying at a young age. The first thing that must be determined is who is telling the poem. I believe it is an older man, one who had been a champion of sorts in his younger days. He seems to know and understand what the athlete had felt and what would have become of him. Lines eleven and twelve are good examples that show that the speaker has had some experience with success. The lines read, "And early though the laurel grows It withers quicker than a rose." To comprehend this, you must first know what a laurel is. In ancient times, it was a type of decorative wreath made for distinguished and honored people. The athlete never actually had one of these, as the word laurel is only used to convey how proud the townspeople were of the young athlete. Now that we know what a laurel is, we can now understand the full effect of lines eleven and twelve. The speaker is perhaps saying that the glory and praise of being a winner will fade very quickly, as it did with him. Through the speaker's thoughts, you start to get a glimpse of what his life may have been since his youth his own records broken, his skills diminished, his name forgotten. Instead of being a poem about the death of the athlete, the poem becomes a statement about the life of the speaker. In line eighteen, as one of "the lads who wore their honors out," the speaker seems to be also mourning his own personal demise as a star athlete. Now that we have postulated who the speaker is and all of his thoughts, we can now determine where the poem is occurring. I believe it is taking place at a funeral or some sort of funeral procession. The speaker seems to be observing the deceased athlete, so he must be on display in some manner. Also, the poem is about an athlete in a small town. The entire community is stricken with grief and is mourning the loss together. This is evident in lines five and six "Today, the road all runners come, Shoulder-high we bring you home..." Line five shows us that everyone is coming to the funeral, even his competitors and the other runners. Also, the use of "we" is a signal of the entire community gathering to honor the young lad. They were together in celebration of his victory and now are together in mourning his death. The tone of To an Athlete Dying Young is definitely one that many will remember after reading it. The first stanza tells about the past accomplishments and celebrations of the athlete. "The time you won your town the race" shows his success in the past. The tone starts out to be one of pride for the athlete, but soon it changes to a very melancholy and solemn one. The next three stanzas are very depressing and tell of a young man who's "Eyes the shady night has shut." The final stanzas are perhaps the most dreary of all. They look to the future, a future of things undone, a life unlived, and a young man dead too soon. The tone of the story is very poignant and one that cannot easily be shaken from memory. The tone may be a very depressing one, but the theme is even more piercing. The theme of To an Athlete Dying Young is not apparent after one reading. I gave it much thought and have come to one eerie conclusion; the speaker is viewing the premature death in a positive light. To most, that is a terrible or even sinful thing to contemplate, but it is indeed what the speaker is conveying. The theme of this poem is that it is better to die as a young champion than to grow old and be forgotten by all those who surpass your one-time greatness. He calls the dead athlete a "smart lad" for dying as a champion and not remaining in the "fields where glory does not stay." He then compares early death to growing old and being forgotten in the lines "And silence sounds no worse than cheers After earth has stopped the ears." That is a very powerful statement. The speaker honestly believes that it is just as well to die young and be praised as it is to live out the rest of your life and be forgotten. The line "Runners whom renown outran" also indicates the theme. That line conveys the message that the fame and glory is only temporary, and it is better to perish before "the name died before the man." The last two stanzas paint a picture that the death was a type of victory for the athlete. He died without the taste of defeat; he died a champion. The theme may be rather ugly, but it is one that many people can understand. I thought this was an outstanding poem, and its theme was very touching to me. I am in my final year of athletic competition on the soccer field. When I am done, I must grow old and live with the fact that someone is better than me; someone has elevated past my victories and is now in my spotlight. It is definitely a tough pill to swallow. I can sympathize with the speaker as I too will be in his shoes someday. The poem To an Athlete Dying Young is a very meaningful piece of poetry. To an Athlete Dying Young by A. E. Housman The time you won your town the race We chaired you through the market place; Man and boy stood cheering by, And home we brought you shoulder-high. Today, the road all runners come, Shoulder-high we bring you home, And set you at your threshold down, Townsman of a stiller town. Smart lad, to slip betimes away From fields where glory does not stay And early though the laurel grows It withers quicker than a rose. Eyes the shady night has shut Cannot see the record cut, And silence sounds no worse than cheers After earth has stopped the ears Now you will not swell the rout Of lads that wore their honors out, Runners whom renown outran And the name died before the man. So set, before its echoes fade, The fleet foot on the sill of shade, And hold to the low lintel up The still defended challenge cup. And round that early laureled head Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead And find unwithered on its curls The garland briefer than a girl's. crzyninja7@aol.com Word Count 11

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Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home paper at affordable prices !Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home

Jews either worship G_d at home or at a synagogue. A synagogue is a place of worship like the Christian Church. It is a building where Jews go to worship, meet each other, to study and to ask advice on religious matters. The main service at a synagogue is held each week on Saturday and it is called the Shabbat. There are two types of synagogue, the orthodox synagogue and the typical liberal or reformed synagogue. The only main differences between these two different types of synagogues are that women are allowed to take part in the services and are allowed to sit with the men. This would not normally happen at an orthodox synagogue.

In the synagogue married men and women cover their heads. All men put on a tallit when they pray. A tallit is a prayer shawl. Men and women never sit together and always are separated in an orthodox synagogue. Sometimes a wire fence or a barrier separates them. They do this so prayers do not get distracted. Praying Jews are supposed to keep their concentration on G_d and on their prayers. The oppositely sexed people may distract the prayers' concentration.

The service is nearly all in Hebrew. A cantor who has been trained to chant the words often leads it. The rabbi usually gives the sermon. The sermon is the teaching part of the service. The reading of the Torah is the most important moment in the whole service. The Torah is the Holy Scriptures of the Jewish belief and contains the laws. The scrolls are taken out of the Ark and are placed at the bimah. Between three and seven men may have the honour of being called up to read. The Ark is situated in the centre of the synagogue because it is the most important place.

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A mezuzah is found on the doorpost of every Jewish home and is often touched on entering and leaving the house to remind the family of G_d's presence in their home. It is a scroll with two passages from the Torah (Deuteronomy 64- and 111-1) written all in Hebrew. These are the first two paragraphs of the Shema. They declare the oneness of G_d and the covenant relationship between G_d and the Jewish people. A mezuzah must be hand written on parchment by a trained sofer. Parchment is the inner membrane of an animal skin, treated to make it smooth. Only skin of a kosher animal may be used. Parchment from the skin of a kosher bird is unusable because it is full of holes from where the feathers grew.

The mezuzah is kept in a small protective case on the doorpost and so when you look at the door of a Jewish house you probably will not see it. The case protecting the mezuzah is only used to protect it from damp and dust. Some Jews do not have cases at all on their indoor mezuzah. They wrap them in clear plastic so that they can see the mezuzah rather than the case.

The mezuzah is fixed on the doorsteps of every room in a Jewish house and place of work, except the bathroom and the lavatory. The bathroom and the lavatory are considered unsuitable places for a holy object. Its correct position is on the post to the right-hand side as one enters the room. It should be in the upper third of the doorpost, but not higher than 10cm from the top. Ideally, it should be inclined slightly inwards towards the room. The mezuzah is sometimes placed vertically where the doorpost is too narrow for it. It would not be fixed to the doors of cupboards, except very large walk-in cupboards that are, in effect, small rooms.

Jewish people are only allowed to eat kosher food.Kosher means 'fitting', or 'correct'. The opposite from kosher is treifah. All plants are kosher and so Jews can eat all plant foods. Not all animals, birds or fish are kosher so Jews can not eat all meats. Animals must also be killed in a special way, all their blood must be removed before the meat may be eaten. Jews are forbidden to eat any insects, as it is a sin.

The home is where most children receive their earliest education. The children's parents teach their children, by example, the way of Jewish life and the importance of G_d. All Jews must pray at least three times each day either at their synagogue or at their home.Jews start the day by thanking G_d for waking them up. This morning 'thank you' prayer is known as modeh ani and is the first thing a Jew says in the morning. Then they wash their hands as a sign of purification. They also bless G_d before and after food and other various times during the day.

When Jews go to bed they say they praise G_d similar to when they wake up in the morning. They say the Shema before going to sleep and they finish by saying, "…may it be Your will … that You should lay me down in peace and raise me up to good life and peace … Blessed are You G_d, who lights up the whole world with His glory". A young child's parent would say this for the child, whilst tucking the child in, if the child can not manage to say it by herself/himself.

Men usually go to a synagogue to pray for they have an obligation to pray within a minyan. A minyan is a group of ten men, ten being regarded as the smallest communal unit. Women are not under an obligation to pray together as a community, although some choose to do so. Most women pray at home during the week. On weekends women usually attend the service at their synagogue.

The home is an important role in the celebration of festivals. At Pesach, all bread made with yeast must be removed from the house before the eight days of festival begin. In the autumn festival of thanks giving called Sukkot a temporary building called a sukkah is built as an extension of the family home. It reminds Jews of the shelters built and used by the Israelites in the desert after the Exodus from Egypt. Many families eat their meals and sleep out in it, looking at the stars through the roof of leaves.

Please note that this sample paper on Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Worship in the Synagogue and in the Home will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An Unforseen Blessing

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on An Unforseen Blessing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality An Unforseen Blessing paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in An Unforseen Blessing, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your An Unforseen Blessing paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!From the earliest recorded history, in Biblical times, through the late eighteen hundreds, and even in many places today, the person with a disability of any kind, has been considered a "Dog of the Earth."Although it is much better today than it was one hundred years ago, there are still people who justify the slaughtering of an unborn child by claiming that he or she will have a life altering disease that could, in reality, be an unforeseen blessing.In the story Along the Frontage Road by Michael Chabon it is my belief that the ever so slightly mentioned death, of an unborn daughter, was due to a chosen abortion.There are many subtle hints within this story that lead to my conclusion.I believe that the child was aborted because of a life altering disease with which he/she would have surely been born.In this paper I intend to discuss the evidence which guides me to believe the aforementioned, and explain why I trust my judgment.

Starting in paragraph five we have the strongest evidence arguing my case.It is here that the unborn child is first mentioned.It tells of a house where something terrible has happened, as if someone important has died, but "In fact the deceased was a girl of seventeen weeks, a theoretical daughter."Here we know that the child was unborn and approximately seventeen weeks from conception.It is somewhere close to this time that an expecting mother can have an amniocentesis to determine the well being of the unborn child.At this point a mother can still choose to abort the unborn child if a reason may come to pass.The father writes that the daughter was "startled in the darkness and warmth of her mother's body . . . by a jet of cool air and a fatal glint of light."This startling of the child leads me to believe that there was an accident or purposeful death of the unborn child.I believe that with the evidence showing that this could be in the right time for an amniocentesis and the child was killed, not a natural miscarriage leads to believe that the child may have had the unforeseen blessing of a disability.The parents can then decide, with the help of medical professionals whether to terminate the pregnancy or continue, knowing the risks that there child will be "different."If the unborn daughter had a life altering disease that the parents could not bear to live with they could have terminated the pregnancy and this would give them reason to receive sympathy and flowers, also mentioned in paragraph five.

Going on, in paragraph twenty seven, there are many reasons to believe that the child was "flawed" and aborted.Nicky, the small child in the story, a theoretical brother, mentions that the name "Kate" had been picked out for his unborn, and now deceased sister.Who names a child that they know they are going to abort?No one that I know would do such a thing.Therefore, this leads the reader to further believe that it was not a planned abortion.It also states that they had "no real choice in the matter" yet they were "persuaded by mere facts and statistics." This tells the reader that something was wrong that made someone else (medical professionals) persuade them to abort the child.Further confirming this, it goes on to say that he believes that they may have made the popular choice but it was "an unforgivable mistake," showing that they did have some "choice in the matter."This also confirms that there was not an accident that took place, it was a purposeful death.

The child, Nicky, knew too much at five of what was going on.He knew, as demonstrated in paragraph twenty three, that knives kill.It also states that his emotions were unpredictable, suggesting former trauma.Nicky knows that Mom is resting, he also knows why, he understands it as well as any five year old could.He wants to call and tell her about the little pumpkin he found and named after his unborn baby sister.However little the child knew, he did know that even though Kate was an unborn sister, she was alive, and that Mommy and Daddy made the choice to not let her be born by some sort of operation (assumed by the idea in the previous paragraph that this was a killing by choice).

Throughout the paper, the author makes little comments, and comparisons, to show how good of a father he can be, and how good of a father he could have been.For example, in paragraph thirty two he feels guilty, as he cannot prevent a terrible situation between Andre, a small boy they meet along the way, and his father.He knows that he can be a better father than Andre's father, and he feels guilty.He cannot help, and also he can no longer help his own daughter in which he and his wife decided did not matter enough in life to let live.He knows that he is a good father, yet he struggles, because he helped to choose between life and no life for his daughter, and now she is lost, "an unforgivable mistake."Now he must think of his mistake for a lifetime.He knows that he got to live, and love, and Kate did not.

When originally reading Michael Chabon's work, there may be confusion in what happened to this unborn child.Was it a natural miscarriage?Was it an accident of some sort?No, I don't believe it was either of these.It was a chosen abortion for the reason that the child must have been developing a debilitating disease.As I mentioned in my introduction "the person with a disability, of any kind, has been considered a "Dog of the Earth.""However, even dogs still get crumbs from children at the dinner table.My evidence proves that this was a planned death, an abortion.The child could have lived a life, even if it was altered, or different from that of a normal child, it still would have been a life.Mr. Chabon lives with the fact every day, that he helped make a choice to kill his unborn daughter.

Works Cited

Chabon, Michael."Along the Frontage Road." The Best American Short Stories 00. Katrina Kenison. New York Houghton, 00. 1-8.

The NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids Zondervan Publishing House, 15.

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Robert E. Lee's Dominating Role in Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels

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The Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest engagement in American history, and the turning point in The Civil War. The South was at the height of its power. Robert E. Lee had led the army of Northern Virginia through a string of defensive victories leading up to the summer of 186. Inspired by past successes, General Lee would bring his army of70,000 men across the Potomac and onto Union soil. By going on the offensive for the first time in the war, Lee hoped "to draw the Union Army out into the open," (xv) and force a military engagement.

Michael Shaara's historical novel, The Killer Angels, depicts the Battle of Gettysburg from the perspective of Robert E. Lee and other Confederate and Union military leaders. Through the use of first person perspective, Shaara is able to explore what motivated Lee, Longstreet, Chamberlain, and others during the battle. Shaara's novel is arranged to highlight the importance of generalship in determining the outcome of Gettysburg and the Civil War. Lee as the commanding general of the Confederate Army, I contend and he would concede, is the most responsible for the outcome of The Killer Angels. It was Lee that led the invading army and Lee that insisted that "if we stay, we must fight." (64)

Shaara shows that the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg was the outcome of a series of tactical mistakes by Southern military leadership. For each one of the Confederate generals in the novel, a command error could mean hundreds, even thousands of casualties. As commanding general, the repercussions of Robert Lee's decisions are the most significant for the army of Northern Virginia. "There were many decisions that could only be made by the commanding officer, and the commanding officer should know as much as possible about the logistics of the situation." (61)

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J.E.B. Stuart had failed his mission to keep Lee informed of the Union Army's movements. Lee would not know that Stuart was "joyriding," () and Gettysburg became the chosen battle ground as a consequence of Lee being unaware of the Union's position. "It was almost like a plan," Lee thought, "It was possible to see Intention in it." (104) Shaara's Robert Lee believes that he is a servant of God's will. Lee trusts that the events leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg are all part of God's larger plan. When general Longstreet advises Lee to reposition Confederate forces, Lee simply responds "The enemy is here." (11)

Lee is the aggressor. He is the commanding general of the invading army. Lee is willing to order his men to fight against a superior force on bad ground. He believes a good officer must be able to order his men to their deaths. "Each man has his own reason to die," Lee says, "But if they go on, I will go on." () Yet, Lee orders caution to General Ewell in taking the high ground at Gettysburg. Lee's indecisiveness in ordering General Ewell to take the best strategic position by force may have been the single greatest error of command at Gettysburg. "I do not want him [Ewell] to engage a superior force," Lee informs a messenger, "but I do want him to take that hill, if he thinks [it] practicable." (10) Given the choice, Ewell decides it is not practical to take the high ground.

For Lee, in The Killer Angels, retreat is simply not an option. When Lee took the most pragmatic approach at Richmond, choosing defense over aggression, they called him the King of Spades. "He had enough of defensive war. The King of Spades. Let us attack and let it be done." (11) Lee had succeeded in drawing the Union Army out from their defense of Washington. Jefferson Davis's offer of peace to Abraham Lincoln had already been prepared. If Lee could not attack and destroy the Union Army, it would only gain strength. "Supplies will come to them in rivers, but nothing will come to us. Richmond has nothing to send." (64) Lee had too much pride to lead his men back Southward to Confederate soil.

There is something "oddly biblical" (7) about the strength of Lee's presence among the soldiers that he commands. Shaara presents Lee as a sort of lesser God. Like all generals, he wields the power of life and death over his army. There is something in Lee's presence which overshadows the other characters in The Killer Angels. "The secret of General Lee is that men love him and follow him with faith." (51)

Lee was loved like a "father of the army, symbol of war." () Yet, Robert E. Lee also shows unparalleled leadership when he asks his men to laydown their arms after being defeated at Gettysburg. "His great prestige brings a peace which might not otherwise have been possible." (4)

Lee was not the only Confederate general to make tactical errors at Gettysburg. Still, Lee as commanding general would accept total responsibility for the outcome of the battle. "No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me…" Lee says of the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg, "I alone am to blame." In Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels, Lee sees no alternative to attacking a deeply entrenched Union army and gaining control over the field. Shaara's Lee continues the assault against Union forces at Gettysburg for three days with a stubborn pride. By the final day of the battle he is outnumbered, outgunned, and out positioned. In The Killer Angels, Robert E. Lee costs the South the Civil War by having too much faith in God to bring a Confederate victory. Lee seems to have little use for tactics, believing that numbers are meaningless, and trusting in the will of God.

Please note that this sample paper on Robert E. Lee's Dominating Role in Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Robert E. Lee's Dominating Role in Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on Robert E. Lee's Dominating Role in Michael Shaara'sThe Killer Angels will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ISSUES

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From the years between World War II and the 170s there was increasing activism from Aboriginal Australians to improve their standards of life that was denied to them by white Australians before. Since the referendum of 167 for the equal rights of Aborigines, Indigenous and white Australians alike became aware of the inequalities for human rights of Aborigines that existed and took the necessary steps toward reconciliation and to advance the cause of the Aboriginal people. Three significant steps among the many since include the Tent Embassy established by Aboriginal activists in Canberra in January 17, the passing of High Court decision on the Mabo decision in June 11, and most recently Corroboree 000 held in January 000.

The Tent Embassy, erected on 6 January 17 on the lawns of Parliament House in Canberra, is a strong example of organised and passionate Aboriginal activism which marked the point in Australias history by the new generation of Aboriginal people. This embassy was an example of Aboriginal resistance to government policies restricting Aboriginal people and a statement of independence and land rights, as Aboriginal people demands for recognition as the original owners of Australian land. The Aboriginal Flag, designed by Harold Thomas and Gray Foley, was flown for the first time. This attracts national and international attention to land rights of indigenous inhabitants, and is a step towards the coming of Native Title. This also highlights the contrast between the living conditions of black and white Australians, and struggle of the Aborigines to gain rights and Government courtesy on their own native land.

Federal Police pulled down the Tent Embassy on the 0th of July using brutal force, however, it soon was re-erected and more than a thousand protesters of both colours gathered to prevent further removal. This is a significant step towards black and white cooperation as well as new awareness of the government on the strength of Aboriginal issues. The Tent Embassy proves an event that was a beginning of a long and continuing struggle for Aboriginal recognition. It triggered the start of Aboriginal resistance leading to the erection of the present Aboriginal Tent Embassy now in 18.

Since white settlement in 1788, Australia is labeled 'terra nullius'land belongs to no oneby the British, despite the obvious existence of indigenous inhabitants. In a tremendous and significant step, the High Court's 'Mabo and Others v The State of Queensland' case revokes the long-upheld concept of terra nullius and establish the precedence that recognise native title of Aboriginal people.

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The Mabo decision in June 1, the full bench of High Court of Australia ruled that the Meriam people were entitled to possession, occupation, enjoyment and use of land of the Murray Islands of the Torres Strait, against Queensland 6 to 1 judges. This decision held that the common law of Australia recognise that native title exist on land not sold or extinguished by legitimate acts of government, where the people claiming the land have a cultural and spiritual connection with the land. Native Titles rights preserves the rights of Aboriginal inhabitants under their traditional law and customs. The majority judges repudiated the doctrine of terra nullius, as being discriminatory and unconscionable, since Australia was populated by Aboriginal people, and in 175 the international Court of Justice have found the doctrine only applies to inhabited territory. They reasoned if Aboriginal rights are extinguished as soon as British settle the colony, they have become intruders in their own home, and by civilised standards such law is unjust. This step shows the consciousness of the Aboriginal cause by the legal force and justice of Australia, as well as the acceptance of Native Titles and its officially recognition in the passing of the Native Titles Acts 1 and 18, and the success of the Wik Decision of 16.

The Mabo Decision is important as it recognise descendants of the original inhabitants of Australia still had a claim to hold native title. The Mabo judgement gives Aboriginal people the legal power to negotiate with governments and industry in order to achieve political and economic independence and connection of their land. Mabo also give Aboriginal people human rights and an opportunity for them to free themselves from colonial control.

Corroboree 000 is seen as a ceremonial gathering of Australians to exchange commitments, make agreements and share in cultural performances for reconciliation. Corroboree, a word from the Darug people from the Sydney region and is defined as a group of ceremonies.

In May 000 the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation established in 11 declared May 7 - June'National Reconciliation Week' and presented its 'Documents for Reconciliation' to the Australian people at a ceremony held in Sydney Opera House on May 7. May 7 marks the anniversary of the 167 Referendum; Junemarks the anniversary of the 1 Mabo High Court judgement. On May 8 Sydney Harbour Bridge was closed to traffic and 50 000 people demonstrate their support for reconciliation between indigenous people and the wider community in Peoples Walk for Reconciliation across the bridge. This significant step represents the Australia society as a whole to support and embrace the Aboriginal cause. This made the reconciliation process much more effective, to involve and inspire all Australians. Rarely, if ever, have so many Australians walked in support of a cause.

The three significant steps of the Tent Embassy, Mabo Decision and Corroboree 000 summarise much of the achievement and advance the cause of for the Aboriginal people from the Aboriginal people, Australian government and Australian society through history since the 167 Referendum. Together they have given Aborigines political and economic independence, increased cultural links and awareness and spurred the Aboriginal cause on towards Reconciliation.

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A Leader by Nature

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Charms for the Easy Life Essay

A Leader by Nature

In the world today leaders are not predominantly people who possess political power, but more often people who have influence or leadership qualities that help change the quality of life for others around them.The most common dictionary definition of leader states that a leader is, "a guiding or directing head."They are people who are well respected by their peers and family.Leaders most often follow their "gut-instinct" to go out into the world and change something or work to help others in some way. Leaders have a strong sense of righteousness and a hunger to change things that are unjust.Charlie Kate's personality in the novel Charms for the Easy Life, by Kaye Gibbons is much like that of a leader.The novel portrays three generations of women.Charlie Kate guides her daughter Sophia and granddaughter Margaret and is an unwavering,"self-proclaimed" doctor. Charlie Kate does not sit around waiting for things to change, but instead goes out to change them herself.This is a definite sign of a leader.Charlie Kate strives to give valuable direction to those not only within her family but those within her society as well.

Charlie Kate is turned to for her guidance and advice within her family unit.For instance, Charlie Kate carries the responsibility of offering guidance to Margaret because Margaret's mother, Sophia is not able to offer Margaret much parenting, because she herself cannot deal with her own problems.When Sophia is pressuring Margaret about choosing a college, Margaret is worried that she'll become a spinster, but Charlie Kate reassures her when she says, "You'll find your one-in-a-million, but you're sharp enough to know there's no point in sludging through the first nine-hundred ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred ninety-nine to get to him" (Gibbons 16-17). Charlie Kate has no doubts at all about Margaret's future.She knows that she will find someone to love and who loves her without dating one million men.Charlie Kate was right, because Margaret did find Tom Hawkings, and it isn't through going to college or dating either.When Charlie Kate displays her faith in Margaret, she gives Margaret the courage to be herself and find her one-in-a-million in ways she felt were right.By listening to her grandma's advice Margaret does find true happiness with Tom.Charlie Kate also offers leadership to Margaret when Margaret is unsure of what to do with the letters that were dictated to her at the hospital. When Charlie Kate explains her thoughts about what Margaret should do she says, "You have to ask yourself if these young men would be better served by your writing the truth as you know it or the truth as they think they see it or wish it to be" (15).Charlie Kate wants the young man's parents to have some comfort in knowing that their son is okay.Margaret takes the advice of her grandmother and changes the letters.From past experiences she knows that her grandmother is very knowledgeable and genuinely trustsher.Although Margaret does switch the content of the letters, some of the information she types is incorrect.In a way this incident gives Margaret a sense of realityher grandmother is not perfect all the time, but for the most part gives sound advice.Charlie Kate has great influence on people within her home by giving sincere advice, leadership, and by showing support.

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Along with being looked up to by those within her home, Charlie Kate is also admired by many within her society.Towards the end of the novel, Charlie Kate goes to visit Dr. Nutter and help him take care of some of the patients.She is displeasedthat one patient isn't properly being taken care of.Charlie Kate finds out about this "She reached down and pressed the area around the wound and chastised Dr. Nutter for tempting gangrene or at the very least phlebitis.Then she took the chart off the foot of the young man's bed and noted that a morphine drip had been running continuously since he was admitted" (14).Charlie Kate is not frightened or intimidated by Dr. Nutter at the very least bit even though he is a credentialed doctor.She is straight forward about her disagreement regarding his treatment of this patient.Dr. Nutter respects her opinion because of her integrity, confidence and her knowledge of medicine, even though, technically, she is not a doctor. Furthermore,Charlie Kate also displays leadershipwhen she goes to the incompetent doctor's house and demands him to give up his license.When she gets back into the car with Margaret she regretfully says, "I think I should have taken him off the streets a long time ago" (88).It is true courage that allows Charlie Kate to go up to the doorstep of that doctor and demand him to give up his license.Any other person would very likely get laughed at in her face, but Charlie Kate is clearly another story.By doing this, in all likelihood,she prevented many more injuries and loss of innocent lives by his mistreatment of patients.Before this incident the Doctor had already blinded one baby and was very callous towards Maveen by refusing to admit her to the hospital.Her ability to challenge an authoritative figure is admirable. Charlie Kate's demand for justice and her courage to fight for it, prove that she is a true leader.

Throughout the novel Charlie Kate guides and directs those in need or in some cases those not in need of her advice or opinion.Her influence on others allows her opinion to be valued and respected.As is shown throughout the novel many times, there are two types of people people who make things happen, and people who watch things happen.Charlie Kate decides to be a person who makes things happen.Set sets out to do this and achieves much more.Furthermore, she uses her influence to change the unjust and guide others.By her outspoken nature she leaves no one wondering of her intentions or opinions.Her character is evidence that you can be a leader just by being yourself and following your "gut instinct."She is lucky to have the leadership to influence those within her family and society.

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Ww1 (trenches)

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BODY LICE

Men in the trenches suffered from lice. One soldier writing after the war described them as pale fawn in colour, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body. They also created a sour; stale smell. Various methods were used to remove the lice. A lighted candle was fairly effective but the skill of burning the lice without burning your clothes was only learnt with practice. Where possible the army arranged for the men to have baths in huge vats of hot water while their clothes were being put through delousing machines. Unfortunately, this rarely worked. A fair proportion of the eggs remained in the clothes and within two or three hours of the clothes being put on again a mans body heat had hatched them out.

As well as causing frenzied scratching, lice also carried disease. This was known as pyrrexhia or trench fever. The first symptoms were shooting pains in the shins and was followed by a very high fever. Although the disease did not kill, it did stop soldiers from fighting and accounted for about 15% of all cases of sickness in the British Army.

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TRENCH FOOT

Many soldiers fighting in the First World War suffered from trench foot. This was an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Trench foot was a particular problem in the early stages of the war. For example, during the winter of 114-15 over 0,000 men in the British Army were treated for trench foot.

The only remedy for trench foot was for the soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks several times a day. By the end of 115 British soldiers in the trenches had to have three pairs of socks with them and were under orders to change their socks at least twice a day. As well as drying their feet, soldiers were told to cover their feet with a grease made from whale-oil. It has been estimated that a battalion at the front would use ten gallons of whale-oil every day.

Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them.

TRENCH RATS

Some of these rats grew extremely large. One soldier wrote The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldnt defend himself. These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse.

One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol I saw some rats running from under the dead mens greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat.

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World War One Trench

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Trench warfare

After the Battle of the Marne in September 114, the German army were forced to retreat. They had failed in their objective to compel France into an early surrender. Rather than give up the territory which they already held, the Germans dug in to protect themselves from the guns of the advancing Allies. The Allies couldnt break the German trench lines and so followed the German example. The trench lines soon spread from the North Sea to Switzerland.

The trenches on both sides were protected by lines of barbed wire with No-Mans Land in-between. The shelling churned the landscape into a sea of mud and craters. As machine guns could bring concentrated fire to bear on any attacking troops, few attacks were successful. Most military offensives ended with few gains and enormous casualties. On the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 116, the British Army lost around 0,000 men. The offensive cost the Allies over half a million casualties but only penetrated 1km at most into German lines. ʏ

The trench system

ʏFront line trenches

These were usually about seven feet deep and about six feet wide. The Allies were forced to dig their trenches in lower ground so they were often waterlogged. They had a zigzag pattern to prevent the enemy from shooting straight down the line. Sandbags were put on both sides of the top of the trench to absorb enemy bullets. Lines of barbed wire protected the frontline trench from any enemy attacks. ʏ

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ʏFire step

This was cut into the side of the trench and allowed the soldiers to peer over the side of the trench towards the enemy. It was where the sentries stood or the whole unit when they were on standing-to duty which meant that they were waiting for a possible enemy attack. ʏ

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ʏNo-Mans Land

The land that separated the Allies and the German trenches was a wasteland of craters, blackened tree stumps and the occasional shell of a building. It was normally around 50 yards but could vary between 7 yards at Zonnebeke to 500 yards at Cambrai. ʏ

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ʏCommunications trenches

Linking the front-line trench to the support and reserve trenches. They allowed the movement of men, equipment and supplies and were also used to take the wounded back to the Casualty Clearing Stations. ʏ

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Trench artefacts

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Gas alarm

Empty shell casings were used as make-shift gas alarms.ʏ

Trench ladder

Ladders were only put in place just before going over the top.ʏ

Ammunition store

Ammunition was stored in specially-dug bunkers along the front line.

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Crimes Against Humanity

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Crimes Against Humanity. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Crimes Against Humanity paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Crimes Against Humanity, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Crimes Against Humanity paper at affordable prices with custom writing service!The books of "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" and "Night" both are the narratives that talk about the personal experiences of the authors themselves. In the book "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass", Frederick Douglass uses the narrative to describe everything that happens in his slavery life until shortly after his escape from slavery. He begins his narrative by placing his birth in Tuckahoe and family background.He is separated from his mother when he is about twelve months. He never knows about his age because his masters have deliberately kept it from him.During his slavery time, Frederick Douglass experiences the harshness of slavery. He is moved from plantation to plantation and always brutally beaten by his masters for no good reason. By accident, he has an opportunity to learn reading and writing. After that, he has his mind about the liberation. He starts to plan to escape. Although his first escape is not successful, he does not give up. Finally, he is successful to escape and starts his new life in New York. Likewise, in the book "Night", Elie Wiesel also suffers an unforgettable experience in his life during the concentration camp. Elie Wiesel is a Jew and lives in the Sighet. However, the Germans intrude into his country, all Jews are deported to the concentration camp. In the concentration camp, Elie Wiesel experiences many things that he has never forgettable. Such as separate with his mother, loss his father, witness the people hanging in the gallows. Those things make him become indifferent and emotionless.In fact, the story of these two books are very similar, especially the crimes against humanity. They both experience some cases that are inhumanity.By the comparison of these two books, we can see that there are several things that are very similar under the crimes against humanity.

Firstly, Frederick Douglass and Elie Wiesel both suffer inhumane treatments that are enslavement and deportation respectively. In fact, enslavement is very inhumanity. All slaves are separated from their families when they are infant. They do not have any family life. For examples, Frederick Douglass is separated from his mother before he knows her.Besides, all slaves do not have any liberty. They are all controlled by their master and overseer and work from the morning until at night. They never have enough time to sleep and food to eat. Furthermore, these slaves are severely and barbarously treated by their masters and beat them inhumanly. Most of children are naked. The wives and children of slaves are also slaves to the master.When they are died, they are never buried and cast into some wildernesses. All of those things are crimes against humanity.Similarly, Elie Wiesel also suffers the same kind of treatment.In the book of "Night", Elie Wiesel is deported from his country and sent to the concentration camp. When he arrives the concentration camp, he is separated from his mother and sisters, which is same as Frederick Douglass.In the camp, he is treated as prisoner. He does not have any freedom too. He has to strip off the clothes and shaves off the body hair. All human rights are deprived by the SS officer in the concentration camp. Also, he must follow the bell everyday.Elie Wiesel also suffers the beat from the foreman in the concentration camp. In fact, those of things are absolutely crimes against humanity.

Killing people is another crime against humanity that happens in their lives. In the book of Frederick Douglass, there are some cases about the people who are killed by their master brutally. Such as Demby who is shot by his master due to get rid of the scourging. His master does not feel any wrong and says if a slave is able to get away with disobedience, then all the slaves will follow his example and it will mean freedom for the slaves. Besides, Mr. Thomas Lanman had killed two slaves with hatchet. And, the young girl who is killed by her master for negligent to take cares her baby. Although the young girl's master is arrested, she isn't convicted because killing a slave in Talbot is not treated as a crime.In fact, slaves never are treated as human because their lives are valueless. Similar to the book of Elie Wiesel, there are some cruel cases about the Jews are killed by the SS officer too. The first man to be executed had stolen two plates of soup. He is hanged to the gallows. After the execution, everyone is forced to march past the condemned man's hanging body and to look into his face. Another case is an Oberkapo and his pipel who are suspected of blowing up a power plant on camp. The Oberkapo is tortured for a period of weeks than is transferred to another camp. However, his pipel, who has the face of a sad-eyed angel is sentenced to be hanged.Due to the child is so light, he is being hanging about half an hour then to die.

Causing serious bodily harm is also crime against humanity.In the book of Frederick Douglass, all slaves are suffered the whip by their master. For examples, Frederick Douglass's aunt, she had been found in company with a man, her master whips her as bloody woman. Frederick Douglass is whipped by his master also. When he makes a fault with the driving oxen, he is whipped by his master. Sometimes the masters lash their slaves without any reason. They think this is a warning for the slave. They have never thought this is a inhumanity behavior. Likewise, burning children is also inhumanity behavior, which happens in the book of Elie Wiesel. All children are put into the crematory and burnt in flames.In fact, there is nothing any humanity in the concentration camp.

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In conclusion, we can see that both slave and Jew are suffered many cruel treatments from their master or foreman, such as enslavement, deportation, killing people, whipping slave and burning children, all of these are the crimes against humanity. In the book of Frederick Douglass and Elie Wiesel, they are both experience these things that make them never forgettable in their lives.

Please note that this sample paper on Crimes Against Humanity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Crimes Against Humanity, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on Crimes Against Humanity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Creativity

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Growing up in an Indian family in India, creativity comes as natural skill to me.I have been creative on many occasions such as weddings, birthday parties, holidays and etcetera.Out of all the occasions holiday creativities stands out the most, especially the Indian New Year.

The Indian New Year comes in October every year.Indian New Year consists of five days.During these five days, people decorate their houses with many things.One of these decorations is called "Rangoli".Rangoli translates to set of designs by colors.As one can imagine, it requires true creativity in a person to make it more appealing and more attractive.

Every year, during the five days of the New Year celebration, there was a competition held with many prizes for creating the most beautiful and the most attractive Rangoli in our very large community.Every Year, most of the community would participate not only to win the first prize, but also out of their own enjoyment of being the most creative person.

Naturally, I would participate in this competition every year.I have been participating in the Rangoli competition ever since I was eighteen years old.Since then, I have won the many first prizes for the creativity. Write your Creativity research paper

In the beginning, I used to face with many difficulties such as making sure of the unique design and colors for the Rangoli.However, success comes after much hard work and experience.There are many important things in my life.Success is one of the most important thing my life.Although success can mean many things to me, but being successful in life is the most important thing.One cannot just become successful in the life, but it requires being successful through out the many small things that comes to life as obstacle.I judge success through a process of doing a task with skills and qualities and receiving positive results that are acceptable to me without negative results to people around me and for that matter the larger community.There are many people who tend to take disadvantages of others to become successful.However, I do not consider this as a true success.During the Rangoli competition, I have never taken someone else's disadvantages to become the successful first prize winner.The competition has always been fair to everyone who does not win the first prize by arranging a small gallery of everyone's Rangoli for the New Year's Day to honor them.

The most rewarding experience in my life is my Master of Sciences degree in Food and Nutrition while I was still in India.The degree was my one step closer to fulfill my goal of being Registered Dietician and work with UNICEF to help many families who suffer from the malnutrition in Indian subcontinent.Earning this important degree also shows my success in education and opened doors of new opportunities towards my goal.

However, this was a very difficult task at the end.I had chosen to write a thesis about "Varietals Differences in the Nutrient Content of Select VegetablesPotato (Solanum tuberosum L) and Indian Beans (Dolichos lablab L)".However, during the same time I had gotten married and I had only twenty one (1) days to start and complete the entire thesis.

This was very difficult task to achieve within twenty one days.However, I was dedicated to my education from beginning.In my opinion, I handled the situation very well because I not only successfully completed the thesis in given time, but also achieved the first class rank in Master of Science in the college. I strongly believe that this particular experience has affected my personality and abilities in many ways.This experience showed me that I can also work well under pressure, which I could not have learned through any other experiences.It brought forth my abilities of creative presentation, complete a given task in well managed time, work well under pressure, and well organization of activities.For example, I had to also complete many labs for my thesis for which I worked hard and extra after hours.I took those twenty one days and created a timetable, in which I laid out my action plans.I followed my plans and the end the thesis was completed well in hard cover book.Efforts of my hard work resulted in one of the best thesis in my class.After this experience now I feel that I can successfully complete any task given to me and achieve the best results.

I believe that there are many things that I feel confident in doing. I feel confident in working in labs regarding food and nutrition testing.I have spent countless hours on many testing and I have desire to learn more everyday.Moreover, I have been working at hospitals, where I help patients regarding their daily nutrition.I feel confident in working with patients because before I came to U.S., I have worked in hospital and also currently I am working in a hospital where I work and help patients daily.Additionally, I feel very confident in discussing a given subject in an intellectual manner with someone who is also more or less knowledgeable in the subject. As a result, I always learn new things and gain a new perspective of a subject which I always desire.

There is one thing I do not yet feel most confident in doing.It is the ability to speak in front of very large audience such as entire university.I become nervous when I must speak in front of large audience.However, I believe that this can only be achieved through the experience.Therefore, as I gain more experience, I will become more confident in speaking in front of large audiences.

In conclusion, life has given me many opportunities to be come creative, successful through experiences.I think that the creativity is one of the most important factors in standing out from the crowd.When the same creativity is mixed with the dedication, hard work and managing yourself well in time constraint, success is achieved.The path to success can be very difficult; however, one should never give up on their goal.I have always been goal oriented, and many successes have come through confidence.When I started my Master of Science degree, which was one of the biggest accomplishments in my life, I kept myself focused, goal oriented, confident and the result was a success bigger than itself.

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B4 Chair

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Marcel Breuer was an outstanding student of the carpentary workshop in the Bauhaus

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tuary design.Bauhaus objects are characterized by their simple forms,clean lines and

inexpensive materials with a common concern for truth to materials and structure.Its

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ideas,methologies and styles being virtually synonymous with Modernism,which consisted of a series of movements and individuals who

strove to break down barriers between aesthetics,techniques and society so that an appropriate design of the highest visual and practical

quality could be produced for the mass of the people.The early 0thCentuary was a period of rapid social and historical change and this

was reflected in the arts of the time.A mood of austerity and practical simplicity followed the days of WW1.People welcomed the machine

age and designers reassessed their products in the light of the post-war mood and looked upon the new materials that had become avail-

able.In turn design moved away from craft-based concepts towards more mass-produced functional design.An exploration of new,clean,

geometric and classical forms and materials was felt to be symbolic with the mass-production capacity of a progressive industrial culture.

Increasing industrialization led to social restructuring around the needs of the people and cheeper goods production.With a shortage of

housing space and a fashion for health and hygene the aim was to create light-weight,low-cost adaptable,multipurpose furniture in clean

and hard materials.(soft upholstery was thought to harbour dust and mites.)Breuer endeavoured to be independant of the past,by reject-

ing all existing preconceptions about furniture design,and to create radically new forms for furniture befitting the modern domestic life.

Technical equipment available to the metal workshop had been greatly improved which helped to concentrate upon problems of industrial

manufacturing.Breuer relized the potential of this industrial material steel,for the creation of lightweight,elegant,industrially-produced furni-

ture.This led to the creation of the Wassily Chair,one of the best known examples of modernism applied to furniture,designed in 15 by

Breuer and was later developed in 17 into the folding version named the B4 Chair.The beauty of industrial materials such as steel

were now shifted to a domestic context.

The B4 had all the comforts of traditional upholstered furniture without its high price,weight,unwieldiness and 'unsanitary' quality.All Bau-

haus furniture was a result of functional analysis as sitting had been thoroughly investigated.The requirements of their chairs was that

they needed to be comfortable but simple at the same time.An elastic seat and back rest meant no heavy or expensive dust collecting

cushioning.Angling of the seat so that the full length of the upper leg is supported and an angled position of the upper half of the body.

The spine should be left free as pressure on the spine is both uncomfortable and unhealthy.The B4 was a club armchair with all the stuff-

ing taken out,leaving an almost skeletal framework and taut lengths of fabric on which to sit and rest one's back and arms.It's bareness

was the 'uncluttered' modern look society was after,revealing it's true quality of construction,mode of function and its ability to perform.

In modernist design a lack of 'truth' is intolerable.In terms of the construction and appearance of objects,truth meant the avoidance of de-

vices which created an illusion or false impression.The designer had to avoid 'formalistic imitation' which often distorted the fundamental

truth.An objects construction had to be apparant and its attractiveness had to come directly out of those processes of construction.Truth

led to the rejection of decoration especially when seen as being added after the major construction work had taken place.Decoration

could only hide the structural and spacial honesty of the object and disguise its flaws in manufacture.(1)According to Marcel Breuer there

was no justification for ornamentthe way to make various items of furniture 'go' well together was to design each one so that it adequat-

ely furfilled its function and was economic to produce' a 'good' chair would automatically 'go' with a 'good' table.

The B4 chair could be descibed as being well made,neat,clean,pure,healthy and hygenic.The tubular steel construction demonstrates the

shift from craft to machine values in a quest for functionalism with which Bauhaus was identified with.Functionalism was the belief that

form follows function and good form can be achieved by rejecting all imposed styles,concentrating on purpose and use of the object.

The Bauhaus textile workshop developed a fabric encorporating Eisengarn,which was a canvas like product designed for use in Military

belts and bootlaces,for the upholstery of Breuer's tubular steel seating including the B4.This hard-wearing practical fabric was essential

for the B4 to furfill it's nessesary roles in everyday life.Made of tubular steel the B4 was also ergonomically designed.Its collapsable fea-

ture meant it could be folded away in storage when used in a minimal dwelling or easily moved around,as when times were hard workers

needed to be mobile.

The tubular steel furniture and furnishings which Breuer developed from 15 onwards were instrumental in shaping a new,modern con-

cept of living.Abstract forms and new materials related to the democratic ideal where people could enjoy an improved quality of life in a

hygenic,healthy and modern environment.Modernism was commited to a social and cultural agenda.Application of new technology to ob-

jects gave them an appearance which the masses could understand.Technology functioned not only in a practical way but in a symbolic

one also.Design was more than 'self display' ,it was a thesis,a declaration,a statement and a symbol of the social aims of the age.

The B4 chair can be found in reception areas all over the western world.Its interesting to think that if one owned one of these chairs now,

70 years later,is still to make a statement of one's commitment to modernity.

Please note that this sample paper on B4 Chair is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on B4 Chair, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on B4 Chair will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Stereotypes

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As one looks throughout American history several reoccurring trends are noticed. These trends are apparent in many racial and ethnic groups. Many immigrant groups entered America, leaving everything they had behind, to attain their goal of the American dream. However, all immigrants faced an immense amount of racism by the White Anglo- Saxon Protestants. The Irish, Chinese, Blacks, and Mexicans all faced the same type of institutional racism by the United States. The racism occurred in many respects. All the ethnic groups were subject to cheap labor, they had housing that was often inadequate and separate from the rest of society, they were all given stereotypes, and after their hardships were over the United States granted to apologies to none of them.

When the United States began to form its foundation, it became apparent that an abundant supply of labor was needed. There was so much to be built and so much work to be done; this created the need for an immense amount of labor, and of course cheap labor was preferred. The African American slaves were the epitome of this. They were sold as property, and their payment was basically in the form of food. Blacks worked long and tedious hours and received no compensation. Originally they came over by choice, in the form of indentured servants. Their owner would provide them with food and shelter for a fixed amount of years of work that they would provide to their owner. The Whites later forced them in to a world of slavery. There simply weren't enough people to keep up with the rapid growth of tobacco fields, rice and indigo plantations, so the work force they had was made to work twice as hard. The Irish came over for their pursuit of the American dream. But when they came over they faced xenophobia. Although most of them had the skills necessary to work they were denied employment. They competed with Blacks for jobs and wages, but were denied employment on the railroads, in construction and in service jobs. Store windows had signs that read "No Irish Need Apply." Consequently, they were left poor and starving. In the mid 1800's Chinese immigrants, mostly male, came to America to make money and return home to their families. They thought they would find "streets of gold." Instead they were subjected to harsh working conditions on the railroad; many even faced fatalities due to the dangerous nature of the job. The Irish saw the Chinese as a treat to their jobs and soon took over the building of the railroads. The Chinese had to survive somehow, and consequently took jobs as cooks and cleaners. Ironically, they mostly worked for the Irish who took their jobs away. Lastly, the Mexicans who owned a large portion of America before the invasion by the Whites were subjected to very cheap and tiring labor. They had to leave behind their own independence and farm for the white man. Mexicans worked in farms and plotting fields, many times ten to twelve hours a day. Clearly, there is a reoccurring theme of immigrants being forced to do hard work for little money. It is ironic then, that we are called the land of opportunity, where the American dream is possible for all. That is the last thing these immigrants received when they came over.

Housing was a huge disappointment for all of these immigrant groups. They all lived in undesirable areas and were segregated from the rest of the community.The African slaves had to make do with whatever shelter their owners gave them. Because they were "owned" they could be forced into whatever type of living situation was most convienent for the owner. Some lived in barns and some lived in backhouses that the owners provided. When they were finally freed, they were subjected to project type housing. They attempted to move into the cities and blend in, but they resorted to ghetto areas with other blacks in order to feel comfortable. Their living areas were called "darkytowns, blackbelts, and bronzevilles." The Irish lived in New York, in a place labeled "Hell's Kitchen." They, along with the other groups, didn't pick where to liveby choice. The society, the whites, basically forced them to live there. It was overcrowded and dirty. When the Chinese men came over to build the railroads they were put in group housing away from the city. There were no women, at least no women that were permissible to them. Again, they didn't choose their living situation; it was given to them by the government. When women were sent over, they formed families and created areas known as "Chinatown." These were severely overcrowded and lacked essential things such as running water and sanitation facilities. Several families were crowded into single rooms and apartments, this obviously created uncomfortable living conditions. The Mexicans weren't necessarily thrown into a certain housing area. Because they were paid so cheaply, they couldn't afford to live in the city with everyone else. They formed their own communities outside the city, which turned into what we call pueblos. Their definitely wasn't an equal opportunity for all. Those who had already succeeded did everything they could to prevent upward mobility for others.Custom Essays on stereotypes

The Blacks, Irish, Chinese and Mexicans were all given stereotypes that prevented their upward mobility and gave them a negative image. Blacks were labeled as "Lazy" and "Uneducated." The Irish were given the stereotypes of "Wild Irish" and "Dirty Drunks." Chinese were stereotyped as "Collies, Mice Eaters and Chinks." And Mexicans were later called "Wetbacks and Beaners." All these stereotypes are exaggerated beliefs that put these ethnic groups in boxes. They provide a negative personal assessment of a particular characteristic, prevent upward mobility, place people in categories, and act as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The United States of America, and more specifically, the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants showed no remorse for all that they put these immigrant groups through. They brought them over, subjected them to cheap labor and harsh working conditions, bestowed stereotypes upon them, and made them live under terrible conditions. But after their hardships and struggles, never once did they offer an apology or any type of compensation for their actions.

Please note that this sample paper on stereotypes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on stereotypes, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on stereotypes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hamlet as a Great Work

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hamlet as a Great Work. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hamlet as a Great Work paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hamlet as a Great Work, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hamlet as a Great Work paper at affordable prices with !There are many things that critics say make Hamlet a Great Work, one of which is the way that Shakespeare masterfully incorporates so many sub-plots into the story, and ties them all into the main plot of Hamlet?s revenge of his father?s murder. By the end of Act I, not only is the main plot identified, but many other sub-plots are introduced. Among the sub-plots are trust in the Ghost of King Hamlet, Fortinbras, and the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia. These three sub-plots are crucial to making Hamlet the master piece that it is.

In the times that Shakespeare lived ghosts were a readily accepted idea, but one had to be wary of them because it was difficult to decipher a good ghost from a bad one. Horatio, Hamlet?s best friend, first brings that question into our mind when the Ghost is asking Hamlet to follow it. Horatio warned

What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,

Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff

That beetles o?er his base into the sea,

And there assume some other horrible form

Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason

And draw you into madness? Think of it. (68)

Hamlet disregarded Horatio?s warnings, followed the Ghost of his father, and heard of the murder that took place. This is where he learned of his quest to revenge his father, the main plot of the play. But Hamlet still wasn?t sure of the validity of the Ghost, so he decided to put the Ghost?s accusations to a test. There is a play tonight before the King One scene of it comes near the circumstance Which I have told thee of my father?s death. . . Observe my uncle. If his occulted guilt Does not itself unkennel in one speech, It is a damned ghost that we have seen (156). By having a group of players reenact his father?s murder, he was able to tell from Claudius? (the murderer of King Hamlet) reaction that the Ghost was not of the devil. To take this sub-plot out would have left the reader/audience with many questions, especially in Shakespeare?s time. People would wonder if the ghost was of good intent, and if Hamlet was wise in revenging his father.

In many versions of Hamlet, the character of Fortinbras is taken out. Fortinbras is the heir to Norway, but his father lost almost all of his inheritance to King Hamlet. Fortinbras wanted revenge, but he was told he could not take it because the land was lost fairly in an agreed contract. Fortinbras represents Hamlet after he has learned of his father?s murder, the only difference is that he does not take revenge because King Fortinbras was not murdered. Although what he contributes can easily be omitted from the play, many feel that it ruins the play at the end. After all of the heirs to the Denmark throne have been killed, Fortinbras comes to Denmark from a victorious conquer of Poland. In his dying breath Hamlet said, But I do prophesy th?election lights On Fortinbras. He has my dying voice (08). Because much of the Denmark land once was Fortinbras? inheritance, Fortinbras was enable to claim the kingdom. This ending is needed to make the play a true tragedy. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is a a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force, . . . reaching a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror while leaving one with a sense of reconciliation rather than one of horror by presenting a view of life in which the idea of justice is central (Handout, emphasis added). Knowing that he will make a good king, and having Hamlet?s blessing, Fortinbras taking over the kingdom creates the sense of reconciliation that the reader/viewer needs.

There are lines through out the play that make the reader/audience question Hamlet?s true feelings for Ophelia, but everyone agrees that they did have a relationship together. The relationship is first brought up in Act I, Scenewhen Laertes, Ophelia?s brother, warns her about it, and later on in the same scene, her father, Polonius warns her again. Laertes seemed to believe that Hamlet had affection for his sister, but he doubted if Hamlet could act on his affections But you must fear, His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. For he himself is subject to his birth (54). On the other hand, Polonius at first doubted Hamlet?s feelings. He told Ophelia, These blazes, daughter, Giving more light than heat, extinct in both. . . You must not take for fire. . . Believe so much in him that he is young, . . . Do not believe his vows; for they are brokers. . . (60). He then forbade her ever to speak to Hamlet again. Later on, however, Polonius thought it a good reason for Hamlet?s madness, and thought he would use Ophelia to test his idea. This ties the relationship into the main plot of the story because Hamlet is acting mad because of his knowledge of his father?s murder. In this time Hamlet both says that he loved her and denies it, but he is acting in such a mad way that Polonius is unsure of Hamlet?s true feelings towards his daughter. In the final act Hamlet says again that he loved Ophelia, in front of all those attending her funeral. In Hamlet, Ophelia represents innocence and one without knowledge. She is the image of Hamlet before he discovered the truth of his father?s death. If the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia were to be taken out of the play it would ruin the flow, and it would take away other sub-plots that also relate to the main plot, especially Laertes? revenge on Hamlet for Polonius? death.

For many authors, to take so much as a word out of their work it is destroying it. For plays though, it is meant for words to be changed and added, but not for whole plots and sub-plots. To take out such a big section of a play is disastrous because it leaves the reader and audience with unanswered questions. The sub-plots add to the plot complexity, let the audiences become more involved, and let them all leave feeling that they had seen some characteristic of themselves in the play. This is what makes a play great, and makes the audience want to see it over and over again. Even a seemingly needless character can relate to someone. The more sub-plots (ones that are well worked into the play) the more people that can relate, the better the play.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlet as a Great Work is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlet as a Great Work, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Hamlet as a Great Work will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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