Thursday, December 12, 2019

Technology Choices

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Technology Choices, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Technology Choices paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).


Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).


Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.


When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.


It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.


In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).


Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).


Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.


When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.


It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.


In developing a project that is destined for both the Internet (or Intranet) and physical media (CD/DVD/Hard Disk) it can be extremely difficult to manage version forking (multiple variants of the same project) as development requirements may vary widely between the two. Physical media typically deals with executable applications targeted for a specific platform (Windows, Macintosh, Unix) in addition to media assets prepared for disk access (high-bandwidth) and mass-storage (CD/DVD).


Historically, CD/DVD projects are built using tools such as Macromedia Director or Authorware that create executable applications for a targeted hardware platform and runtime. Media authors using these tools are required to develop their projects using a proprietary workflow, format and methodology specific to each tool and runtime. A project built in one tool cannot easily be moved (ported) to anothers runtime, let alone ported to an Internet based distribution without significant reworking and reliance on a plug-in (Shockwave, Authorware Runtime Control).


Internet development on the other hand tends to embrace standards such as XHTML, CSS and the DOM (Document Object Model) accessed via ECMAScript (JavaScript) in a standard runtime - in addition to supporting plug-in/ActiveX media objects such as Flash, QuickTime and WindowsMedia. In many cases its much easier to adapt Internet technology to physical distribution than vice-versa. By using Internet technology its possible to re-use a large portion (if not all) content created for the web within a CD distributed application. The application runtime could be a shell incorporating either a web browser or a standalone version of Macromedias web-centric Flash Player. Additionally, functionality not provided by the browser or Flash Player such as the ability to save to disk or play full-screen video, could be plugged in to the application runtime as required.


When developing SCORM compliant content destined for a LMS there is a large amount of testing required to ensure that all content adheres to the standards defined in the specifications. Having to test multiple versions of the same content based on different runtimes, and potentially using different assets could result in significant overages in the project schedule and budget. It is also conceivable that these two versions (Internet and CD-ROM based) could look and perform radically differently, causing confusion to users. Maintenance is also complicated by having to maintain two (or more) different versions of the same content using two (or more) different tool sets. Training may also be required for people unfamiliar with specific toolsespecially Director and Authorware, as both have seen a decrease in user base over the past few years given the rise of Internet technologies such as Flash.


It would be our recommendation to develop this project in a single Internet based workflow utilizing a standards compliant web browser with the Macromedia Flash plug-in and Microsoft Windows Media component/plug-in installed. These technologies could then easily be repurposed in an off-line standalone version that could be deployed via CD-ROM using a shell/wrapper application to launch the content in a manner consistent with any Windows application.


Please note that this sample paper on Technology Choices is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Technology Choices, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Technology Choices will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Social responsibility

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The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit


This article talks about business and individuals of a business having responsibility. The text says that a business cannot, as a whole have responsibilities, but only people (businessmen) can have responsibilities. The book also talks about the difficulty of exercising "social responsibility" by forcing people to be responsible for their own actions, and therefore making it difficult for an individual to manipulate other people for either selfish or unselfish purposes. In other words, they can do good, but only at their own expense.


Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis


This article talks about the central questions in the field of business ethics, such as ethical management, and how a corporation can be managed with appropriate attention to ethical concerns. The article says that these topics can be addressed by an approach called "stakeholder analysis". It is said to be both misleading and truthful at the same time, as it compares the ethical relationship between managers and stockholders to their relationship with other stockholders. The decision making process of an individual or company can be seen in terms of six steps, which are covered in this articleperception, analysis, synthesis, choice, action, and learning. In the conclusion of this article, it talks about how ethically different the relationship between management and stockholders is, compared to the relationship between management and other parties.


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Ethical Aspects of Investor Behavior


This article teaches about the assumption that investors are interested only in share price maximization, and how that illustrates much of investor behavior. This assumption also underlies the neoclassical model and the stakeholder view. The assumption leads to the neoclassical recommendation that corporate decisions should be made on the basis of shareholder wealth maximization, because shareholder welfare and shareholder wealth are understood to be the same. The book teaches however, that if this belief isn't valid, then the validation for the SWM decision rule is weakened considerably. Investors who take into account social and ethical concerns, and act on these concerns, symbolize a hefty part of equity investment in the United States.


The Myth of the "Oppressive Corporation"


This article talks about corporations and all the myths out there about them. They are accused of polluting the air, land, and water, as well as, not providing enough jobs. It talks about the unequal treatment of women in corporations, and how one woman blames not male chauvinism, but blames the inferior status of women on the structure of a corporation. The article then goes on to talk about how most of the injustice that goes on among citizens is beyond the reach of courts or any government instrument. This book talked about the psychological damage done to employees by the structure of corporations, like stress, tensions, and inequities. It was said in this article by one man that employees are required to be obedient to their supervisors regardless of ethical and legal considerations. Most employees however, are allowed large autonomy in their personal behavior, including speech.


Employee and Employer Rights in an Institutional Context


This article talks about EAW, the common law principle of Employment at Will, which states that an employer may hire, fire, demote, or promote any employee whenever that employer wishes. Today many businesses are owned by a large number of changing shareholders and managed by employees who usually own little or no stock in the company. Each manager is an at-will employee, but sees himself as proprietor of certain responsibilities to the organization and as being in control of certain other employees whom the manager can dismiss at will. At the same time an employee may quit whenever he or she wishes. The employee-manager hierarchy of at-will employment relationships is both more complicated and more straightforward in union-management relationships because often the relationship is precise or limited by a number of well-defined rules for seniority, layoffs, and dismissals. EAW is to be justified on the basis of the right to freedom when controlling a business, and it requires an equal respect for employee freedoms. This article talks about both the moral and legal rights of employees and how employers need to respect them.


Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility


The text talks about whistleblowers, and defines them as being a sound or alarm from within an organization in which they work, aiming to spotlight neglect or abuses that threaten the public interest. This article talks about the moral conflicts when deciding whether or not to speak out about abuses, risks, or serious neglect. The more oppressive the authority they challenge, the greater the personal risk they take in speaking out. Sometimes the act of whistleblowing is seen as a violation of loyalty. The text says that not only is loyalty violated in whistleblowing, hierarchy as well is often opposed, since the whisleblower is not only a colleague but also a subordinate. Different methods are addressed in this article to help one understand whistleblowing, and when to do so. One method mentioned at the end of the article to reduce the tension and risk of whistleblowing is to state conditions specifically under which those who learn about an abuse must blow the whistle.


A Defense of Affirmative Action


This article talks about affirmative action and how its meaning has changed over the years. It originally referred to special efforts to guarantee equal opportunity for members of groups that had been subject to discrimination. Recently the term has come to submit to members of these groups in shaping access to positions from which they were previously barred. Usually it involves the assortment of women or minority members over other candidates who are better skilled for the position. The article separates affirmative action into two categories "weak affirmative action" and "strong affirmative action". It is strong affirmative action, the policy of preference, which stir up controversy. The text says most individuals would agree that weak affirmative action is a good thing, and worth its cost in time and energy. There are three objections to strong affirmative action that are brought to our attention in this article that it's inefficient, unfair, and that it damages self-esteem. Also there are points addressed in this article in justifying it as well. Strong affirmative action, involving significant preference should be undertaken only if it will significantly further a social goal of the first significance. The text teaches that a quota may be a good method of either weak or strong affirmative action, depending on the circumstances. It amounts to weak affirmative action, a safeguard against discrimination, if there is self-determining proof that average experience for the position being filled are no lower in the group to which a bare minimum quota is being assigned than in the interviewee group as a whole.


Affirmative Action The Price of Preference


This article talks about affirmative action, and how it can be both a good thing as well as a bad thing. The man writing this article, Shelby Steele, is a black college professor. He says that in theory, affirmative action has all the moral regularity that fairness needs, yet objectives, because of the chance for purity they offer us are very seductive and can blind us to the effects they produce when executed. He says that after twenty years of implementation, affirmative action has shown itself to be more of a bad thing than good, and that blacks lose more from it than what they gain. He says racial representation isn't the same thing as racial development, but affirmative action promotes a confusion of these different needs. Affirmative action is a gesture, and tells people that racial preferences can do for them what they cannot do for themselves. It tries to function like a social program, but instead of bringing others together, it separates them by races. This article brings the question to mind on whether or not affirmative action is doing what is was initially set out to do, or if it's doing what it's supposed to be doing, than is it really a good thing?


In Defense of Hiring Apparently Less Qualified Women


This article talks about affirmative actions that take place to ensure a women's job in an organization. There have been affirmative action programs that have been put together to try to counterbalance discrimination, and one of them requires academic departments to search for female candidates with qualifications at least as good as those of the leading male contender, and to hire her and not him. The author of this article talks about how men perceive women and how difficult it can be for a woman to be looked at by men equally and respectively. The author believes there are good reasons for affirmative action practices, but that nothing in the end is going to change unless faculty members take certain factors into consideration. No improvement in the position of women can be expected, for women are likely to seem less worthy of being hired than their male competitors when they are judged in the usual manner.


An Argument Against Comparable Worth


By comparable worth, the author, June O' Neill, means the view that employers should base compensation on the intrinsic value of a job rather than market considerations. People who agree with comparable worth see it as a way of raising women's economic status, and to minimize costs. Employers and business interests have a long history of protesting that fair treatment of workers will result in massive economic disruption. This article talks about comparable worth, and if companies should adopt it as a pay-setting mechanism.


Please note that this sample paper on social responsibility is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on social responsibility, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on social responsibility will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Design Report of:Output Buffer

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Design Report of:Output Buffer, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Design Report of:Output Buffer paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Output Buffer


The output buffer is an inverter with IOH =1mA @ VOH=.4V & IOL=1mA @ VOL=0.4V


It has aO/P states (0,1,Hi-Z).


The O/P buffer is designed in VLSI with the following capabilities


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1. Meets IOL & VOL specs for all VDD ranges (4V-6V).


. Meets IOH & VOH specs for all VDD.


. Minimize transient power dissipation.


4. has Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.


I. Design of output inverter


PMOS transistor sizing


VS = VB=VDD= 4V (worst case for VDD & no body effect).


VD = VOH= .4V VG= 0V VTp=VTp0= -0.74 V


So, VDS= -1.6V,VGS= -4V


since VDSVDSAT= -4 +0.74 = -.66 then transistor operates in linear region.


IDS= k'(W/L)p[(VGS-VTp)VDS - VDS²/]


Wherek'= µpCOX


where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m


Then, k'= (16010-4) COX = .564410-5 F/V.s


(W/L)p=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTp)VDS-VDS²/]}


=1.010-/{k'[.456]}= 7.111


If we take Lp = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wp= 0.87.111= 5.6µ


So (W/L)p = 5.6/0.8


NMOS transistor sizing


VS = VB= 0V (no body effect).


VD = VOL= 0.4V VG= 4(worst case for VDD) VTn=VTn0= 0.844 V


So, VDS= 0.4V,VGS= 4V


since VDSVDSAT= 4 - 0.844 = .156 then transistor operates in linear region.


IDS= k'(W/L)n[(VGS-VTn)VDS - VDS²/]


Wherek'= µnCOX


where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m


Then, k'= (4610-4) COX = 1.010-4 F/V.s


(W/L)n=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTn)VDS-VDS²/]}


=1.010-/{k'[1.184]}= 8.60


If we take Ln = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wn= 0.88.60= 78.8µ


So (W/L)n = 78.8/0.8


Simulation of NMOS of output inverter


The following circuit should be used


Fig#


(File Name VOL_IOL_1.CIR)


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Input Voltage


VIN 1 0


.DC VIN 0 1 0.01


NMOS Transistor


MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=78.8U


.PLOT DC I(VIN)


.PROBE


.END


This will result in the following wave forms


See Plot #1


We see from the plot that at VOL= 0.4V we have Iout = 4.46mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA


After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen


(W/L)n = 1/0.8


This value is simulated using the following code


(File Name VOL_IOL_.CIR)


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Input Voltage


VIN 1 0


.DC VIN 0 1 0.01


NMOS Transistors


MN_A1 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A4 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A5 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A6 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


.PLOT DC I(VIN)


.PROBE


.END


This code will result in the following plot


See plot#


From the plot we see that at VOL = 0.4V we have Iout = 1.184mA which meets our requierment.


Simulation of PMOS of output inverter


The following circuit should be used


Fig#


(File NameVOH_IOH_1.CIR)


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Gate voltage


VG0 DC 0


Input Voltage


VIN 1 0


.DC VIN 0.01


PMOS Transistor


MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=5.6U


.PLOT DC I(VIN)


.PROBE


.END


This will result in the following wave forms


See Plot#


We see from the plot that at VOH=.4V we have Iout =0.5mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA


After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen


(W/L)p = 10/0.8


This value is simulated using the following code


(File Name VOH_IOH_.CIR)


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Gate voltage


VG0 DC 0


Input Voltage


VIN 1 0


.DC VIN 0.01


PMOS Transistor


MP_A1 1P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A4 1P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A5 1P8 L=0.8U W=U


.PLOT DC I(VIN)


.PROBE


.END


This code will result in the following plot


See plot# 4


From the plot we see that at VOH = 0.4V we have Iout =1.05mA which meets our requirement.


II. Design of the NAND gate


To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.


To make NAND turns the PMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NAND output trip voltage should be high (i.e. NAND output signal tf slow, tr fast). Something like 0.7VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the lowest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).


VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)


With VDD=4V, VTRIP=.8V, VTp=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,


We get kR = 0.8


Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p


We get 0.0568= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]


so , if we take (W/L)n= 1/0.8 (for both NMOS's) we get (W/L)p=50.8/0.8


This NAND is driving the gate of PMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of


CG= COXWpLp


=(.7810-)(1010-6)(0.810-6)=0.01784 PF


Simulation of the NAND gate


Fig#4


(File Name NAND.CIR)


Test Hi-trip NAND gate


Pull up circiut


MP_A1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U


MP_BP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U


Pull down circuit


MN_A1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U


MN_B 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U


Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter


C_PGATE0 0.01784PF


Worst case for Hi-Vtrip,Lowest VDD


VDD0 DC 4


VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 N 0)


VIN0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 N 0)


.TRAN 0.001N N


.PLOT TRAN V(1) V() V()


.PROBE


.END


The out put plot


See plot#5


From the plot we see that the NAND output trip voltage is high as the output signal tf slow, tr fast).


III. Design of the NOR gate


To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.


To make NOR turns the NMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NOR output trip voltage should be low (i.e. NOR output signal tf fast, tr slow). Something like 0.VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the highest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).


VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)


With VDD=6V, VTRIP=1.V, VTn=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,


We get kR =11.41


Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p


We get10.446= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]


so , if we take (W/L)p= 1/0.8 (for both PMOS's) we get (W/L)n=45./0.8


This NOR is driving the gate of NMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of


CG= COXWnLn


=(.7810-)(110-6)(0.810-6)=0. PF


Simulation of the NOR gate


Fig# 5


(File Name NOR.CIR)


Test Low-Trip NOR gate


Pull up circiut


MP_A 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_B 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U


Pull down circuit


MN_A 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U


MN_B 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U


Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter


C_PGATE 6 0 0.PF


Worst case for low Vtrip highest VDD


VDD0 DC 4


VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 0N 0)


VIN 451 0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 0N 0)


.TRAN 0.001N 0N


.PLOT TRAN V(1) V(451) V(6)


.PROBE


.END


The out put plot


See plot#6


From the plot we see that the NOR output trip voltage is LOW as the output signal tr slow, tf fast).


IV. Design ofOutput Control signalInverter


PMOS Transistor sizing


(W/L)p = (5 CL)/ (tr k'p VDD)


•we need tr = nS = 10- S


•k'p = .564410-5 F/V.S


•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)


•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)


•CGp = COXWpLp


= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F


•CGn = COXWnLn


= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F


Then CL = .410710-14 F


So (W/L)p= 1.65 if we take Lp= 0.8µwe get Wp=1.= µ


NMOS Transistor sizing


(W/L)n = (5 CL)/ (tf k'n VDD)


•we need tf = nS = 10- S


•k'n = 1.010-4 F/V.S


•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)


•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)


•CGp = COXWpLp


= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F


•CGn = COXWnLn


= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F


Then CL = .410710-14 F


So (W/L)n= 0.57 if we take Ln= 0.8µwe get Wn=0.46= µ


Simulation of Output Control signalInverter


Fig#6


(File Name INVERTER.CIR)


output control inverter


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Input Voltage


VIN 451 0


.DC VIN 0 5 0.01


NMOS Transistor


MN_A451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U


PMOS Transistor


MP_A451 P8 L=0.8U W=U


.PLOT DC V() V(451)


.PROBE


.END


The out put plot


See plot#7


V. Output BufferFull Circuit Simulation


To simulate the output buffer, a dummy voltage source and a resistor should be added to emulate the load.In addition the required capacitive load ( i.e. 50 pF) should be considered too.


To find the value of the dummy voltage source and the dummy resistor, the following system of equations should be solved


VOH - VDUM = RDUMIOH


VDUM - VOL = RDUMIOL


Which result inVDUM = .4615 VRDUM = 15.84615 Ohms


Fig # 7


(File Name OP_BUFFER.CIR)


Output Buffer


min. VDD


VDD0 DC 4


Output control voltage


VOC 451 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 16N 4 18N 0 N 0)


Vin voltage


VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 5N 0 7N 4 1N 4 14N 0 1N 0 0N 4 5N 4 7N 0 N 0)


.TRAN .001N N


.PLOT TRAN V(451) V(1) V(7)


.PROBE


The dummy voltage source


VDUM 8 0 DC .4615


The dummy resistor


RDUM 7 8 15.84615


Capacitive load


CL 7 0 50PF


output control inverter


NMOS Transistor


MN_INVERTER451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U


PMOS Transistor


MP_INVERTER451 P8 L=0.8U W=U


NAND gate


Pull up circiut


MP_ANAND1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U


MP_BNANDP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U


Pull down circuit


MN_ANAND1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U


MN_BNAND 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U


NOR gate


Pull up circiut


MP_ANOR 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_BNOR 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U


Pull down circuit


MN_ANOR 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U


MN_BNOR 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U


Output Inverter


PMOS Transistor


MP_A1 7P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A4 7P8 L=0.8U W=U


MP_A5 7P8 L=0.8U W=U


NMOS Transistors


MN_A1 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A4 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A5 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


MN_A6 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U


.END


The out put plot


See plot#8


From the plot we find thatthat the output buffer we designed has


Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.


VI. Possible Improvements


We could also have considered


1. All junction capacitance


. Wiring capacitance


. The body effect. This will change VTp & VTn as they depend on VSB.


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Monday, December 9, 2019

Lord of the Flies

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William Golding's novel Lord of the flies shows his theory on how human nature in itself


is stubborn, uncivilized, evil, destructive etc. Golding tells a story about a group of


British boys stranded on a deserted island during W.W.I. As time goes by the behavior of


these boys worsens from being nothing but good school boys to ones who would kill anOrder Custom Lord of the Flies paper


animal even worse one of their own. The changes that happen to the boys on the island


represent the changes that the world and its people are facing while evil is in control.On


the island Ralph, Jack, and Roger are the characters who show Goldings pessimistic


theory the best. Golding shows a pessimistic attitude about the future of mankind through


the boys changing of values, who is chosen for leadership, and though savage behavior of


his characters in his novel.


The boys on the island start to alter the values and rules they started with. After


Jacks hunt returns from his hunt he goes to the beach to find an angry Ralph waiting from


him, when Ralph says"You let the fire go out..." Jack who was irritated responded


"... We can light the fire again. You should have been with us Ralph." (pg. 6) This starts


to show how life on the island is changing these boys. Day one on the island all the boys


wanted was to get rescued and go back home, and now they start to getting used to


their lives and most forget all about the rescue plan. The author is leaving us a message


that is saying that human beings have the ability to be both good and evil but, evil will


always win over good once law and order is broken. This point is also show when Ralph


and Piggy have a conversation about the other boys and the rules on the island. Ralph is


worried that if he blows the conch and none of the others come back that it means that


sooner or later the whole group of boys will turn savage and no one will get rescued,


Piggy responds to him with " If you don't blow, we'll soon be animals anyway. I can't


see what they're doing but I can hear." (pg. ) This is supportingwhat the authors


message is bye showing that the commonsense boy on the island Ralph, is just starting to


notice the changes that can happen and the realist on the island Piggy, already has


noticed the changed and is trying to find a way to stop evil from destroying the laws they


created. It is also saying that even though the transformation to evil isn't showing in


appearance it can be recognized by the way the other boys speak. Close to the end of the


novel Jack has his own meeting with his followers about the "beast" he tells them "and


about the best. When we kill we'll leave some of the kill for it. Then it wont bother us,


maybe." (pg. 1) This shows how they starts to think like primitive people making up


their own god, this new god they made up takes their minds off the things they believed


in before like getting rescued and being the bravest and smartest British boys. Now they


feel threatened by an imagined object. It also seems that because of the beast they do


things differently, like having sacrifices. They start to get scared proving that peoples


values change when they are scared, they make it so their life goes around a problem


instead of facing it. Finally we have Ralph all alone, his two loyal friends dead and


everyone else had gone to Jack. Ralph goes to SamnEric who tell him that in the morning


Jack and everyone are going to go hunting for him, this explains what the authors intent


was, to show how without laws to follow, people will inevitably lose sight of their true


values, in this case being a civilized group and getting rescued, to truing into savage


people who kill. As the boys grew together on the island they started drifting apart from


one another causing the rules they created to crumble and there values to fade leading to


the change in leadership on the island.


Leaders arepeople who keep everyone in order. The first thing the boys do while


together is talk about the situation they are inwhich leads to the election of a chief,


"Every hand outside the choir except Piggy's was raised immediately. Then Piggy, too,


raised his hand grudgingly into the air." (pg. ) Ralph gets voted for chief, as a result


Jack gets very angry determined to out due Ralph at everything from that moment on. In


Ralphs group the boys consider the conch as the best power that one could have. They


chose the conch over anything else on the island, because it was the first thing that


assembled them together, creating the group. This is what really made Ralph the first


chief, because he held the conch when he was picked. As time goes on Ralph tries to


make everything run as smoothly as possible. But he runs into problems which causes


people on the island to rethink his capability as a leader. So the boys look for a new


leader, so they turn to Jack. They join Jacks group leaving Ralph to deal with his own


ideas of how the island should run. Once mostly everyone joins Jacks group he has a


meeting and tells them " We'll hunt, I'm going to be chief." (pg. 1) Jack feels the need


to make them believe that he is the only leader for them and that hunting is the only thing


they'll need. He believes that hunting is good enough for a tribe to live off of. He also


tries to encourage others this way by making them remember past hunts and how fun it


was, in which he takes them away from the boring working life that Ralph has made.


Finally, when SamnEric were being pushed into joining Jacks tribe by Jack and Roger the


author mentions that "Roger advanced upon them as one wielding a nameless authority."


feeling intimidated by Roger they are forced to join evils side. Now we see a different


type ofleader among the boys, Roger. Roger has gotten to be even more feared by than


Jack which causes the boys to obey him. Roger is the executive power, the needed


authority which does dirty work, he has secret need of power which is seen if the way he


treats SamnEric. He treats others like a bully this power he has over them is caused by


the fear he brings to them. Fear and superstition rule the island instead of the laws. A


leader is chosen by his ability to get his followers attention in a lot of cases this can be


shown through how savage the leader behaves.


The boys go from being good to turning into savages. Jack was out hunting again


when Golding describes the mask Jack has created for himself "... and the mask was


anything of its own, behind which Jack had hid, liberated from shame and


self-consciousness." (pg. 64) Golding shows how Jack lets the fire inside of him free


once the mask is on. He is showing a side of Jack we haven't seen before, an evilness, its


as if with this mask the real Jack comes out letting all the rules he has obeyed for years


go. Golding is letting us know that we do have that evilness in us, we are born with it


even if you try and hide it sooner or later it will be unmasked. While hunting for a pig


Roger the boy who wasn't capable of hitting the little ones with rocks on the beach


before now has changed dramatically, Golding describes how the sow they are hunting


was killed by Roger "Roger found a lodgment for his point and began to push till he was


leaning with his weight." (pg. 15) Roger had killed a pig in a way that it seemed to be


okay among them. Roger and the others craved the challenging hunts, the freedom of the


island had allowed them to unleash the darker side of their personalities which had been


hidden always within them. This killing shows how evil man can be. This sow


symbolically represented a motherly women and Roger once a good boy, has


symbolically rapped this poor sow. The boys killed a figure that was like one of their


mothers and in killing the mother pig they have killed their own mother, which is one of


the worst things you can do in civilization. The time comes when we see the dramatic


changes the boys have taken on the island. Ralph who doesn't have anyone on his side


after Piggy and Simon were killed goes to the cliffs to see if SamnEric can help him, by


telling what Jacks plans are for tomorrow, when he gets to the cliffs the boys are


guarding they tell him that Roger sharpened a stick at both ends(pg. 175). At the


beginning of Jacks tribe, Jack and the other boys had killed a sow. They had cut its head


off and stuck it on a stick. A stick sharpened at both ends. To the boys this was a scarifies


to the beast that was created in their minds. If the boys didn't feel that they had to please


the beast they wouldn't have any reason to kill Ralph, he was not a danger to them. The


island had caused them not only to lose logic but faithful beliefs too. Now the boys


would go hunt for Ralph. He was next scarifies to their new found god figure. Humans


are born with the instinct to be savage its just hidden by all the laws that are programmed


in people minds but like all things that are hidden they start to appear once a tiny opening


appears.


William Goldings basic philosophy is that man was inherently evil, Lord of the


Flies shows us that the evil living within everyone could be unleashed. The novel proves


that the dark side of human nature could be as evil and awful as the unknown in itself,


and even the most innocent people are weak to it. The boys in the beginning try and act


like grown-ups, the good civilized people, but by the end they act more grown-up than


they would have though because grown-ups do kill other humans for no apparent reason


just like they did. This is a really good novel that portrayed the evils of human nature


though the lives of boys stranded on a island while a war was going on around them.


Golding intended people to understand that humans underneath all the goodness are by


birth savage once the laws and government disappears from their minds. It is reviled that


the human race is really born evil, this is shown though the boys and the way they change


their responsibilities, the leaders and the way they become primitive people in the book.


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Friday, December 6, 2019

International Organised Crime and Terrorism

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The interrelated law and order issues of Organised Transnational Crime (OTC), the illicit drug trade and terrorism, are those which are most threatening to international security today. 'Law and order' issues have also been called, 'low-intensity conflict', problems of 'global governability' and 'grey area phenomenon' and can be seen as threats tosecurity arising from non-state actors andnon-governmental processes. Increasingly since the end of the cold war, threats to national security are coming from these grey area phenomena and due to the process of globalisation, threats to national security can threaten international security. This essay will examine how OTC, terrorism and international drug trafficking are affecting all aspects of human security and it will be seen that it is increasingly difficult to clearly distinguish the difference between these issues. It will be shown that these particular GAP are the most threatening due to; the range of aspects of security they threaten, the convergence of and partnership between OTC and terrorism, the growing lethality of terrorism and the disparity of capabilities and effectiveness between these groups and the law enforcement and security bodies attempting to combat them.


The new global economy has presented new opportunities for criminal organisations. These organisations have


increasingly engaged in cross-border activity, both in response to market activities and as a means of decreasing their vulnerability to law enforcement efforts. As a result, organisations and networks have increased in size and power and many have developed interests beyond their country of origin. Criminal organisations have developed to resemble transnational corporations which treat national borders as nothing more than minor inconveniences to their criminal enterprises. (McFarlane 16, p.456)


The most threatening of activities undertaken by OTC and increasingly by terrorists is the trafficking of illegal narcotics. The drug trade has the ability to penetrate all aspects of society and can threaten the social, political and economic security of nations, regions and the global community.


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Through corruption of state employees, transnational crime syndicates have the ability to undermine legitimate political processes. Dupont (1, p.46) suggests that '…the growth in the coercive power of organised crime, if unchecked, has international security implications because large-scale criminal enterprise can subvert the norms and institutions that underpin the global order and the society of states'.


He offers Burma as the prime example of a threat to sovereignty from the "anti-state imperatives of criminals trafficking in heroin and [synthetic drugs]". (p.454)


Chalk (001, p.188) offers an example closer to home however. He cites the findings of the 16-7 Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service. The findings of the report suggest their has been a close relationship between police officers and drug traffickers for some time and Chalk goes on to explain that 'such corruption not only undermines the integrity and credibility of Australian social and political institutions, it also exposes the country to international influences over which it has little, if any, control.' Thus OTC can be seen to pose a direct threat to sovereignty.


In the post Cold War era, concerns have increasingly focused on security aspects other than the traditional concerns of political, military and sovereign integrity. The economic and social security of nations and its populations is becoming more important to security analysts and policy makers.


The social impact of the drug trade may not necessarily be the most threatening to security but is probably the impact most felt by the majority of citizens within a society. These threats and impacts include; problems with addiction and the related problem of the spread of infectious diseases particularly HIV/AIDS and an increase in crime associated to the drug trade brought about by addicts trying to finance their habit and by traffickers trying to obtain larger shares of a market. McFarlane (16, p.45) points to another interesting threat which may emerge from an increase in crime'Furthermore, with increasing crime a free press and civil rights tend to be ignored both by the criminals and by the hard-pressed law enforcement agencies.'


The potential for the drug trade to affect economic security is also large and is more and more becoming the focus of anti-crime initiatives.


The importance of programmes and clinics to help those with an addiction problem or associated health or medical problem diverts funds from other areas of the economy. Finance of resources to combat OTC and the drug trade also diverts money from other sectors of the economy. Destabilisation of a financial system can also occur through the process of money laundering (Chalk 001 p181).


The threat of terrorism also looms large on the international stage, especially since the events of Sept 11 001 in New York and in Bali on Oct 1 00. Due to these events, Militant Islamic terrorism is the focus of much of the international effort against terrorism and is seen as an immediate threat to international security. The difference between terrorists and OTC syndicates is largely determined by their motives and objectives. While OTC will usually focus on the acquisition of profits and power, militant Islamic terrors purpose is commonly identified as the eradication ofinfidel. In this, they are becoming much more proficient. One of the reasons for this proficiency is the availability and affordability of weapons and supporting technology left over from old Cold War conflicts (Chalk 1, p.161; Marenko n.d). Campbell (17, p. 8, cited in Chalk 1, p.16)suggests that terrorism 'has demonstrated an increasing trend towards growing lethality and extreme violence….suggesting a potential escalation spiral that could culminate in the indiscriminate use of weapons of mass destruction'


As separate law and order issues, Organised Transnational Crime and non-profit motivated terrorism constitute immediate threats to international security. There is however, an escalating trend towards cooperation and indeed a convergence between these two groups, so much so that is becoming more difficult to distinguish between them. Since the end of the Cold War, state sponsored and subsidised terrorism has declined and terrorist organisations have turned to criminal like activities to fund operations (Jamieson 001, p.7).The most common and threatening of these activities is drug trafficking which offers dividends that can often lead revolutionary groups to neglect their ideals. Hezbollah operates a narcotics export operation out of the Bekaa Valley in the Middle East, has ties with the insurgent Kurdistan Workers Party and with Russian organised crime and is a good example of a group turning to crime to fund their terror operations. Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) are better examples of ideologically driven groups that that have transformed into criminal enterprises (Cillufo 000).


On the other hand, organised crime groups are increasing their use of terror tactics. In 1 for example, the Sicilian Mafia carried out a series of car bomb attacks near historic sites on the Italian mainland with the aim of 'intimidating public opinion and Parliament into abrogating recently passed anti-mafia legislation' (Jamieson 001, p.7).


The cooperation between and convergence of OTC and terrorism naturally poses a larger threat to international security than if they operated alone. It is implied by the Report on the 11th Meeting of the CSCSP Working Group on Transnational Crime (00) that John McFarlane suggests that the attacks on Sept 11 001 in New York could not have been perpetrated without criminal means and connections being used to acquire funds and identity papers.


The direct threats of OTC, the Drug trade and terrorism have been recognised but a related threat must also be addressed. This threat comes from a disparity between the capabilities of OTC and terrorist groups and the ability of governments to stop their activities. This is exacerbated by the effects of globalisation.Naim (00) best describes this situation


Never fettered by the niceties of sovereignty, they [OTCs and terrorists] are now increasingly free of geographic constraints. Moreover, globalisation has not only expanded illegal markets and boosted the size and the resources of criminal networks, it has also imposed more burdens on governments Tighter public budgets, decentralisation, privatisation, deregulation and a more open environment for national trade and investment all make the task of fighting global criminal more difficult. Governments are made up of cumbersome bureaucracies that generally cooperate with difficulty, but drug traffickers, arms dealers, alien smugglers, counterfeiters and money launderers have refined networking to a high science, entering into complex and improbable strategic alliances that span cultures and continents.


It is clear from this that governments need to redefine notions of sovereignty in order to foster more international cooperation within the framework of strengthened international institutions.


Organised Transnational Crime activities, particularly narcotics trafficking, are a serious threat to international security. They can destabilise a nation socially, politically and economically, which in turn can lead to destabilisation in the international community.


The increasing occurrence and lethality of militant Islamic terrorism also creates concern for international stability.


The most significant threat however, comes from a convergence of OTC and terrorism and the international community's inability to react effectively to this increasing phenomena.


Please note that this sample paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wednesday, December 4, 2019

A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible

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The existence of evil in the world is a universal question that is often contemplated.Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller in their novels A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible address this question of evil.One of these stories is set in the future, and the other in the past confirming the belief that the human struggle between good and evil is timeless and applies to every person in society.Throughout history numerous examples of leaders have attempted to control the nature of people within their society through systems of punishment and reward.This system had failed continuously to control the entire population because people still retain their ability to choose.It is said that once a person loses his free will, he ceases to be a person.This is the struggle confronting the protagonists in both A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible.The fifteen-year old rebel Alex and the respected farmer John Proctor refuse to conform to the rules of their oppressive societies, and as a result are denied the freedom to choose between good and evil, therefore becoming less than human.


Both Alex and John Proctor live in highly oppressive societies from which they feel alienated, and therefore decide to rebel against.The futuristic setting of A Clockwork Orange is one of a constructive, depersonalized society where the government has far too much control over people's lives.They are forced to live in strictly regimented communities, and their daily life is dreary."Alex's England is a socialized nightmare." (De Vitis, 106)It is because of this meaningless life that Alex chooses to rebel against his society, committing so many brutal acts of violence that he soon becomes desensitized to the horror he is creating.When questioned by his correctional officer as to why he acts this way, Alex replies "…badness is of the self, the one, the you or me. They of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow badness because they cannot allow they self… what I do, I do because I like to do it.(Burgess, 4)Alex fully


Bisson


realizes that the controlled society he lives is one that tries to eliminate all individuality.This causes him to act out in violence against authority as a means of expressing himself and retaining his personal freedom.Similarly, the historical setting of Arthur Miller's The Crucible is one of a lifeless and highly conservative community in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts, in the late seventeenth century.The citizens of the town are narrow-minded, hardworking people who live in constant fear of sin and the Devil, and whose habitual lives revolve around the church."Salem was governed by a combine of state and religious power whose function it was to keep the community together, and to prevent ant kind of disunity that might open it to destruction by material or ideological enemies". (Moss, 8) It is this mindset, shared by the community that Proctor disagrees and rebels against when he has an affair with Abigail Williams.Proctor soon realizes his mistake and denies the affair.Abigail, however, is still in love with him and is bitter for him rejecting her as she shouts; "You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet!"(Miller, 4)John Proctor is ashamed of his adulterous sin."Were I stone I would have cracked for shame this seventh month!" (Miller, 6)Although he feels remorse for his sin Proctor is unable to confess it because he knows he will suffer judgment and disapproval.Both Alex and John Proctor are different from those around them, and therefore find it difficult to live by the same rules.It is this, which prompts them to rebel against authority, and commit crimes in order to remain true to themselves in a time and place where individuality is condemned.


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Since Alex or John Proctor will not allow their lives to be governed by the rules of society, they are removed from the community and denied by their authorities their right to choose between good and evil.In A Clockwork Orange, Alex is arrested and sent to a state jail.While in prison, he is selected to test out a newly designed government rehabilitation technique known as 'Ludovico Process'.The process involves Alex being exposed to scenes of violence and simultaneously results in a drug induced feeling of pain and nausea."Never again will you


have the desire to commit acts of violence to offend the states peace." (Burgess, 76)He becomes brainwashed by the government so that the thought of violence will result in agony and pain.


When he is released back into society he is no longer a freethinking individual. "Before the brainwashing Alex has chosen, consciously as he thought, the evil action.By means of the Ludovico processing, Alex is denied the choice itself." (DeVitis, 108) When Alex is set free, he force to live by the rules that he despises.The government is condemning Alex to a life of confinement where his decisions are made for him, making him no longer an individual.Likewise in The Crucible John Proctor is placed in a situation where he is falsely accused of witchcraft, arrested, and put on trial before a merciless town judge.Although he denies having anything to do with the devil, he is given the choice between confessing to the crime or being hanged. Once accused, John must choose what the town has deemed to be "goodness", that is, admitting to a crime that he is not guilty, or face death.Proctor wants to live, but does not want to see his false, signed confession on the church door. "I have confessed myself!Is there no good penitence but it be public?God does not need my name nailed upon the church."(Miller, 14)Proctor is unable to lie to himself, and chooses death since it is the only option left for him to keep his integrity. As he is about to die he says to his wife, "Would you give them such a lie?You would not.It is evil… for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor."(Miller, 18) Proctor, knowing he has done nothing wrong, refuses to let his right to choose between right and wrong be taken away, and as a result must choose death to remain true to himself.Alex and John proctor are given no choice but to be "good" as defined by the government, and because they do not act in the way society wishes, they are denied their free will.


By taking away Alex and John's liberty to choose between right and wrong, the government strips them of their freedom of thought and action, which is essential to all people, thus making them less then human.When Alex is released form prison is incapable of


committing a crime, and posses no threat to society. "Never again will you have the desire to commit acts of violence or offend in any way against the states peace." (Burgess, 76)To his dismay, Alex realizes that things he took pleasure in before, such as music and art, are now a source of pain to him. (Burgess, 180)Thus, he is forced to live in innocence, without the ability to choose for himself, and it is this weakness which separates him form humanity.Alex has essentially become a 'clockwork' man himself, as he is now an empty person who must experience life without being able to enjoy it.Before Alex underwent the process, he is warned by the prison chaplain of the negative effects of such a process "the question is whether such a technique can really make a man good.Goodness comes from within.Goodness is something chosen.When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man."(Burgess, 67)Alex takes no notice of this warning and as a result the process, and for a period of time he is unable to function as human.Realizing the rest of his life will be a mechanical existence; Alex attempts to commit suicide.He awakes after throwing himself from a window to discover that he is once again able to make his own choices.At the end of The Crucible Proctor is faced with the same situation. Unable to choose what he knows to be good, he is forced to sign a confession and face a life of shame.It is this that causes him to retract his confession, and chooses death.When told that he will die if he does not allow his written confession to be made public, John replies "Because it is my name!Because I cannot have another in my life!Because I lie and sign and sign myself to lies!I have given you my soul; leave me my name!"(Miller, 14) Proctor knows that if he sign's his name he will live a life of shame and guilt.Also, in denying him the freedom to choose what he knows to be right, he will lose his individual morality, something he knows he cannot live without. He chooses death, as being the honorable solution to this conflict since it is the only way he will be allowed to remain true to himself.Proctor realizes that life without free will is a subhuman existence and not worth living.Both Alex and john, unable to choose between right


and wrong for themselves, cease to have a normal existence, and both choose death over a life without choice.This is the only way they have of affirming their humanity.


Both Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller believe that it is more important to remain true to oneself then to always choose good over evil.They show a person must maintain their free will in order to function properly as a human being.They prove this in their works A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible by showing the negative things which befall the protagonists when their


right to choose is taken from them.Basically, a free will is essential to every human being, and to take it away is to dehumanize an individual.The two novels function as notable warnings to those that would sacrifice their individuality to please authorities. In addition, they remind the reader that what makes a person is their ability to choose, and so it is necessary that people be allowed that choice. This paper is the property of Term Papers 4 Free.com Copyright00


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Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Speech on being health conscious

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on speech on being health conscious. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality speech on being health conscious paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in speech on being health conscious, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your speech on being health conscious paper at affordable prices !It seems as if every time you pick up a magazine, you find article headlines in big print such as "walk off the pounds", "lose cellulite", "get summer abs", or "the grape fruit diet". In the past few decades, Americans have become fixated on looks, yet the average American is bigger and unhealthier than ever.In 186, the average weight of Americans ages 5 to 0 was 161 pounds.In 16, the statistic rose to 171 pounds.Today, 64% of Americans are considered overweight or obese.We hear this fact, most ignore it, some worry about it, and very few do anything about it.


What does it mean to be overweight? Being overweight refers to an excess of body weight compared to set standards.The excess weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, or body water.Obesity differs from being overweight because it refers specifically to having an abnormally high proportion of body fat.One can be overweight without being obese, such as an athlete or bodybuilder who has a lot of muscle.However, many people who are overweight are also obese.The main method of determining if you are overweight or obese is by calculating your BMI (body mass index). This measurement is a formula that shows the relationship of a person's height to weight.To calculate your BMI, your body weight in kilograms is divided by the square of his or her height in meters. Individuals with a BMI of 5 to . are considered overweight, while individuals with a BMI of 0 or more are considered obese. (pass out chart)


I know as students, we could all improve our diets.The late night pizza, the all you can eat opportunity at towers, the study snack attacks, and the worst of them all, the beer.And with all the worries of studying, who has time to count fat and calories, or carbs and protein?


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The problem with today's world is that there isn't enough time in a day.People are constantly on the move and therefore careful diet planning gets pushed to the bottom of their lists.Instead of coming home to prepare a healthy home cooked meal, American's choose to dine out, and most of the time its fast food.The average American eats out 4 to 6 times a week.Although eating out can be easy on the waistline, most people's plates are filled with just the opposite of healthy.Restaurants are famous for their large portions that could feedtopeople, yet most patrons choose to consume the whole dinner themselves, some which contain more than a 1500 calories and 50 grams of fat.That is more than half of what an average person's daily intake should be.According to the USDA, it is the portion sizes that are a major contribute to today's obesity. They say that portion sizes have grown -5 times the proper amount..


•Hersheys chocolate bar 0.6 oz in 108 / 1.6 - 8.0 oz in 00


•Burger King Hamburger sandwich . oz in 154 / 4.4-1.6 oz in 00


•McDonalds soda 7 fl oz in 155 / 1-4 fl oz in 00


•Coca Cola bottle 6.5 fl oz in 116 / 8-4 fl oz in 00


•Bagel chain store .-5.0 oz / USDA .0 oz


So why should you become aware of what you put in your mouth? Not only is America's eating problem packing on pounds, its clogging arteries, limiting life spans, and producing diseases.Today, the leading cause in deaths is cardiovascular disease and the second is cancer. (show chart) The average American gainspounds a year.You may shrug your shoulders on that statistic, but looking 0 years down the road, you could be a whopping 40 pounds heavier at age 40 if your trend continues. This picture of Julia Roberts shows what could happen. (show pic)


Food is considered an art and eating is something everyone enjoys.But food is for more than pleasure.Our bodies need energy, and food is our fuel for that energy.Once digested, our body converts the food into energy, witch is measured in calories.The number of calories everyone needs vary depending on three things your basal metabolic rate, which is the amount of energy your body needs to rest and for your organs to function.Your physical activity is everything you do when you are not lying still from brushing your teeth to jogging.The thermic effect of food is the number of calories your body uses to digest the food you eat.The rate at which these calories are burned is called your metabolism.It varies from person to person, but most 18 to 5 year old females require around ,000 and guys around ,500. When you eat more calories than your body needs to function well, you gain weight because the body doesn't use the extra energy and therefore stores it as fat.When you eat fewer calories than what is needed, you lose weight because the body uses the already stored fat to function.


Eating healthy is not complicated.It can be as simple as switching from whole milk to skim or real mayo to low calorie miracle whip.And eating out does not have to be a burden on your new healthy diet.At restaurants, read menus carefully and stay away from the words fried, crispy, and saucy.Most restaurants cater to the healthy eater and take requests such as to cook your meal in very little oil, or to substitute the side of fries with a salad.More and more fast food places are beginning to also offer items for the calorie conscious consumer.Mc Donalds has the fruit and yogurt parfait, Wendy's has their bowl of chili, Subway has become famous for their 7 subs under 6 grams of fat,and most other places offer a variety of salads. But don't be fooled by the word salad.Although this food is usually linked with dieting, salads have become something much more than a weight loss food.A Wendy's oriental chicken salad offers more than 500 calories and 5 grams of fat.This is why we must become informed of our food choices.Added toppings such as cheese, croutons, nuts, and calorie loaded dressings take the healthy green leaf entre and turn it into something nothing close to healthy.If not careful, your so called healthy salad could be worse than the burger you wanted in the first place.If you crave the burger, order a small plain one, without the sauce or cheese.Fast Food Chains are notorious for their fattening sandwich spreads.Omitting the sauce on a burger can save more than 150 calories and 15 grams of fat.If you can't resist your usual Big Mac, eat only half, and skip the side of fries and replace the soda with water or skim milk.Supersize is probably the worst word that has become linked with fast food joints.Just super sizing your beverage could cost you 600 calories or more.


So far, I have explained watching fat and calories, but one of the biggest problems today is that people don't realize that eating healthy requires more than just counting calories and cutting fat.Yes that is a major part in eating healthy and losing weight, but also where those calories come from is even more important. You could eat a doughnut for breakfast, cookie for lunch, and small bag of chips and diet soda for dinner and maintain your weight, but I can almost guarantee you won't live much past 40.To maintain a healthy figure, things such as vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients need to be included in our diet. It is these foods that help fight diseases and keep not only our outer self in good shape, but our inner self as well.Shape magazine recommends 5 foods you should included in your everyday diet oranges, dark leafy greens, bran cereal, yogurt, and soy.Although I'm sure you never get all of these everyday, it is important to try to start adding these in to your daily food intake.These foods contain nutrients that help prevent polyps and cancer ,fight bacteria, and boost your immune system.(show examples of food)


It is important to watch what you eat, even if you do not appear fat or obese.Any of us in this room are subject to heart disease or cancer, but with the proper nutrition and exercising, you can help prevent these illnesses.A woman 5 foot 7 weighing the appropriate 10 pounds may have a great outer appearance, but her arteries may not be so beautiful.Being thin does not exclude you from the risk of heart disease.Some people are lucky with fast metabolisms and seem to be able to eat everything they want, but this can be dangerous.I know that my scrawny 16 year old brother can go to Wendy's and eatdouble cheeseburgers and a large fry and not put on a pound, but this can be dangerous.Even though he may not gain weight from this meal, his organs and arteries will not be thanking him in upcoming years.The fat and fake food he is putting in his body may not harm his thighs, but will most definitely kill his heart.(show picture of arteries) These are the arteries fromsubjects that are around the same height and weight.Although their body types appear similar on the outside, their insides are obviously another story.


As you can see, eating healthy is more than just attempting to stay slim.Your body will be good to you if you are good to it, so feed it with the proper nutrition.You don't have to eliminate your favorites because it will only lead to later binging, but eat it in moderation.A good guide to get you started is the food pyramid. (show poster)It provides an elementary level understanding of what to eat and how much of it to eat. Although it may seem like I have overwhelmed you with information, these are only the basics to the new healthy you.For inspiration, put up pictures of healthy bodies on the fridge. This way, when you go to reach for the ice cream, you will stop and think, and take an apple instead. A great website I found is www.fitday.com . Here you keep a record of everything you eat.It calculates everything from the calories,and fat to the carbs, and vitamins in each food you eat daily.You will find it is harder to eat something bad for you knowing that you have to write it down.It is surprising to see how fast the calories you eat add up.If you are planning to live a long, healthy life, now is the time to start preparing.Changing your eating habits can add years to your life and protect you from fatal diseases.When making decisions about what to eat, always keep in mind the old saying "you are what you eat".


Please note that this sample paper on speech on being health conscious is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on speech on being health conscious, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on speech on being health conscious will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Monday, December 2, 2019

Sociology

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sociology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sociology paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in sociology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your sociology paper at affordable prices !Have the recent changes and challenges to our cultural conscience about men and womens identities, roles, and activities influenced individual men and womens lives and thoughts.


What influences a persons identity? Is it their homes, parents, religion, or maybe where they live? When do they get one? Do they get it when they understand right from wrong, or when they can read, or are they born with it? Everyone has one and nobody has the same, is there a point in everyones life when they get one? A persons identity is his own, nobody put it there and nobody can take it out. Everyone in this world has a different identity because they all make there own over the course of their life. A persons identity also causes a person to have masculine and feminine traits. There is no one thing that gives a person their identity, there are however many different factors that contribute to ones identity.


What is someones identity? Is it the way they look, the way they dress, or it could be many things all put together, or is it none of the above? To me someones identity is a part of his or her being. Nobody will ever hold it, touch it, or even see it, but it is there. Everybody has one, it guilds your decision making, your thoughts, ideas, and dreams. You may think something is terrible while someone else does not even care and yet another person may laugh, why? The answer is simple, everyone has his own identity and personality. Everyone feels, acts, thinks, and dreams differently. People may have some of these things in common with one another, but they will not be totally the same, it is like a fingerprint, unique.


There are many origins to a persons identity, their family, friends, home life, religion, environment and for the past 0 years the largest media. But how does it get there, you do not go into a store and pick on off the shelf. A persons identity is developed over many years and put together by the person themselves. It comes from the individuals ability to think, reason and form an opinion. Nobody has the same mind, or the same conscious, so how could anyone have the same identity as another. A persons identity is developed over many years from the time they become aware of their surroundings, until death. Their identity will change with them. As peoples dreams are dreamed and goals are accomplished their identities will change with the individual. Their aspirations and values will change, causing their identities to change with it. It may be a slight alteration or a major overhaul but their identity will adjust to the person.


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One of the factors of forming an identity is family. Your family may not be your biological parents or ever a blood relative at all, but nobody in this world can live from birth without some one. But no matter who it is, they will be the people who take care of you when you are sick or aid you when you need help. These people will be there with you for a long time, and will have a major impact on whom you become. Lots off people are fortunate enough to live with a mother and a father; they may even have some brothers and sisters to play with as they grow up. But even with the same family influences, brothers and sisters still do not have the same identities. Some say having a traditional family may be bad for the development of an identity. In cases where abuse is present it may effect the male by influencing him to become an abuser. Thinking abuse is normal and becoming an abused may effect the female. Both children would not feel the way someone whose father always showed love and caring for their mother would. What about a teenager who used drugs at home. Would their younger siblings, in looking up to them, feel the same as another child who grew up never seeing an illegal drug before. If family members have no intention in keeping the other members of the family on the right path to being a good person, then what will they become. A large part of how someone turns out is due to the family. A good , solid, caring family may give rise to a kinder, gentler person than a family that does not care whether the children get into trouble. With the present increase of divorce children are losing there first line of socialization. Kids grow up seeing their parents and how they act, or not seeing their parents at all. Proper parenting will lead to better identities in there children.


Friends also play a part in a persons developing an identity, they are also a good indicator of ones identity. Whether you hang around wall street all day or you work on your farm all day, may tell a little about your identity. Neither is better than the other but they probably have different interests and likes. That does not mean they can not be friends and get along, they will just be different.


Gender is a major cause for a persons identity. A person might act a certain way because of the gender that is given to them. If a male child is brought up with Barbie dolls and being feminine he is labeled as gay. A girl who is raised with He-man and GI Joe is called a Tom Boy. This is based largely on the impact of the Media. Media, influence more than our identities, it influences our roles. As does the family Media portrays the roles of men and women in ways the child may not experience at home.


A persons religion can also play a big role in ones identity. People who grow up belonging to a religion would be a lot more likely to continue on with it when they grow older than someone who never believed in one, to start. Religion can have a rather large effect on a person forming an identity. If a person learns to treat others with respect and kindness as they were young, they may keep it with them as they turn into adults. On the other hand a religion could have negative effects on a persons identity. For instance, belonging to a cult that believes in sacrificing animals or even humans would not give a person a very nice identity. Especially when compared to a person who grew up as a practicing Roman Catholic. A persons beliefs can easily lead a person into making a decision, especially regarding ethics or kindness. The person growing up not caring about anything but themselves could easily make a different choice than a person that was taught to be respectful to other people. However this is not always the case, religion can only work if the person decides to follow it and adhere to it. A person who goes to church every Sunday with their parents and does not care about it will probably not have a large religious effect on their identity, it may even cause the person to think who needs religion, it is useless. A persons identity is his own, they make it and develop it however they choose to. Religion may play a part, or not, it may be bad or good, but the individual has the final say.


Your environment does not just mean your outside surroundings, this also refers to your home. People live en all kinds of homes and I do not mean a ranch or a cabin. Your home life is also your environment. Is it clean and neat or is it bug infested and dirty. Kids growing up in all kinds of homes will form different identities. Will they be neat freaks or will they not care how they live in their houses. It is a shame to see people living in filthy, run down places. The kids who come out of neat, clean homes would probably be different in how they look at dirt and grime. Do they care or not?


Men and women are different because of society has set them up with. It is observed for men to be strong and women to be weak. Also it is in the mentality of the person who is making the comparison to choose how a woman or man is supposed to think. For example one man might think women should be in the house all day making food, cleaning, and making babies. On the other hand another man might like to stay home and take care of the kids and the house while the wife works. In todays society they are both acceptable but the second choice is becoming an ever more popular choice. Another mentality that a man might have is that all women are sluts and bitches. If this mode of thought is used then the person probably has very little respect for a woman. Many rap stars have this mentality about woman. Bitches aint sht but hoes and tricks... (Dr. Dre). This is a line from Dr. Dres album The Chronic. The is the type of thinking that might lead someone to think that all women cheat on their husbands. In the story The Astronomers Wife by Kate Boyle, the husband was asleep probably had no idea that his wife was about to cheat on him with the plumber it probably never even crossed his mind. Also in A Respectable Woman by Kate Chopin, the wife tries to be honest and true but she has a lot of feeling for a man whom she does not really know. The husband trusts his wife greatly he wants her to be friends with his friend, but the wife has something different in mind. She wants the man sexually. The husband has no idea of her intentions. There are many reasons that make men and women act the way they do. It could be a number of possibilities but mostly is the way they were raised.


However with all these factors related to forming an identity the most important and most influential is the person themselves. We see people every day, some whom we want to be like and some we hope we never turn out like. With all the other outside factors to guide and help or push and hamper, the individual has the last say. You are the only on who says what you want to be like over the course of your life. Nobody will ever get inside your mind and do the thinking for you. Nobody can influence you, you may feel as if you are being forced to do something but you do not have to do anything. You make the final decision. However you act, think, and speak is totally up to you.


People grow up all coming from all different kinds of places, backgrounds and families. They will all have different identities. Gender affects the decisions made by people. Their identity and the nature of the person makes them act the way they do. Nobody is the same and nobody will ever be. All the outside influences will have an effect on their identities but the individual has the last word on it. Nobody is the same because each person will form his own identity to what ever they want to be like.


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Sunday, December 1, 2019

Free

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English Essay- 'To kill a mocking bird' and 'Mississippi Burning'


' To kill a mockingbird' by Harper Lee and 'Mississippi Burning' directed by Alan Parker, both discus the discrimination and marginilising of the 'black' race within society. This then leads to the up rising of one particular group, mainly the 'whites'. Although 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' were set in different time periods both the novel and film revolve around the issue of racial discrimination of 'blacks' within their respective society. A comparison of 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' show that between the time period of the 10's, when 'To kill a mockingbird' was set, to the 160's when 'Mississippi Burning' was set, the attitudes and values of people towards the black community hadn't changed much, the text deals with three main values, this being respect, strength and weakness and finally equality. The cultural assumptions portrayed to the reader/ viewer helped position the reader to see beyond the characters attitudes, and develop their own attitudes towards the issues of gender and race.


There are two types of characters in both of the documentaries, the racists and the people who want to stop racist behaviour and look past judging people simply because of skin colour, race or religion.


In the film 'Mississippi Burning' the FBI and the civil right workers were the two groups that were working separately to help the 'black' community. The 'white' community was racist and most treated the 'black' community as if they were worth nothing. Mrs. Pell quoted "Hatred is not something that you are born with, it gets taught". This shows that Mrs. Pell has an understanding of how and why the town, Mississippi, is racist.


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In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' the characters such as Atticus Finch, Ms Maudie, Ms Rachel, Calpurnia, Tom Robinson and Uncle Jack were the characters against predujice. Characters such as Aunt Alexandria, the Ewells, Ms Caroline and the Cunninghams all treated 'black' people as scum and were racist toward anyone who was coloured.


In the opening scene of 'Mississippi Burning' it shows two different drinking fountains, one labeled 'coloured' the other labeled 'white'. Each fountain had been clearly labeled but one was better looked after than the other. This immediately positions you to understand how things were in that time period.


The 'whites' water fountain was cleaner, newer, and well tended. This can be construed as the 'white' people seeming more stable and upper class.


The 'blacks' water fountain was dirty, old, and run-down. This can be viewed as 'black' people being portrayed as being filthy, and less significant.


This is related to the text 'To kill a mockingbird', when in court there were 'whites' in one section of the court and 'coloured' on the top balcony. This presents the 'whites' as being more important, and superior to the 'coloureds' as the 'coloured' had to be further away from the jury.Showing this scene can position you to believe that 'whites' were treated better than 'coloured' people.


By studying the documentaries 'To kill a mockingbird' and 'Mississippi Burning' you naturally tend to make cultural assumptions, such as the 'black' community not being treated as equal to the 'white' community. Although they both live in the same community the 'white' people treat the 'black' people as if they don't belong. The 'whites' don't want to share their community with them.


Respect can be shown as the condition of being highly regarded or honoured.


In the film 'Mississippi Burning' Mr. Ward quoted "I don't understand you Mr. Anderson", and Mr. Anderson, quoting to Mr. Ward "that's the difference between us". This shows that they are totally different people and every day they are learning from each other. Mr. Ward respected Mr. Anderson's plan to find the murderers of the civil rights workers. Mr. Ward presents this mutual respect to Mr. Anderson by understanding the reasons for him wanting to continue the investigation.


In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' Scout and Jem respected Atticus for continuing the Tom Robinson trial even though many members of the 'white' community showed their protest of Atticus' defending a 'black' man over a 'white' man. Scout and Jem showed that they respected Atticus by understanding the reasons for Atticus defending Tom and knowing that he never once gave up. "Most people are real nice when you finally see them"; this is quoted by Scout and can position you to believe that Scout understands that judging people by first appearances isn't right.


The definition of strength is the quality of being strong. Weakness is portrayed as being liable to break or fall down, lacking in force or strength.


In the film 'Mississippi Burning' Preacher exemplified strength through his speech to the 'black' community. Preacher presented strength by telling the 'black' community to never give up and to stand up for him or herself. Although Preacher showed strength he also showed weakness in the film. Preacher being hung by the 'white' people presents this. By Preacher being hung, it shows that his fight for freedom didn't end, as we would have expected.


In the text 'To kill a mockingbird' an example of strength would be Atticus never giving up on the Tom Robinson trial even though Atticus was fighting against all odds. He still tried his best and accomplished this by not losing respect for the 'black' community. Atticus' strength towards the Tom Robinson trial was appreciated at the end of the novel when the 'black' community on the top balcony stood up while Atticus was leaving the courtroom. Even though Atticus presented great strength he also had weakness. Atticus showed weakness by not accepting the futility of his case. It is understood why Atticus continued the Tom Robinson trial, because he wanted to set a good example for his children. He quoted "You'll get along better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view". This quote represents Atticus' feelings towards racism.


To be treated as an equal it is to be treated the same for every individual. In the film 'Mississippi Burning' both the civil rights workers and the FBI helped fight for equality."Four eyes and can't see", Mississippi. This means that the town 'Mississippi' is blinded by the truth. The racist behaviour is staring at them right in the face and although they can see what is happening the 'white' community isn't actually doing anything about it. This is why the civil rights workers and the FBI are helping with equality, they aren't ignoring the behaviour, they are trying to solve it. The civil rights workers attempted to free the 'black' community from racism by helping each 'black' person. The FBI helped the 'black' community by helping fight against the Ku Klux Klan and sealing murderers of the civil rights workers.


In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' Atticus Finch contributed by creating equality. Atticus assisted in creating equality by defending a 'black' man in the Tom Robinson trial. When Atticus says, "Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it", he is saying that he understands that it is wrong to judge people, either black or white.


The burning of the cross in 'Mississippi Burning' symbolises the 'black' communities beliefs and values in life. These values and beliefs that the 'blacks' uphold are what the 'white' community is against. Therefore the Ku Klux Klan burnt the cross to show 'black' people that their value of life is meaningless. The burning and use of fire, represents the 'white' society's need to destroy and be rid of the 'black' community. The cross being on fire demonstrates the 'whites' hatred for the 'blacks'. By setting their cross on fire they are trying to tell the 'blacks' that they, are not wanted. They are not as worthy as their 'white' society and do not deserve therefore their respect.


In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' racism comes naturally, it is a form of a belief system. This is presented when Tom Robinson was sent to jail for being accused of raping a 'white girl'. When Tom tried to escape from prison he was shot seventeen times.To be shot a few times may have been all right just to stop Tom from escaping but to shoot him seventeen times is an act of pure hatred. Therefore Tom Robinson is shot simply because he is a 'black' man.Scout said "Then Mr. Underwood's meaning became clear Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man from the minute Mayella opened her mouth and screamed". This interprets that even though Tom Robinson may have been innocent, a 'black' mans word over a 'white' mans word will never be believed.There was never going to be a fair trial for Tom Robinson.


After analysing both 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' you begin to get a view of how people in those times were treated and positioned. The beliefs and values in life for the 'black' race, would have been difficult to cope with and extremely unexpected. Both documentaries explore hatred and for the 'black' community and from the 'white' community. This must have made them feel their life was meaningless, evidenced by the quote given by Mr. Anderson's father, "If you ain't better than a nigger son then who are you better than?" This means that the 'black' community must have been considered to be the lowest class, and if a white was not better than the 'blacks' then your life isn't worthwhile.


I thought that over all 'To kill a mockingbird' was understandably well written and I found it enjoyable to read. At first the novel was hard to get into but after a few chapters it became more interesting. I thought that it was a very realistic storyline, and it really demonstrated how 'blacks' were judged and treated during those times of racist behaviour. The film 'Mississippi Burning' was, I believe, a great film and I enjoyed watching it. I found it very interesting to find out how 'black' people were treated and to find out what actually happened to them during those times.


What really stood out for me was how the 'black' community had actually been treated through violence and murder. Several years have now passed and still not much has changed on the issue of racial discrimination in some parts of the world.


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