The Role of Supernatural in Macbeth

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The Role of the Supernatural in Shakespeare's Macbeth

The infamous story of Macbeth is a tragic tale of an honorable man who makes a decision to sin, causing him to rapidly become an evil tyrant.The play begins with the self-titled lead character as a noble soldier who is loved and adored by his king and many of the townspeople.Upon hearing of the chance that he could be king himself one day, however, his character starts to go awry.Unable to stand the suspense of waiting to become king as his supposed "fate" beholds, he usurps the throne in an untimely fashion by murdering the present one.This first offence leads to a multitude of other killings as Macbeth grapples to keep his position and justify to himself that he is rightful in doing so, which only directs him to his eventual downfall.The aura of darkness, deception, and horror created by William Shakespeare is this tragedy envelopes the entire play and is created mainly by the sense of violence and foreboding that is evoked by the imagery.The dominant use of nature and the supernatural contribute significantly to the atmosphere throughout the story.Indeed, one can argue that Macbeth constantly scuffles on the blurring line between the two.In Macbeth, a series of unnatural forces initially coerce the main character to commit his first crime.After the murder of King Duncan, however, Macbeth not only ignores the signs of danger present in supernatural illusions, but uses them to justify his immoral and tyrannical acts.

The most prominent evidence of the supernatural are the Weird Sisters (meaning 'fate determining'), a trio of witches that seek out Macbeth to announce his "fate" of becoming Thane of Cawdor and "king hereafter" (1..17).Prior to their arrival, the idea of becoming king had apparently never occurred to Macbeth.In the process of returning home after a victory in his army's battle, he looked forward to receiving praise from King Duncan and his people.Shocked by the witches' unexpected prophecy, he exclaims, "…the Thane of Cawdor lives/A prosperous gentlemen, and to be king/Stands not within the prospect of belief" and continues to demand more information from the sisters (1..1).As they vanish without another word, and messengers come to announce his reign as the new Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth slowly begins to contemplate the truth in their final prediction.

Although the idea sounds quite appealing to the soldier, Macbeth still expresses his loyalty to Duncan and brushes away any immoral ideas that cloud his mind.He states to himself, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may/crown me/without my stir" (1.4.5).This conviction is challenged when he returns home to his wife, Lady Macbeth.She has already received his word about the prophecy of the witches and invites the evil spirits into herself in order to be able to convince her husband to kill the king and take the throne.She says, "Come, you spirits/That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full/Of direst cruelty" (1.5.).Armed with these unnatural demons inside her, she develops a plan to kill Duncan that Macbeth is too weak to refuse.When he expresses his uneasiness about committing the crime, Lady Macbeth mocks him by questioning his manhood "Wouldst thou have that/Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life/And live a coward in thine own esteem/Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would,"/Like the poor cat I' th' adage?" (1.7.41).

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While still unsure of the morality of the deed he has agreed to, Macbeth encounters a floating dagger on his way to Duncan's room.Although only a figment of the imagination, he uses this sighting as a confirmation to go through with the murder.He pronounces that he will now draw a weapon just like the "dagger of mind" (.1.5), and continues to say that soon there will be blood on the blade of his real dagger.With a timely reminder from Lady Macbeth, a bell is rung to signal that she has completed the preparations.He rushes off to Duncan's room and commits the crime that inevitably begins his further corruption.

Up until this point, the reader feels a sense of pity for Macbeth.Despite all the forces against him that encourage him to sin, he has aptly expressed his doubt towards killing the king or otherwise unnaturally taking over the position.Following his initial horror after murdering Duncan, however, his mentality and actions transform him in to an antagonist that the audience despises.He claims the reign of king as the witches had predicted, but left unsatisfied and obsessed with the prospect of losing it, Macbeth quickly becomes power-driven and greedy.Remembering the last aspect of the witches' predictions, which stated that his friend Banquo's heirs will also be kings, he begins to fear Banquo and decides to arrange for his death.As Macbeth's fate twists due to his sins, several supernatural signals are given to warn him that he chooses to ignore.The first is a visit from Banquo's ghost the night of his murder.The ghost arrives and ruins Macbeth's great feast, causing fear and confusion in Macbeth.He thinks that he may be in danger because what he sees "might appal the devil" (.4.101).Scared for his life and what is to come, he returns to the Weird sisters for further assurance.

Upon meeting with the witches the following day, he receives a rather deceptive prophecy.The sisters create three apparitions that give advice to Macbeth.The first, an "Armed Head", tells him to "Beware Macduff" (4.1.15).This worries Macbeth but he quickly forgets about it after hearing the next two apparitions.The "bloody child" tells him, "None of woman born/Shall harm Macbeth" (4.1.15), and a child holding a tree announces that "Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him" (4.1.16).Greatly reassured but still worried about the security of his position, Macbeth asks the witches if Banquo's lineage will still be kings.They blatantly show him with eight crowned heads that look like Banquo that, yes, the prophecy still runs true. This revelation as well as the first warning about Macduff should have alerted him to the dangers that followed.Instead, he foolishly allowed himself to be calmed by the other two deceptive apparitions so he could justify killing Macduff's family.

In the last act of the play, everything rapidly falls apart for Macbeth.The opening scene describes Lady Macbeth's turmoil from the aftermath of the killing.Apparently taken over by the demonic spirits, she goes through fits of madness that lead her to suicide.This is yet another sign of danger for Macbeth that he refuses to acknowledge.Even the doctor senses the doom to come when he announces that "Unnatural deeds/Do breed unnatural troubles" (5..165).In Scene 5, he becomes aware that the rd apparition's prediction has come true; Birnam Wood has indeed begun it's ascent to Dunsinane Hill in the form of branches held by soldiers.Instead of surrendering at that moment and admitting his defeat, he resolves to meet Macduff in battle.By the time he learns of the final truth to the prophecy, when Macduff admits that he was "untimely ripped" from his mother in a cesarean section, Macbeth has little free will left.Afraid to fight, he tells Macduff "I'll not fight with thee" (5.8.185-187).But given the choice to fight or be captured and displayed as a tyrant, he gives in to his final determined fate.Unwilling to realize the previous symbols of doom and destruction, Macbeth aided the supernatural forces against him.

To add in the dramatic irony, Shakespeare used foreshadowing throughout the play in the form of nature being unnatural.For example, he uses stormy weather such as thunder and lightning to symbolize evil and doom.Storms constantly arrive along with the weird sisters, letting the audience know that they possess vicious tendencies.In addition, the horrible storm that howls throughout the night of Duncan's murder reveals that moral and political corruption are present.In Act , several of the townspeople describe the ways in which nature has gone mad.Owls kill falcons and chimneys blow over.Duncan's trained horses feverishly break out of their stalls and eat each other.Lennox says that during the night of Duncan's murder there are "Lamentings heard I' th' air, strange screams of death [,and…] Some say the earth/Was feverous and did shake" (..65).There was clearly something off balance in Scotland, and everyone could sense it but Macbeth.From the moment he plunged that wicked dagger into the chest of his righteous king until the rightful heirs attacked him and ended his life, Macbeth continued to disrupt the natural order of his destiny and the world around him.His nobility gave in to the temptations of power and greed and caused his inevitable demise.This tragedy, while not fully realistic in the slightest, should teach every one of it's audiences a lesson for the rest of timeno one has the right to meddle in nature's affairs.

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The American Identity: Revolution

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The American Revolution 1775-Present

Chelise Fox

A4/B4

"Remember I this day told you that the same spirit of freedom which actuated these people at first, will accompany them still" (qtd. in De Carlo).These words, spoken by Isaac Barrè, have proved prophetic.Barrè, an Irish immigrant, spoke this just prior to the War for American Independence.He foretold that the flame of revolutiononly a spark thenwould become an inextinguishable blaze in the hearts of the American people.Truly, this fire still burns; it is hardly ironic that this country has continued to evolve in the same spirit that began it.The birth of this nation was the revolution; this nation matured in revolution; and revolution defines its present identity.

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Seemingly, this spirit began with the American Revolution, when colonies craving national sovereignty broke loose from the suffocating grip of England.However, this spirit lived even before 1775.It found life in Martin Luther and later stowed away in the vessels that brought some of the earliest settlers to America.Children of the Calvinist movement, the non-separating Congregationalists of England launched a religious rebellion in Boston, Massachusetts.The Protestants of Englanddisenchanted with both Catholicism and Anglicanismjourneyed to the New World in 160 to become "a city on a hill.""It was their intent to establish acommunity, a Bible Commonwealth, based upon what the scriptures revealed of Gods intent" (Brownell). They believed this religious experiment would quickly achieve success, hoping fervently that they could attract the attention of England and thus inspire the world to emulate the Protestant example.Although England failed to notice the little colony due to their preoccupation with the English Civil War, the Puritan spirit of rebellion took root in the rocky soil of New England, and every generation to follow would harvest it.This attempt at religious reform reveals the revolutionary nature of Americans, even in colonial times.

Another example of revolution in America is the Great Awakening, "a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 170s and the 1770s" (Heyrman).Enthusiastic preachers began to rouse a long-sleeping fear of Godpreachers like Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield who led a revolt against impiety with their theatrical sermons, roaring threats of fire and brimstone.The sermons of these men and their contemporaries gave rise to "a new Age of Faith . . . to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, to reaffirm the view that being truly religious meant trusting the heart rather than the head" (Heyrman).This widespread transformation of ideology demonstrates the American tendency towards revolution.

This rebellious quality of the American people is also evident in the government.The political structure of the United States existed only in the minds of a few idealistic political philosophers before the establishment of this nation.The constitution created a leadership "of the people, by the people, and for the people."Inverting the European idea of authority, Benjamin Franklin stated that "In free governments, the rulers are the servants, and the people their superiors and sovereigns" (qtd. in http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm).The authors of the constitution also recognized the necessity of dividing power between three branches of government, thus preventing tyranny.James Madison claimed that "the accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many ... may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny" (qtd. in http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm).Such ideasnew experiments in democracydefined these men as revolutionaries.While the rest of the civilized world lived under authoritarian governments, the United States started a revolution in politics that would eventually spread to the Eastern world.This rebellion against the conventional, modern methods of establishing governments exemplifies American revolution.

Another instance of reform in America is the Transcendentalist movement.Rebelling against traditional ways of perceiving God, this movement believed that "the world and everything in it has a spiritual basis, and that God speaks directly to human beings through intuition as well as through nature" (Griess).They also believed that "the ultimate reality is ideal, not material"a blatant blasphemy to a world that believed all ability to discover truth lies in the physical senses (Griess).From this movement sprung several attempts at Utopian communitiesefforts to revolutionize modern society.Transcendentalism also inspired the first truly American literature.When America was lacking in new ideas, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a prominent Transcendentalist, roused the creativity of American authors with his essay, "The American Scholar."In "The American Scholar," Emerson urges American writerstheir works tainted by their insistence on mimicking their European contemporariesto develop their own literary identity.By having heterodox beliefs, endeavoring to change society, and prompting a literary reformation, the American Transcendentalist movement illustrates the revolutionary nature of the nation.

Another example of rebellion against conformity is the uniquely American poetry of Emily Dickinson, who showed a revolutionary soul through her "reckless genius" (Kinnnell).Dickinson's poems lucidly and colloquially communicate the sublime in personal, compelling moments that reveal what it is to be human."Emily Dickinson wrote about the kinds of experiences few poets have the daring to explore or the genius to sing" (Kinnell).She made yet another innovation by putting a new kind of echo on the list of what qualified as rhyme.To exact and slant rhyme she added assonant rhyme, thus multiplying the number of rhyming words (Kinnell).Although her profound genius remained unrecognized during her lifetime, "the willful Dickinson refused to change her writing style to suit the fancies of others" (Kinnell).Her unique style and her refusal to conform to modern writing standards are rebellious qualities of this American poet that reveal the identity of the nation that gave birth to her brilliance.

Another literary illustration of the flame of revolution is Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.Floating down the Mississippi River with Jim, a former slave, Huck begins to have unconventional views about the African American race.As his affection for Jim grows, he begins to recognize in Jim a heart just as human as his own.When Jim is recaptured, Huck believes that aiding his escape would mean damnation, because the indoctrination of a prejudiced society has taught him so.Despite this, he decides to willingly sacrifice his possibility for eternal salvation to help the Negro, also determining that if he "could think up anything worse, I would do that, too; because as long as I was in, and in for good, I might as well go the whole hog" (14). In doing this, he refuses to conform to the dictates of society.Huck's decision to revolt against modern principles demonstrates an American author's sense of the change and reform that defines America.

This American identity of revolution and reform has a defining effect on me because without it my aspirations and ambitions would amount to nothing.The women's rights movement has made it possible for me to fulfill my dream of attending a good university and getting a Doctorate; before this revolution in the status of women it was near to impossible for women to become scholars.This American sense of change and reform perfectly reflects my choice of career as wellto teach philosophy and revolutionize the way my students think.Without the American spirit of reform, society would confine me within the constrictions of what was once the traditionaland only acceptablefeminine role.

However, I am not destined to conformity because of the constant state of revolution that America is in, defining its identity as a nation.America's reformations of religion, politics, philosophy, literature, and the principles of society make it an ever changing, ever improving nation that has irrevocably transformed the world.The American Revolution is not over yet, and victory is still ours.

Works Cited

Brownell, Bill."Pilgrims and Puritans."1.May 1, 00http//

brownellfamily.rootsweb.com/Pilgrims.html.

De Carlo, Vincent."The American Revolution."Sept. 15, 001.May 7, 00

http//www.geocities.com/vincentpa.geo/patriotic/RevolutionQuotes.html

"Founding Fathers."May , 00http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm

Griess, Kandis S."Transcendentalism Notes."May 6, 00http//

www.gckschools.com/vhs/eng/fall/transcend/transnotes.htm

Heyrman, Christine Leigh."The First Great Awakening."May 7, 00

http//www.nhc.rtp.nc.us8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm

Kinnell, Galway."Reckless genius."Nov. , 17.May 1, 00

http//www.salon.com/feature/17/11/cov_0kinnell.html

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A comparison of 4 artists and their representation of the female form

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I have chosen to compare and contrast the different representations of the female form by researching artists Andy Warhol who is known for his pop art, Brett Whitley who is known to be more romantic, Gyula Halász Brassai who was a photographer and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec who was a painter. One focal point which links all these artist together is there different perspective on women and the female form, also the way they express it. I plan to compare the different eras, from the 1800s to the 180s, also the different ways they express their lives and surroundings.

Henry de Toulouse-Lautrec was a famous painter of parison nightlife. He stayed in the Montmartre section of Paris, the centre of the cabaret entertainment and bohemian life. Another similar artist around the same era is Gyula Halász more famously known as Brassai a photographer. Brassai photographed prostitutes, opium addicts, lovers, street hoodlums and performers, similar to Lautrec. Brett Whitley is an Australian born artist recognised for his paintings of his wife and the female figure. Andy Warhol raised in America is best known for his pop art.

Brett Whitley is an Australian artist that is well known for his bathroom seris, he is a contempary artist. The painting I chose of his is 'wendy drunk', this painting is of his wife many of Whitleys paintings are of his wife. The reason I chose this painting is because its unusual composition. It's made up of plain black and dark brown brush strokes that make up his wifes arms, face and hair while she is leaning over the back of a chair. Unlike many of his other 'wendy' paintings it is very plain, it captures the relationship between him and his wife. Whitleys influence from japanese brush work is clearly evident in this spontainious composition. It is not precsise, this is what makes the painting unique, he captures and encloses his wife in time in this paticular painting. Henry de Toulouse Lautrec, much like Whitley painted women and the female body. The painting 'naked in front of a mirror' of a naked prostitute standing in front of a mirror wearing nothing but knee high black boots. Lautrec is known for his paintings of the Parisan 'moulin rouge' night life. Lautrec shows his appreciation of the woman as a human being not just as a prostitute, he is very compassionate on his veiw of this prostitute. Lautecs painting was not to degrade the woman but to capture her in an everyday scene. These paintings reming me of each other in the sypmathetic way in which the artists portray women. Both compositions capture the relationship the artist has with the woman.

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Andy Warhol is well known for his pop art imagery, '18 multi-colored marilyns' is a copy of a previous Marilyn Monroe print that he did but it is reversed, and the colors have changed to a mix of yellow, green and mostly red. I believe his work is intentionally repetitive and superficial. '18 multi-colored marilyns'can be seen as an unemotional representation of a sex symbol celebrity. Most people looked at the celebriy not the real marilyn, it can be argued that warhol intentionally made the piece boring and repititious to force people to look at the girl behind the mask that was Marilyn Monroe. The colors used are almost sinister, compared to the original print that had bright fluro lively colors, the copy '18 multi-colored marilyns' may be seen to symbolise her death as the colors are dark red and black. Brassai was a Parisan photographer in the 100's, he captured some of the most famous images of his time. His image is one of a prostitute on an illuminated street corner in Paris, this photo is in black and white and a high contrast image. I beileve Brassai's aim may have been to capture the romantic yet sad truth of the way of life of his time, a prostitute in Paris in the 100's. Brassais 'prostitute' was a victim of the circumstances that reduced her to sex work, it can be said that both women in these compostions are victims. Marilyn was a victim of fame that reduced her to overdose while the circumstances of the women and brassais photo reduced her to sex work.

Brassai captures the romantic nightlife and mysterious poverty surrounding himself and his subjects. In Brassai's'prostitute' photo he captures the sadness and reality of the time unlike Lautrec whose painting ambiguously captures the comfort and glamour of life in a brothel. Brassai's photograph of a prostitute may be seen as depressing, it shows the prostitute vulnerable and out of her comfort zone where as Lautrec's painting of a prostitute is the opposite of this, she looks like she is comfortable and content with a bed and blankets, as if nothing can hurt her. Toulouse was very much a part of all this activity. He would sit at a crowded nightclub table, laughing and drinking, and at the same time he would make swift sketches. The next morning in his studio he would expand the sketches into bright-colored paintings Toulouse told the story of the Parisian streets and nightlife as a part of the life, he was obsessed and in love with it, he told the tale as one of the fantastical people of the underworld. Brassai on the other hand photographed what he saw because it haunted him, he was merely an onlooker, an outsider to the reality of living on the street. That is the main difference of these artists, being a part of something and observing something is completely different.

Whitleys painting compared to Warhols is very different; I see Whitleys painting as very personal and emotionally driven where as Warhols as unemotional and superficial. This is a huge difference between these two artworks, considering both these art works are of a woman's face, one is so much more informal than the other. Warhol took a print of a well-known sex symbol of the 60's and 70's and forced people to at Marilyn in a different way. Warhol wanted people to look past the celebrity and see the real girl behind the mask. Whitely saw something beautiful in his wife and fearlessly captured her intoxicated state. Both women in these paintings are significant in each artist's life. These art works give an insight into the life and time of these women; they also explore the diverse ways in which these artists express their view of the women in their lives.

The only painting in my choice of art works that is strategically designed and carefully proportioned is the Andy Warhol painting of 'Eighteen multi-colored Marilyns'. This is typical of Warhols work unlike the Brett Whitley painting which is clearly impulsive and sketchy as was the concept of Lautrec's painting. I believe Brassai's photograph was taken unexpectedly as it captures something a staged photo could not, but no one really knows whether any design or staging was put into it. Whitleys painting was not typical of his other works; most of his other works are brightly colored and fairly detailed unlike 'Wendy drunk'. Warhols painting is very typical in colouring and duplication of the same face, this is representative of his other work; he has clearly carried on using the same design elements and colouring. Lautrec's painting is toned down from his other work; he uses different shades of browns and reds unlike Warhol who uses over printing with a black broken colour technique that shows glimpses of the original image. Lautrec is also distinct from Whitely who uses no colour but black and brown in this particular painting. Brassai's black and white photo is obviously consistent with the rest of his work and relies on shadow for atmosphere; he uses the light and silhouette to create an intriguing effect.

It is clear that there are many similarities and differences between the artist and their work. Each artist has made an individual statement in the representation of the female form. It still amazes me how diverse the four pieces are, emotionally and artistically, its interesting that one artist can paint something with so much emotion and personal expression while another can make his work so informal and superficial yet still retain sympathy for the subject. Art only reminds and reinforces the fact that we are living in a diverse world with different views and opinions varying from person to person. The one main link between these artists and their pieces is that even though set in different eras, using different materials and living very different lives they still manage to express their view of women as timeless. When you look at an artwork you see the different influences, emotions and talents that lie within that artist and that is bought to life in what they produce. The common theme is the humanity they show for their subject, which overrides all other concerns.

Please note that this sample paper on a comparison of 4 artists and their representation of the female form is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on a comparison of 4 artists and their representation of the female form, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom research papers on a comparison of 4 artists and their representation of the female form will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Islam

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on islam. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality islam paper right on time.

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Christianity And Islam

Christianity and Islam are two of the most significant religions since their creation. Islam means "submission" in Arabic, and a Muslim is one who submits to the will of God (Islam page ). Christians were called so because of Jesus' title Christos, which is Greek for Messiah (Christianity page 18). Both religions are very similar with only some of the beliefs and teachings being different. They also give separate messages to outsiders as to what their religions stand for. Both religions are monotheistic with a holy text and they both strive to conquer evil. Islam has a set of rules (5 Pillars of Islam) set forth to reach enlightenment while Christians basically just sin, repent, and then are forgiven for their sins. Christianity is a much easier religion to belong to because it is a lot more lenient to what you can and cannot do as well as when and where you can do it. Islam is also more closed doors because the do not really send out missionaries looking for people to convert to Islam. For Christianity, Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah (the anointed one)God's deliverer, whose coming the prophets had foretold (Christianity page 18). Jesus taught the good Word of the Lord, as was his duty as the Son of God. He is also said to have performed miracles such as curing leprosy and blindness as well walking on water. Roman and Jewish authorities were disquieted by the threat to the establishment that Jesus and his followers seemed to offer, and they conspired successfully to execute him by crucifixion (Christianity page 18). After Jesus was crucified for the sins of all men, he was believed by Christians to have risen from the dead and then ascended to Heaven. After the death of Jesus, his life and teachings were written with many "tall tales" (as I like to call them) about the great battles and accomplishments of Christians as well as success stories about the followers of Gods' Word. All of these stories and some historical facts are written in the Bible, which is the holy text of the Christians. It explains how God created the Earth the creation of the Earth and man and it teaches how to be righteous. The founder of Islam was the Prophet Mohammed who was an orphan from the city of Mecca. Mohammed claimed to be visited by the Angel Gabriel who gave him the basis for this new religion. The Five Pillars of Islam are the basic laws to be a good Muslim. Declaring that there is no God but Allah, praying five times a day facing Mecca, fasting during set times, tithing for needy, and a journey to Mecca at least once in your lifetime. Some Muslims have a sixth pillar, jihad, which is translated into "holy war" (Variety page 4). Mohammed's teachings were not written until his death because there was no compelling reason to set his words down in some definite form. After the sudden death of Mohammed in 6, Caliph Abu Bakr ordered one of the prophets companions to collect, from oral and written sources, all of Mohammed's utterances (Qur'an page 5). They were written in the Qur'an which is basically the "Muslim Bible". The Qur'an is the written version of the teachings that Mohammed preached while he was alive. A second source of guidance for most Muslims is al-Hadith (Tradition), a vast body of transmitted stories of what the Prophet said or did or what was said or done in his presence and therefore approved by him (Foundations page 5). Christianity is a very appealing religion because it seems to be so easy to understand and become a Christian where as Islam is very difficult. There are five set times a day in Islam where you have to stop everything and pray facing Mecca and Muslims go to church on Fridays. Christians are free to pray any way they want at any time they want and go to church on Sundays. The Bible is different in that it contains the teachings of Jesus, the direct Word of God, and many religious stories. The Qur'an contains only the teachings of Mohammed which is said to be the Word of God spoken through man. The religious stories of Islam are in separate sources such as the al-Hadith, The Six Authentic Compilations, and Gardens of the Righteous (Tales page 0). The Bible and the Qur'an are similar in the simple fact that they were not written until the prophets of their religion were dead (although Jesus was resurrected and went to Heaven). While Jesus and Mohammed were on Earth, their stories and teachings were passed on orally, so the need to write them down was not necessary. Christianity is a religion where they welcome outsiders in to convert them and love everyone, Christian or not, for they are all the children of God. Islam teaches to "Be mindful of you duty to Allah and try to promote accord between yourselves (8.). All believers are brothers; so make peace between your brothers (4.11). Fight the idolators all together, as they fight you all together, and know that Allah is with the righteous (.6)…"(Nawawi page ). "Make peace between your brothers", means to make peace with other Muslims. If you are not Muslim, you are not one of their brothers. They also say to "fight the idolators", which means to fight against those who are not Muslim. This message to hate he who is not of the same religion is the complete opposite from that of Christianity's message. I believe that is why Muslims feel compelled to bomb other peoples and fight holy wars. This is another reason why Christianity is more appealing. Both Islam and Christianity offer a rewarding "eternal dwelling" if you live a righteous life here on earth and do the duty of Allah or God. Christians believe that their reward for a righteous life is to go to Heaven. For Muslims, the reward for following the 5 Pillars of Islam is pleasant dwellings in Gardens of Eternity (Nawawi page ). These are the sole reasons for having the religions in the first place. The supreme goal of both religions is to successfully reach a peaceful afterlife. As far as bad afterlives go, Christianity has Hell for those who go against God and are not forgiven for their sins. Hell is an eternal damnation full of torture and suffering. Hell is a deterrent from sin, which makes people more inclined to live holy and righteous lives. As Heaven is a reward for living a righteous life, Hell is the punishment for living a life of sin. I am not sure about Islam, although the book does talk about "Allah saving someone from the Fire" and "Fire" being defined as Hell (Nawawi page ). I can infer this means that they both have a punitive home for the unholy and disbelieving. Both Islam and Christianity have dietary restrictions. Muslims cannot eat from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. Some Christians fast on Good Friday as well as giving up their favorite food during the Advent Season. Christians celebrate the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus while the only religious celebration that Muslims have to my knowledge is the holy month of Ramadan. I do not know why they celebrate this but I do know they celebrate the ninth month on their lunar calendar and that is the holy month of Ramadan. I personally think that Christianity is a much easier religion to deal with being that it has just about the same outcome as Islam does. Christianity also has a lot less work involved. I would say that Christianity is a much more convenient religion. Less time and effort is put into praying and being righteous with Christianity. Plus it is much more believable to me that Jesus was the Son of God than it is to believe that Mohammed was visited by an angel that told him what to do. They were both doing well although the Islamic message is not quiet as nice as the Christian one. Loving everyone as your brother and sister is a good message to give and it is an exceptional way to keep the world peaceful even if you are not Christian. That is why Christianity is a much more successful religion and it is stronger than Islam will ever be. Christianity and Islam are basically one in the same. They both have one God with and the same basic beliefs. Both have a holy text with the teachings of their prophets along with some religious stories. Both religions are very successful although Christianity has a leg up do to its convenience and its willingness to take others and convert them. These religions have been around for almost two thousand years and will continue to strive throughout history.

Bibliography

"Christianity Conquering the World for Christ" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co.18), 18-1. "Islam Universal Submission to God" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), -4. Nawawi, Imam. "Gardens of the Righteous" Reprinted in Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 0-. "The Qur'an" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 5-6. "The Foundations of Islamic Life" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 5. "The Tales of Tradition" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Mifflin Co. 18), -0. "Variety and Unity in Islam" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Mifflin Co. 18), 5-4. Buy islam term paper

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The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link

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In William Shakespeare's The Tempest, the theme of usurpation is used to make a statement about how the great chain of being is an inadequate system. The great chain of being is an arrangement whereby all existing things have a precise place in the universe. Should they depart from this position, they would be betraying their nature and would be punished. The two groups of usurpers that will be compared and contrasted in this essay are Caliban, Trinculo and Stephano (Group 1) and Antonio and Sebastian (Group ). They will be compared based on the wildly different justifications for their plans, their similar plans of usurpation and the relative successes of their plots. Through these three points, it will be proven that the theme of usurpation demonstrates the idea that the Tempest has made a strong statement about how the great chain of being is insufficient due to its rigidity and the lack of vertical mobility of its links (people, beasts, angels etc.)

One of the areas in which the two groups are different involves the justification of their plots. Group 1 justifies their plan to usurp Prospero by using the logic that the island once belonged to Sycorax, the mother of Caliban. When she died the island passed to her son and so was rightfully his. Prospero had come along and taken it from him. This is shown when Caliban says

I say by sorcery he got this isle;

From me he got it. If thy greatness willOrder custom research paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link

Revenge it on himfor I know thou dar'st,

But this thing dare not (..50-5)

This quotation clearly demonstrates that Caliban was in control of the island when Prospero came and usurped him and so gained possession of the island. Therefore, group 1 believed it was within their right to kill Prospero, thus restoring the island to its rightful owner. The justification for group 's plot varies greatly in that they do not even remotely have a valid justification. Their justification is greed and lust. The audience learns of this disgusting excuse when Sebastian says, "Draw thy swordone stroke / Shall free three from the tribute which thou payest, / And I the king shall love thee" (.1.87-8). This quotation is spoken to Antonio and signifies that if Antonio helps Sebastian dispose of Alonso and Gonzalo, Milan will no longer have to pay tribute to Naples. Furthermore, Sebastian will be indebted to Antonio. Logically, this shows that Antonio's motivation for the heinous murders is greed (he doesn't have to pay tax) and that he wants some leverage over Sebastian. Sebastian's motivation is of course to become king. When examined, these two motivations clearly equate to greed and the lust for power. Consequently, it is quite obvious that groupdid not have a valid justification. And so, the proposed murder by group 1, being somewhat justifiable, is befitting to a being higher up on the chain than a beast (which Caliban is), while Antonio and Sebastian's act, according to their beliefs, would allow all hell to break loose. As a result, it can be seen that they are clearly not acting as the nobles of their time should and have indeed moved downward into the realm of the beasts by allowing their emotions (lust and greed) to control them.

As with the previous point, the characters' actions in the following paragraph, which discusses the similar nature of the two plots, also give us an idea of which emotion controls the two groups. Group 1 plans to usurp Prospero. The audience learns of their plan when Caliban says "Yea, yea, my lord. I'll yield him asleep, / where thou mayst knock a nail into his head" (..58-5). This quote is self-explanatory and clearly demonstrates the nature of Group 1's plot. They are planning to kill Prospero in a rather primitive fashion (by driving a nail into his head) while he is asleep. The plan of Groupis in many respects similar to that of Group 1, with the exception of the intended target. Groupdesires to kill the king of Naples, Alonso, and his supporter Gonzalo. The audience learns of this wretched plot when Sebastian says

Thy case, dear friend, shall be my precedent as thou got'st Milan,

I'll come by Naples. Draw thy swordone stroke

Shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest,

And I the king shall love thee. (.1.86-8)

To which Antonio replied, "Draw together and when I rear my hand do you the like / To fall it on Gonzalo"(.1.0-1). These quotes show that Antonio and Sebastian are planning to draw their swords and slit the throats of Gonzalo and Alonso, who are both asleep. This reads much the same as the plot contrived by Caliban. Both plans have the targets sleeping, which demonstrates the emotion of cowardice on the conspirators' part and both include primitive means of murder. This clearly shows that The Tempest has made a statement against the rigidity of the great chain of being as Groupis once again acting like cowardly beasts, while Caliban, whose plan it was, is acting quite normally for his station on the chain.

Finally, after having contemplated a similarity, another domain in which the groups are deviant will be examined. This is of course, the relative success of their plots. Group 1's plot failed in principle. The audience discovers this when they hear the cries of Prospero as he shouts "Hey, Mountain, hey!" (4.1.5). This cry signifies that Prospero is urging on spirits in the guise of dogs to chase Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo away. However, although group 1's plot seemed to fail, if you look at the consequences of the failure, it can be seen that this plan results in a success. This is because later in the play, Caliban has taken this failure to heart and has learned from his mistakes. The audience is notified of this when Caliban says

Ay, that I will; and I'll be wise hereafter,

And seek for grace. What a thrice-double ass

Was I to take this drunkard for a god,

And worship this dull fool!(5.1.4-7)

This quote clearly demonstrates that Caliban has learned from his blunder and as such, his failure against Prospero cannot be considered a failure at all, but more of a successful learning experience. The same cannot be said of the results for group . With their swords posed over the throats of the sleeping Gonzalo and Alonso, Ariel wakes Gonzalo from his slumber. He cries out and Alonso awakens and it is asked why Antonio and Sebastian have their swords drawn. Sebastian replies to this question with the following

While we stood here securing your repose,

Even now, we heard a hollow burts of bellowing,

Like bulls, or rather lionsdid't not wake you?

It struck mine ear most terribly.(..05-08)

This quote basically states that while Antonio and Sebastian were protecting the king and his courtiers, they heard the bellowing of a wild animal and drew their swords. The audience is of course not fooled by this excuse and they realize that the plot did not succeed due to the cowardice of group . However, this would not be enough to classify their plan as a complete failure. But once again, Groupproves to be unlike Group 1 as Antonio and Sebastian do not learn the error of their ways. This is shown later on in an incident where Sebastian says, "Ha, ha! What things are these, my lord Antonio? / Will money buy 'em?" (5.1.64-65). This quote has Sebastian asking Antonio whether they would be able to buy Caliban. It clearly confirms that they have not yet learned their lesson and are still immoral beings. For this reason, it is quite clear that there is a statement here that the views of perfection that are the basis of the great chain of being are flawed. Caliban, a more imperfect being than the nobles, can recognize his mistake and acts like a human to fix it, while Antonio and Sebastian do not realise their error, and so once again are portrayed as cowardly beasts.

In conclusion, it is quite clearly demonstrated that while these groups were similar in one instance, they contrasted in two ways. These comparisons proved the thesis that the Tempest has made a statement against the idea of the great chain of being and its fixed levels of perfection. Both groups had the same basic plan to usurp their target. However only Caliban's group had an understandable justification. Antonio's did not. The plan of Caliban's group, although primitive, resulted in some modicum of success as Caliban learned from his mistakes, while the plan of Antonio and Sebastian failed miserably. It must also be noted that those who had crossed into different sections of the great chain of being were not killed. Caliban though he moved from beast to human was rewarded with the return of his island, while Antonio, having moved from human to beast was offered another chance. Therefore, it is quite easy to conclude from the above arguments and the survival of the character who would have supposedly caused "all hell to break loose" that Shakespeare intended this play to question the nature of the great chain of being. To question the belief that things were fixed into a certain state of perfection. After all, who would enjoy having one's position and life pre-determined before time had even begun?

Please note that this sample paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Moulin rouge vs. singin' in the rain

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Musicals, because of the lack of sound until the late 0's, were the last major movie genre to appear (www.filmsite.org). Their roots are quite evident in broadways and operettas and they are defined as narrative movies with musical and dance numbers which carry along the story line. Two great musicals from two different film eras will be studied throughout this paper. Their similarities, but also differences shall be pointed out and argued by their use of film form.

The more recent musical to breakthrough is Moulin Rouge (001) directed by Baz Luhrmann. Although it got many mixed reviews, I find it quite rich in film form. The movie unrolls in one long flashback of the protagonist, Christian. He goes on a quest to the famous Moulin rouge to search for acceptance of his bohemian values that have been oppressed by his father. He then meets a group of actors who are trying to perform a play at the Moulin Rouge night club and joins them. Christian goes one night to the Moulin Rouge to meet with who would be the star of their play, Satine but she confuses him with the wealthy Duke, who is to invest in remodeling the Burlesque house into a theater. Christian and Satine fall in love but must keep their relationship a secret because the Duke obtains the deeds to the Moulin Rouge and has been promised to be with Satine if he invests. The story of their Play reflects the story of the movie and both begin to unravel together in an extremely racy and uncommon fashion.

The editing of Moulin Rouge has been one of the topics of the film which is either loved or hated. Although most of it is normal continuity editing there are two specific times throughout the movie which are far from. The first is Christians first time going to the Moulin Rouge after dinking absinthe. The cuts are executed at an extremely high speed and the continuity is broken in almost every single shot. This type of editing can be explained by Christians overwhelming feelings of being in a completely different world than he's used to and also being under the influence. Luhrmann also does this in another movie, Romeo and Juliet, (17), when the main character takes drugs and then goes to a party. The scene in the Moulin Rouge is edited as a montage sequence allowing us to feel the rapidness and confusion of the main character but also allows us to imagine what the Moulin Rouge would be like in our times by using modern mixes in the soundtrack.

The second sequence that montage editing is used is when Satine is with the Duke and Christian becomes jealous. During a remix of the song "Roxanne" the cuts "collide" Christian walks away from the camera vs. the duke walking toward the camera. This is similar to Soviet Montage films (ex. Battleship Potemkin, which we saw in class). The synchronization of the ascending intensity of the music and the shots becoming shorter and more frequent allows tension to build up and demonstrates the characters emotions well.Write my Essay on moulin rouge vs. singin' in the rain for me

At other times in the Film other continuity rules are broken. An example of this is during a musical number when they jump off Satine's balcony into the sky and the 180 degree rule is broken. This I believe was intentional to emphasize the impossibilities which occur in musicals all the time such as breaking into song and jumping off elephants onto clouds which is exactly what happens in that scene.

Thematically there is a lot of emphasis on costumes and set. The costumes worn by almost everybody in the film are very elaborate and colorful. They reflect the period in which the movie is trying to re-create. One article of clothing which re-occurs is Satine's veil. The first time we see her wearing it is when she goes to convince the Duke that she loves him and not Christian. The second time is when she goes to convince Christian that she loves the Duke not him. The fact that she is wearing it on two separate occasions to tell a lie is a direct link to her hiding her true self behind the veil. The veil can also be considered like a curtain, on the stage where she acts, therefore we know both time she is merely acting and not stating her true feelings. The set, like most musicals is quite extravagant. Being unlike anything you would see in your day to day life. The movie, having been set in and around the Moulin rouge and their play allows it to be more convincing. An apparent symbol in the mise-en-scene is the bird in the bird cage symbolizing Satine's entrappement in what is referred to as the underworld. The scene where Satine is about to go meet the Duke so that she can become a "real" actress we see the bird cage located right next to her. We are also again reminded of that symbol when she sings "One Day I'll Fly Away" after meeting with Christian.

The music used in Moulin Rouge is all modern songs although the movie is set in the late 1800's. The recycling of music for thematic purposes is a reoccurring trend that happens a lot in the musical genre. In Moulin Rouge the music also sometimes stands in for dialogue almost like an opera more than a musical, though there are many times where the music has no purpose at all.

The other musical which I chose to analyze is Singin' in the Rain (15), directed by Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly. The movie is extremely lively but also very typical of the time. The story of this movie which was made in 15 is somewhat of a historical account of the late 0's when sound was introduced to the cinematic world. The story revolves around one of the most famous acting duos Lockwood and Lamont. The production studio they work for, Monumental Pictures, wants to turn the latest movie into a "talkie" to keep up with the latest blockbuster The Jazz Singer. The problem occurs because Lina Lamont, the female counterpart of the duo, has a horrible voice. Meanwhile, Don Lockwood falls in love with a starving actress, Kathy Seldem who has a beautiful voice. Together they come up with the idea to dub Kathy's voice over Lina's. The truth is that during the time when sound was introduced this was a reoccurring problem for some of the actors and actresses in Hollywood.

During the majority of this narrative film continuity editing is obviously dominant. Similar to Moulin Rouge this movie also has two sequences that "break the rules". The first is the Musical number when Monumental Pictures decides to attempt their first movie incorporating sound. It is a montage sequence that begins with a few headlines from a newspaper spinning into the frame announcing the arrival of sound. This is followed by a few cuts to different musical numbers which don't really have any real connection to one another. All of this happens at quite a fast pace although it is not even comparable to the extreme rapidness of the Moulin Rouge sequence. The last musical extract that is shown includes one of the main characters Kathy Seldem as one of the extras; this allows this outburst to tie back in with the story.

The second time that the continuity is broken is by sudden set changes without any explanation. It is in a musical number, "Broadway Melody Ballet". It is a daydream of Don's which does not relate very well to the actual plot of the movie. This sequence runs 14 minutes long and took $600 000 of the low budget film (www.filmsite.org). It tells the story of a young man looking for fame. He eventually meets his dream girl through this attempt at success and many satirical stereotypes of mobster movies get twisted in at the same time.

Many different locations and sets are very elaborate in Singin' in the Rain. This is one Generic element which is seen in almost all musicals. From a diegetic standpoint it does not throw you off because; the story revolves around movie studios where it is understandable to have elaborate sets. A good example of this is when Don wants to confess his feelings to Kathy, so he takes her to one of the empty studio lots to create the mood. He uses lights for an artificial sunset and turns on the wind machine so that it seems as though it is a nice summer's breeze.

As stated before, musicals often recycle music. In Singin' in the Rain that is exactly the case. With the exception of one, every single song had come from another musical (Roger Ebert, www.suntimes.com). Using songs which had been in other musicals helped strengthen the underlying parody of musicals and other genre films. The outbreaks of song and dance sometimes replace dialogue, such as when Don expresses his feelings to Kathy in the studio. At other times it is incorporated as a flashback or daydream similar to "Broadway Melody Ballet". The other songs are explained just as an expression of the characters emotions.

In conclusion, the many similarities of musicals such as set, montage editing, music and the way it is incorporated; are all very evident throughout both musicals. The large amount of time which has passed between the creation of the two explains the thematic difference between them, notably the explicitness of Moulin Rouge versus the toned down Singin' in the Rain.Overall they both were extremely enjoyable to watch.

Please note that this sample paper on moulin rouge vs. singin' in the rain is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on moulin rouge vs. singin' in the rain, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college papers on moulin rouge vs. singin' in the rain will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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GIFT OF THE JEWS BY THOMAS CAHILL

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Thomas Cahill's moving and intelligent book is largely not about its title, The Gifts of the Jews How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels. Cahill's frequent intense points are about how the Jews changed the way everyone thinks and feels. The majority of the book is a relation to major stories of the Hebrew Bible telling the history of the Jewish people and the growth of their relationship with God, from Abraham to the prophets and the Hebrew Bible's writings.

First of all, the Jewish Bible altered history by plainly creating history. Every religion in the world saw the world in cyclical terms. In describing the cyclical worldview, Cahill cites Henri-Charles Puech, author of Man and Time No event is unique, nothing is enacted but once . . . ; every event has been enacted, is enacted, and will be enacted perpetually; the same individuals have appeared, appear, and will appear at every turn of the circle.

On the other hand Judaism was different. According to the Jews' way of life, events actually move forward; they do not only repeat themselves. In their denial of this common mode of thought, Cahill writes, The Jews were the first people to break out of this circle. . . . It may be said with some justice that theirs is the only new idea that human beings had ever had.In Cahill's words, Most of our best words, in fact new, adventure, surprise; unique individual, person, vocation; time, history, future; freedom, progress, spirit; faith, hope, justice are the gifts of the Jews. Cahill is right to highlight this changeable Jewish contribution. If every situation is like a circle, nothing we do will matter, none of us will matter and life itself will not matter. It will just all happen again and again. For our actions to matter, they will have to be able to affect the future. But the future cannot be affected if everything happens over and over.

If the Jewish view is adopted everything will matter, everything we take on will matter, therefore we all matter. All of us will change history by what we do. Cahill offers two outstanding unique explanations of why the Bible's genealogies, sections of the Bible that bore most of us, are very important. One reason is that the listing of these individuals' names, even the names of women, was the Hebrew Bible's way of saying that every one of these people was different. Cahill's other explanation of the importance of the genealogical listings is that they are the Bible's way of telling us that the Bible is history, not mythology.Order custom research paper on GIFT OF THE JEWS BY THOMAS CAHILL

The second changeable Jewish gift was its understanding of God. The Hebrew God, unlike every god before, cannot be manipulated, and this God is a real personality who has intervened in real history, changing its course and robbing it of predictability.

The third changeable gift is when God defeated the demi-god Pharaoh, In one fell swoop, and this subversive narrative delegitimizes all political structures claiming god as their author and delegitimizes, in fact, all the political structures of the ancient world. That is why the Ten Plagues were aimed at Egyptian gods and blood, the first plague, for example, changed the Nile-god into blood, and the ninth, darkness, blotted out Ra, the sun-god, chief god of the Egyptians.

The fourth gift was when the Jews gave the world the belief of human freedom on two levels. The first and most commonly known is the Torah's rejection of slavery as a norm in the human condition, which is why black Americans took so much relief in the Hebrew Bible's narrative. The least commonly known but just as important way was another result of the Bible's total refusal of the cyclical view of life We are not doomed, not bound to some predetermined fate; we are free. If anything can happen, we are truly liberatedas liberated as were the Israelite slaves when they crossed the Sea of Reeds.

The fifth gift, through the Ten Commandments, for the first time . . . human beings are offered a code without justification. Because this is God's code no justification is required. . . Who but God can speak ten words 'Thou-shalt' and Thou-shalt-not' with such authority that no further words are needed? Though Cahill does not get to involved in this and I found this a problem with this book the key point here, as I have always understood it, is that which is good is good because God says it is good; God does not say something is good because it is so already. God is the source of morality; morality does not exist without God. Moral feeling I do not like killing; I feel that stealing is wrong may exist without God, but they are only feelings.

The sixth gift, the Jews gave the world a day of rest. No ancient society before the Jews had a day of rest. As one observes the Shabbat, I can indicate to its life-changing effects. Cahill states, Those who live without such sentimental punctuation are emptier and less resourceful. Cahill's point about the center of human freedom in the Jewish idea of life is also made clear in the Shabbat commandment. Those people, who work seven days a week, even if they are being paid millions of dollars to do so, are considered slaves in the biblical conception.

The seventh gift, Israel was the first human society to so value education and the first to picture it as a universal pursuit.

The eighth gift, the Hebrew Bible's bias toward the underdog is unique not only in ancient law but in the whole history of law. However faint our sense of justice may be, in so far as it operates at all it is still a Jewish sense of justice.

The ninth gift, the Torah's and Judaism's ideas, which ends with the words God is one, led to the possibility of modern science. For life is not a series of separate experiences, influenced by different forces. We do not live in a split universe, controlled by changeable and warring gods. The scientific search for a unifying theory of the universe is one of the effects of the Bible's monotheistic revolution.

The tenth gift, the Jews invented the idea of the spiritual. There is no way of exaggerating how strange a thought this was . . . The word that falls so easily from our lips spiritual had no equivalent in the ancient world.

According to Judaism, the Jews are God's third attempt to have people treat each another decently. The first was conscience, the voice in all human beings telling them that some things are right and some wrong. This didn't work. People acted bad from the beginning. So God destroyed the world except for righteous Noah and his family and started all over depending on the revelation of seven basic moral laws (The Seven Laws of the Sons of Noah), and not only on conscience. When that failed God revealed Himself and more laws to one people the Jews. Possibly eternal people can teach people morals even better than the eternal God.

This may help answer the question about Christianity and Islam at least in a way that one caring Jew can answer it. Though Judaism regards God's revelations to the Jewish prophets as God's last revelations, even Jews mainly Jews could see that a thousand and more years later the world was not getting much more moral, that for whatever reasons the Jews were not having a universal moral impact. It is fairly understandable, even for a religious Jew, to understand why some Jews believed that a fourth moral revelation was needed. Believers in this fourth effort to bring more love into the world became known as Christians. Some six hundred years later in Arabia, another part of the world influenced by the Jews, some non-Jews believed that a fifth divine revelation was in need also. They are known as Muslims.A believing Jew would regard these world religions as further evidence of the power and realism of God's gifts to the Jews.

As for what Jews should be doing now, the answer is more understandable than its execution. Jews should be spreading ethical monotheism to the world's peoples. Unfortunately, most do not. Most religious Jews live lives that are too limited to affect other Jews, let alone non- Jews, while many nonreligious Jews, if they recognize with a mission to influence humanity, choose to do so through worldly ideologies. To put it in a sentence, the Jews who most live Judaism don't talk to the world, and the Jews who talk to the world don't live Judaism. Both groups should read The Gifts of the Jews as should non-Jews, mainly those who believe that their religion has passed Judaism.

In conclusion, I mainly recommend anti-Jewish Muslims and Christians to read Cahill's one-sentence summary of anti-Semitism The hatred of Christians for Jews may have its final source in hatred of God, a hatred that the hater must carefully keep himself from knowing about. Now someone rather though not necessarily a non-Christian needs to write The Gifts of the Christians. For these are very great and include something called the United States of America. America is largely a Christian gift, and unless most of us Americans understand this, and unless Christian influence endures, this gift will surely be taken away. European denial of those gifts gave us Nazism and communism. Even a Jew knows that.

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Yoga

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The science and practice of yoga began over 6,000 year ago in Southeast Asia, but it was only in the last 50 years that Yoga found its way across the continents to take root in American culture.The practice of Yoga was first introduced by several Yogi Masters around the turn of the last century in India, but Yoga as we know it today has its seed of origin within the Yoga Sutras written by Patanjali around 800 B.C.But the true history of Yoga can be divided into the four categories.The Vedic Yoga, Pre-Classical Yoga, Classical Yoga, and the Post-Classical Yoga are the categories of Yoga that can help define the history of this fitness program that is so popular today.The history that was involved in creating the path for Yoga has been so deep in its roots but there are other interesting things about this very popular fitness program.Not only has Yoga been proven scientifically to be a healthy activity but it has been a great tool in reducing obesity and curing some diseases.Yoga may seem like a very simple physical activity that involves very low athletic skill, but this paper will show that even through these simple physical activities, this popular fitness program has given many Americans a healthier lifestyle and a better sense of their own being.

The first of the four categories, Vedic Yoga, was intimately connected with the ritual life of the ancient Indians.It revolved around the idea of sacrifice as a means of joining the material world with the invisible world of the spirit.In order to perform the exacting rituals successfully, the sacrificers had to be able to focus their mind for a prolonged period of time.Such inner focusing for the sake of transcending the limitations of the ordinary mind is the root of Yoga.It was said that when this practice was performed successfully, the person was graced with a vision or experience of the transcendental reality.As great masters of Vedic Yoga were called "seers," they were able to see the very fabric of existence, and their hymns spoke of their marvelous intuitions, which still inspire yogi practitioners today.The Pre-Classical Yoga covered an extensive period of approximately ,000 years starting from the first century.Pre-Classical Yoga comes in various forms and guises.The earliest manifestations were still closely associated with the Vedic sacrificial culture.Its central teaching is to the point To be alive means to be active and, if people want to avoid difficulties for themselves and others, their actions must be benign and also go beyond the grip of the ego.Transcendence of the body and mind is vital in order for people to discover their true nature.The Classical Yoga process brings about the separation between the body and the mind, thereby restoring the spirit in its absolute purity.The formulation is generally characterized as philosophical dualism.This is important because most of India's philosophical systems favor one or the other kind of non-dualism.The last category is the Post-Classical Yoga.This category of Yoga affirms the ultimate unity of everything in the world.In this Yoga, it is believed that everyone or everything else is an aspect or expression of one and the same reality.The different categories and theories of Yoga have aided the process of crossing this physical fitness program over to the American culture.

There are several types of Yoga fitness programs that have evolved in the United States.The first of these is the Ananda Yoga, which focuses on gentle postures intending to move energy up to the brain and prepare the body for meditation.This Yoga also focuses on proper body alignment and controlled breathing.Controlled breathing involves three different types according to its rate.There is the normal and natural steady breathing without any particular effort.There is also the deep breathing, which involves bringing breathing speeds to a minimum with some extra efforts.And finally there is the last controlled breathing method which is fast breathing with extra efforts to increase breathing speed.

The next Yoga program is called the Ashtanga Yoga, a fast paced series of sequential poses that focuses on strength, flexibility, and building heat.Breathing, focal point meditation, and equanimity (the quality of being calm and even-tempered; composed) are all important also.The third Yoga program is called Bikram Yoga, which calls on 6 different poses that are always repeated in the same order.Bikram Yoga studios are heated to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit to simulate the climate in India.This heat also serves to make the muscles very flexible.Order custom research paper on Yoga

Integral Yoga, a traditional type of yoga, combines postures, breathing exercises, meditation, chanting, prayer, and self-inquiry.ISHTA (Integral Science of Hatha and Tantric Arts) was developed by South African teacher Mani Finger and popularized by his son in the United States, Alan.This Yoga focuses on opening energy channels throughout the body with postures, visualizations, and meditation.The Iyengar Yoga calls for poses that are held for a longer period of time.This type of Yoga is renowned for its attention to body alignment.Props such as straps, sandbags, and wooden blocks are commonly used.Iyengar Yoga creates body awareness, strength, and flexibility.People with physical problems have been helped by this type of prescriptive therapy for their ailments.Kripalu Yoga is a gentle, introspective practice that urges practitioners to hold poses to explore and release emotional and spiritual blockages.Goal-oriented striving is discouraged and precise alignment is not as important as in some other traditional Yoga programs.The last Yoga program is called the Kundalini.This practice concentrates on awakening the energy at the base of the spine and drawing it upward.In addition to postures, a typical class will also include chanting, meditation, and breathing exercises."Breath of fire" is fundamental to Kundalini Yoga programs.With all these different types of Yoga programs available, there is something for everyone.

Yoga is closely related to the body and mind with all the breathing, stretching, and meditating.In recent years scientific research on Yoga has proven that this type of fitness program certainly cures many diseases.Diseases like diabetes, asthma and other mental problems have been cured through the practice of Yoga.Yoga does not solve every problem, but it is a process of normalization for the body and mind.It is useful for maintenance of health in the body and also prevention of illnesses.Yoga is effective in many other aspects of health.It helps in removing addictions, curing diseases, increasing vital energy, increasing resistance power for the body.Apart from this, Yoga also brings positive changes in mental frame of the body and makes the mind stable, peaceful, and happy.Thus, Yoga takes care of many healthy aspects of the body and mind but it must be practiced regularly and continuously for any positive results.The human mind has typical reactions and responses to events all around.If these reactions or responses are extreme, then it results in psychosomatic disorders.The steady practice of Yoga helps the mind to prevent such reactions and also prevents diseases.Making the mind calm, peaceful, stable, and focused is extremely important in Yoga.Because of these reasons, Yoga is believed to be a complete solution to most of the problems faced by the practitioners of this fitness program.It is believed to be a complete science of personality development and touches all aspects of the mind and body.

According to Peggy Kelley, a Yoga instructor at the Austin Yoga School, the regular practice of Yoga can reduce obesity, but there are specific Yoga techniques that are more effective.Obesity occurs when there is increased weight and loss of shape of the body and this happens as fat accumulates in various parts of the body.According to Kelley, body balance is severely affected as it takes more energy out of an obese person to make any movements than a normal human being.When the body and mind has complex relations because of the imbalance of the mental and emotional state, many people can find themselves in a state of obesity.The endocrine system is affected by this entire imbalance of the body and it gives into obesity.Kelley stated that the most effective technique to combat obesity is called Yoga Vidya Dham, which has a separate weight reduction program.When encompassing all the techniques of body movement, stretching, breathing, and meditating, Yoga allows the body to repair all the imbalances and it allows it to become a properly functioning unit.

With its deep history, Yoga has come a far way in molding with the American culture.With Yoga growing in many ways throughout the four historical categories, it has proven to be an effective form of fitness in the American lifestyle.More and more Americans are clinging onto to this new and popular form of fitness as they find new ways to keep their body and mind in healthy condition.With all the different types of Yoga programs that are out there, there is a treatment for many things.From curing diseases and mental illness to eliminating obesity, Yoga has proven to be a healthier form of life.Through the importance of breathing, stretching, and meditating, Yoga has proven that making the body and mind a peaceful, stable, and happy unit is a realistic goal for everyone.

Please note that this sample paper on Yoga is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Yoga, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on Yoga will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Begginings of the International Style

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Begginings of the International Style, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Begginings of the International Style paper at affordable prices with custom writing service!International Style and How it Came to Be

The modern movement in architecture known as the International Style emerged into Europe and the United States around the 10's. The key players in this new style of architecture gave a new direction to building structure by emphasizing and lightening the structure while at the same time allowing it to enclose large dynamic spaces. With the use of steel frames, curtain walls, u-shaped buildings, set backs and reinforced concrete, the International Style was the new precedent for any building looking to become sleeker and more functional. In his book, The Sources of Modern Architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner writes about the emergence of this new style, how it was formed and who helped to shape it.

Before the International Style can be defined, one must look to the past to see the buildings and their architects who would be the influence for this modern style. First of the buildings that would later play a large role in the evolution of architectural style was the Crystal Palace (c. 1851) by the non-architect, Joseph Paxton. His use of iron and large eight foot modules of cut glass created and open span of lighted area over eighteen acres. This building designed for the Great Exhibition in 1851 was amazing because of its ability to be constructed and deconstructed with rapidity. By bolting the cast iron together it made it strong but also easy to take apart. This was essential when dealing with the million square feet of glass used to create the building. Second of the influential structures is seen with the use of iron and steel combined. Gustave Eiffel gave way to a 84 ft vertical wonder known as the Eiffel Tower (c. 188). His structure created for the 188 exposition was an example of form and fluidity in steel that would hint at the idea of taller structures. As buildings would soar vertically, the use of passenger elevators would become part of the function of structure. This all would become more important as seen in later works by Louis Sullivan and William Le Baron Jenney.

The need for the "skyscraper" would soon become evident. Soaring costs of land required that buildings project upward. Now with the use of the passenger elevator, architects were able to design buildings that would rise higher than the five story buildings of the past. The Chicago School of Architects was the key influences in American Architecture during the turn of the century, each contributing with their own revolutionary ideas. In the designing of the first Leiter Building, Jenney was faced with figuring out a way to build a tall, heavy building on the marsh soil of Chicago. His solution was to use columns in a spread foot design that would bear more weight. On top of these would be the first ever use of hollow iron columns enclosed in a mason bearing curtain wall to bear its own weight. This would help the steel beams, which in turn would bear their own weight on every floor. The top floors were of Bessemer steel made into the beams and girders for additional support. The aesthetics of the building were "a-styler" in design utilizing piers and spandrels for a continuing patter from top to bottom with large plate glass windows.

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Also from Chicago was Louis Sullivan. In his book, Ornamentation in Architecture, Sullivan describes how ornamentation should be put on hold so that the concentration could be solely on the construction of the building "in the nude" and that "form should follow function".However, Sullivan himself could not stay away from his own new ideas of ornamentation. Borrowing heavily from nature, his design of the Troescher Building, Sullivan embraces a new form of ornamentation. He believed that the ornamentation be an integrated into the building, not simply "stuck on". The piers of this building burst into flowers on top while the spandrels have a flower/vine motif. Another of Sullivan's innovations for architecture was the Odd Fellows Temple. Because of new strict zoning laws, buildings were not allowed to cover the entire lot in a block like fashion from bottom to top. His solution to this problem was the idea of the "set back". He would allow the first couple of stories to encompass the lot forming and "X" shape. From those two buildings another building set slightly back would rise from it. Another of Sullivan's buildings that would play heavily in the advancement of design was the Wainwright Building. His use of bracing and riveted steel frame made for a sturdy structure. Its reinforced concrete and terra cotta tiles for fireproofing were key to its design. It is formatted on the principle of a column, with a base, shaft and capitol all topped off with a cornice that is classical in design giving it a monolithic look.Another one of Sullivan's building that followed the pattern of a column was his Guaranty Building in New York. He formed the twelve stories into a "U" shaped design that formed the look of base, shaft and capitol. By arranging the building this way, it gave it a lighter, sturdier construction. All of it was ornamented in geometric shapes with spandrels made from terra cotta.

In the same vein as Sullivan's botanical motif, a new era of design was sweeping the late eighteen hundreds until it fell out of favor around 110.Known as the "New Art", Art Nouveau artists liberated the arts by incorporating modern materials and themes with naturalistic ideas and design.Art Nouveau can be seen in the styles of not only architecture but also the applied and decorative arts, as well as in sculpture and painting. The movement began in Western Europe in the 1880s when artists and craftsmen made a break with the styles of the past.Signatures of the style not only incorporated plant form, but long, thin drawn out lines, concave and convex forms, whiplash lines in asymmetrical, non-repeating forms.

Victor Hortas Maison du Peuple (186-) is what Pevsner calls the Art Nouveau version of the American office building, "both dependent on iron, but in exactly opposite ways". The Americas use iron as a support that is covered in a curtain wall, while Horta used iron as an integral part of the design. Because the iron is curving in a decorative matter it doesn't give of a "utilitarian" appearance. The curving walls between the masses of brick, iron and glass give an aesthetically pleasing look at the architecture. Hortas use of curving thin lines and shapes can also be seen in his Tassle House. It too showcases its exposed cast iron structure to add to the decorative townhouse with its centralized floor plan. Here the bay windows add to the effect that the building is undulating with the convex/concave style of Art Nouveau. The interior of the building follows through with the curving whiplash lines, incorporating them into the staircase, walls and floor mosaics.

Hector Guimard was equally important in this movement, most notably creating the Paris Metro entrances at the turn of the century. He used the nature inspired motifs in each of his entrances, all with curvilinear lines. His streetlamps metamorphosed into a stem for the light post and a flower for the light. Each entrance to the subway is designed differently, even creating one of the entrances to look like a dragonfly spanning over the top of the awning. His Hotel Guimard is an architectural illusion. With his use of a facade for the front, he creates undulating curves that are Baroque in style.

When Art Nouveau was waning out of favor, a new phase of architecture was being ushered in. As seen in Henri Van de Velde's design of the Werkbund Theater, it is almost International Style with its straight lines and horizontal windows. The Werkbund was a group that believed in returning to the craft aesthetic. This idea of "form follows function" may also be seen in the vertical bands of windows, glass walls and geometric cubicles in Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank.His use of thin sheets of marble with exposed bolts gives the structure a geometric pattern. He also used these same ideas on his own house, Villa Wagner, only this time they had slight classical overtones with the flat, corniced roof.

Another new design in buildings that would be used by several architects including Perret and Wright was the use of the cantilever.Perret would use reinforced concrete to allow the glass to be projected out, allowing the weight to be supported without the interior walls. This opened up floor plans, allowing for a more spacious interior. Wright too used this idea in his structures to allow for a more naturalistic, flowing space.

With the avocation of "form follows function" new schools of design and thought opened up. The leaders of this new era from the Bauhaus understood that functionality was key, and that determined what form the style would take. Stripping down the aesthetic to create a workable environment. They understood this new International Style was about a stripped down look, no more over the top ornamentation or design. By utilizing the modern materials like reinforced concrete and steel, buildings could soar in an unfettered new way without the old ideas of the past cluttering up the new tomorrow. The desire for function was now at their fingertips.

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Blights Plea

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Alcoholism comes in various forms.There is your typical alcoholic that drinks every day all day and gets nothing done. There is also the alcoholic who drinks all the time but can hold a steady job.Then there is another type of alcoholic, the binge drinker, which is the most common drinking pattern in colleges. This form of alcoholism has gotten a lot of attention as of late.The reason for the sudden attention is because of the recent deaths and near deaths in college students. Aside from deaths, there are many serious consequences of binge drinking.To help stop the rising death rate and other alcohol related problems, colleges are pushing preventive and treatment measures with limited success to date.

In 14 when the first thorough study of college drinking was made, undergraduates drank no more than others their age, and college life did not encourage excessive "tippling" (Thompson 6).In 1 at Rutgers University a young man died at a fraternity initiation party from consuming more than twenty shots of alcohol in less than an hour (Nathan 15). This incident triggered an interest in binge drinking in colleges and also in the role the fraternities play in promoting heavy drinking. In 1 Henry Wechsler, PhD, the Director of College Alcohol Studies at the Harvard School of Public Health conducted a survey of drinking pattern in a nationally representative sample of college students.It was the first study that took into consideration gender differences.Binge drinking was defined as the consumption of five or more drinks for men in a row and four or more for women in the row at least once in the two weeks preceding the survey (Wechsler 167). Overall 44% of the students were binge drinkers.Many colleges started to implement preventive measures at that point. Wechsler repeated his study in 17 and 1.The results stayed the same. Overall 44% of the college students are still binge drinkers, but in 1 drinking on college campuses continued a trend toward becoming more strongly polarized almost 1 in 5 students (1%) was an abstainer, and almost 1 in 4 (%) was a frequent binge drinker, both groups representing an increase from previous surveys (15% and 1% respectively in 1).

For the binge drinkers the intensity of their drinking increased significantly between 1 and 1.In 1, a greater percentage of both male and female students drank on 10 or more occasions; usually binged when they drank; were drunk three or more times in the past month; and drank to get drunk (Wechsler 10).The same type of students, the fraternity or sorority house residents and members of Greek organizations, and students who were white, male and were binge drinkers in high school had the highest rate of binge drinking in 1 and stayed the same in 17 and 1 (Wechsler 14).

Why do these college students still drink this way even though colleges started many preventive measures and programs, and many students still die from binge drinking?Some of the deaths are highly publicized, students know about them in all colleges. While no one counts the number of college students who die from alcohol use, Dr. David Anderson of George Mason University in Fairfax, VA, estimates that at least 50 die a year (Thompson 65).

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There are many reasons why college students drink.Many college students started to develop a pattern of binge drinking in high school, and they just continued the already established behavior (Weschler 1677). Some students drink like this every day, others drink like this two or three times a week.Fraternity and sorority initiation parties are where the binge drinking is the most rampant, although there are other occasions to party too.College students seem to be driven to this type of behavior.Many feel that these are my college years, and I need to start partying. Peer pressure is another contributing factor to this type of alcoholism. Lot of them consider drinking as "cool", and it gives them a sense of belonging to a group.

Another contributing factor is that college students can usually get drinks very cheaply in community bars, or by paying a small cover charge and then you get all you can drink (Thompson 67). Another reason is that drinking traditionally occupied a unique place in campus life.On many campuses, drinking behavior that would elsewhere be classified as alcohol abuse maybe socially acceptable or even socially attractive despite the documented implication in automobile crashes, violence, suicide, and high-risk sexual behavior (Wechsler 1677).For many students this is the first time that they are away from home, away from their parents and their warning against the evils of alcohol (Nathan ).Many college students drink because of genetic predisposition, parental drinking practices, or even birth order(Mayer ).

Another problem is that college binge drinkers don't see themselves as having a problem with alcohol (Wechsler 15).They see it as having a good time enjoying the college experience.But recent surveys have concluded that these binge drinkers have an alcohol problem or an alcohol problem in the making.These binge drinkers have classic denial (Nathan 17). What they don't realize is that they do can injure or kill either themselves or others.Recent surveys in 1 and again in 1 by Harvard's Public Health Department concluded that frequent binge drinkers are much more likely to experience serious health and other consequences than non-binge drinkers or abstainers.They have hangovers, do something they regret, miss a class, drop out of college, get hurt, or hurt someone, engage in unplanned and/or unprotected sex, get into trouble with campus or local police, and drive after they had drank (Wechsler 1677).These college students who do this don't even think twice about half the things they do. They still say that it's all in good fun.

Binge drinkers do not only cause problems for themselves but also for other students, which is considered the second hand effect of binge drinking. Examples are loss of sleep, not being able to study, or having to care for a drunk roommate (Wechsler 1676).

College administrators, staff and even the students are much more aware of the problem than in the past.Preventive measures are becoming the norm at colleges since Wechsler did the first survey of college binge drinking.Many are offering substance free housing, extensive education on alcoholism and counseling.Also, 8% of the colleges in the survey prohibited keg deliveries to dormitories.Many colleges started to implement restrictions on alcohol sales at intercollegiate sporting events, restriction on alcohol advertising, and are assigning a certain individual that is in charge of issues related to alcohol and drug abuse (Wechsler 4). Despite all these measures it is surprising that the overall binge drinking rate in colleges did not decrease from 1 to 1, and that the percent of the heavy binge drinkers is up.Some colleges are also looking for community support so underage students would not be able to purchase alcohol at all.

In conclusion I think that colleges are doing a pretty good job in trying to keep the problem under somewhat control.But you can't control a person or the way a person was brought up.So for some students its just life as they see it everyday since youth because their parents were alcoholics, or some kids just started drinking early to cope with their problems.It is difficult to get something that they just know as regular and put the label on it and expect that everyone changes over to abstinence.Not all will be able to get help but the ones that do should count to the colleges' efforts. I believe they should cut down alcohol advertisements in college areas, and they should make a seminar that all the students are required to attend and get some up front information about what happens when you binge drink. They might also try to promote alcohol free activities and have different types of college events where you are not allowed to drink or go to get drunk.

Maybe we go about this all the wrong way and instead of breathing down all college students' necks, we should try to look deeper for the answer.Start to research what makes these kids drink more from their own mouths. Since many binge drinkers started in high school, working with high schools should reduce the problem of binge drinking in college.The most serious offenders should be referred to treatment centers, and even be expelled them from college.The traditions of the fraternities and sororities should be changed also to reduce binge drinking.The goal is to change the norm of college drinking, but it will take time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

·Howard, George S., and Peter E. Nathan ed. Alcohol Use and Misuse by

Young Adults. Notre Dame University of Notre Dame Press, 14.

·Mayer, John E., and William J. Filstead. Adolescence and Alcohol.

Cambridge Ballinger Publishing Company, 180.

·Wechsler, Henry, PhD., et al. "Health and Behavioral Consequences of

Binge Drinking in College." Journal of the American Medical Association 7 Dec.14 167-1677.

·Thompson, J.J. "Plugging the Kegs." U.S. News and World Report

6 Jan. 18 6-67.

·Wechsler, Henry, PhD., et al. "College Binge Drinking in the 10's A

Continuing Problem." Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. 6 Apr. 001.http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/rpt000/CAS000rpt.html

·Wechsler, Henry, PhD., et al. "What Colleges Are Doing About Student

Binge Drinking." Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. 8 April 001.

http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/alcohol/surveyrpt.html

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