Design Report of:Output Buffer

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The output buffer is an inverter with IOH =1mA @ VOH=.4V & IOL=1mA @ VOL=0.4V

It has aO/P states (0,1,Hi-Z).

The O/P buffer is designed in VLSI with the following capabilities

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1. Meets IOL & VOL specs for all VDD ranges (4V-6V).

. Meets IOH & VOH specs for all VDD.

. Minimize transient power dissipation.

4. has Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.

I. Design of output inverter

PMOS transistor sizing

VS = VB=VDD= 4V (worst case for VDD & no body effect).

VD = VOH= .4V VG= 0V VTp=VTp0= -0.74 V

So, VDS= -1.6V,VGS= -4V

since VDSVDSAT= -4 +0.74 = -.66 then transistor operates in linear region.

IDS= k'(W/L)p[(VGS-VTp)VDS - VDS²/]

Wherek'= µpCOX

where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m

Then, k'= (16010-4) COX = .564410-5 F/V.s

(W/L)p=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTp)VDS-VDS²/]}

=1.010-/{k'[.456]}= 7.111

If we take Lp = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wp= 0.87.111= 5.6µ

So (W/L)p = 5.6/0.8

NMOS transistor sizing

VS = VB= 0V (no body effect).

VD = VOL= 0.4V VG= 4(worst case for VDD) VTn=VTn0= 0.844 V

So, VDS= 0.4V,VGS= 4V

since VDSVDSAT= 4 - 0.844 = .156 then transistor operates in linear region.

IDS= k'(W/L)n[(VGS-VTn)VDS - VDS²/]

Wherek'= µnCOX

where COX =e0er(SiO) / TOX= (8.85410 -1)(.)/(15.510-)= .7810- F/m

Then, k'= (4610-4) COX = 1.010-4 F/V.s

(W/L)n=IDS/{k'[(VGS-VTn)VDS-VDS²/]}

=1.010-/{k'[1.184]}= 8.60

If we take Ln = min. Length = 0.8µ, Wn= 0.88.60= 78.8µ

So (W/L)n = 78.8/0.8

Simulation of NMOS of output inverter

The following circuit should be used

Fig#

(File Name VOL_IOL_1.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0 1 0.01

NMOS Transistor

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=78.8U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This will result in the following wave forms

See Plot #1

We see from the plot that at VOL= 0.4V we have Iout = 4.46mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA

After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen

(W/L)n = 1/0.8

This value is simulated using the following code

(File Name VOL_IOL_.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0 1 0.01

NMOS Transistors

MN_A1 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A4 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A5 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A6 10 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This code will result in the following plot

See plot#

From the plot we see that at VOL = 0.4V we have Iout = 1.184mA which meets our requierment.

Simulation of PMOS of output inverter

The following circuit should be used

Fig#

(File NameVOH_IOH_1.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Gate voltage

VG0 DC 0

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0.01

PMOS Transistor

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=5.6U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This will result in the following wave forms

See Plot#

We see from the plot that at VOH=.4V we have Iout =0.5mA which doesn't meet required IOL= 1mA

After some iterations and fine tuningwe have chosen

(W/L)p = 10/0.8

This value is simulated using the following code

(File Name VOH_IOH_.CIR)

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Gate voltage

VG0 DC 0

Input Voltage

VIN 1 0

.DC VIN 0.01

PMOS Transistor

MP_A1 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A4 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A5 1P8 L=0.8U W=U

.PLOT DC I(VIN)

.PROBE

.END

This code will result in the following plot

See plot# 4

From the plot we see that at VOH = 0.4V we have Iout =1.05mA which meets our requirement.

II. Design of the NAND gate

To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.

To make NAND turns the PMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NAND output trip voltage should be high (i.e. NAND output signal tf slow, tr fast). Something like 0.7VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the lowest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).

VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)

With VDD=4V, VTRIP=.8V, VTp=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,

We get kR = 0.8

Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p

We get 0.0568= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]

so , if we take (W/L)n= 1/0.8 (for both NMOS's) we get (W/L)p=50.8/0.8

This NAND is driving the gate of PMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of

CG= COXWpLp

=(.7810-)(1010-6)(0.810-6)=0.01784 PF

Simulation of the NAND gate

Fig#4

(File Name NAND.CIR)

Test Hi-trip NAND gate

Pull up circiut

MP_A1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

MP_BP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

Pull down circuit

MN_A1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U

MN_B 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter

C_PGATE0 0.01784PF

Worst case for Hi-Vtrip,Lowest VDD

VDD0 DC 4

VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 N 0)

VIN0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 N 0)

.TRAN 0.001N N

.PLOT TRAN V(1) V() V()

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#5

From the plot we see that the NAND output trip voltage is high as the output signal tf slow, tr fast).

III. Design of the NOR gate

To meet the third requirement of our design which is minimizing transient power dissipation, we should turnoff the transistors of the output inverterfast and turn them on slowly. That can be done by the manipulation of the NAND and NOR circuits used to enable and disable the output buffer.

To make NOR turns the NMOS off fast and turns it on slowly, the NOR output trip voltage should be low (i.e. NOR output signal tf fast, tr slow). Something like 0.VDD is very good. This trip voltage should be calculated at the highest VDD value (i.e. worst case for high trip gate).

VTRIP=(VDD+VTp+kRVTn)/(1+kR)

With VDD=6V, VTRIP=1.V, VTn=0.844V and VTp=-0.74V,

We get kR =11.41

Where kR² =(kn/kp), kn=µnCOX(W/L)n,kp= µpCOX(W/L)p

We get10.446= .8875[ (W/L)n / (W/L)p ]

so , if we take (W/L)p= 1/0.8 (for both PMOS's) we get (W/L)n=45./0.8

This NOR is driving the gate of NMOS of the output inverter which has a capacity of

CG= COXWnLn

=(.7810-)(110-6)(0.810-6)=0. PF

Simulation of the NOR gate

Fig# 5

(File Name NOR.CIR)

Test Low-Trip NOR gate

Pull up circiut

MP_A 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_B 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U

Pull down circuit

MN_A 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

MN_B 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

Gate capacitance of PMOS of the output inverter

C_PGATE 6 0 0.PF

Worst case for low Vtrip highest VDD

VDD0 DC 4

VIN1 1 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 15N 4 17N 0 0N 0)

VIN 451 0 PWL(0 0 7N 0 N 4 1N 4 1N 0 0N 0)

.TRAN 0.001N 0N

.PLOT TRAN V(1) V(451) V(6)

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#6

From the plot we see that the NOR output trip voltage is LOW as the output signal tr slow, tf fast).

IV. Design ofOutput Control signalInverter

PMOS Transistor sizing

(W/L)p = (5 CL)/ (tr k'p VDD)

•we need tr = nS = 10- S

•k'p = .564410-5 F/V.S

•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)

•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)

•CGp = COXWpLp

= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F

•CGn = COXWnLn

= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F

Then CL = .410710-14 F

So (W/L)p= 1.65 if we take Lp= 0.8µwe get Wp=1.= µ

NMOS Transistor sizing

(W/L)n = (5 CL)/ (tf k'n VDD)

•we need tf = nS = 10- S

•k'n = 1.010-4 F/V.S

•we take VDD = 4V (worst case)

•CL = (CG)p + (CG)n( i.e. of NAND gate)

•CGp = COXWpLp

= (.7810-) (50.810-6)(0.810-6)= .057710-14F

•CGn = COXWnLn

= (.78 10-) (.010-6)(0.810-6)= .5644810-15F

Then CL = .410710-14 F

So (W/L)n= 0.57 if we take Ln= 0.8µwe get Wn=0.46= µ

Simulation of Output Control signalInverter

Fig#6

(File Name INVERTER.CIR)

output control inverter

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Input Voltage

VIN 451 0

.DC VIN 0 5 0.01

NMOS Transistor

MN_A451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

PMOS Transistor

MP_A451 P8 L=0.8U W=U

.PLOT DC V() V(451)

.PROBE

.END

The out put plot

See plot#7

V. Output BufferFull Circuit Simulation

To simulate the output buffer, a dummy voltage source and a resistor should be added to emulate the load.In addition the required capacitive load ( i.e. 50 pF) should be considered too.

To find the value of the dummy voltage source and the dummy resistor, the following system of equations should be solved

VOH - VDUM = RDUMIOH

VDUM - VOL = RDUMIOL

Which result inVDUM = .4615 VRDUM = 15.84615 Ohms

Fig # 7

(File Name OP_BUFFER.CIR)

Output Buffer

min. VDD

VDD0 DC 4

Output control voltage

VOC 451 0 PWL(0 0 N 0 5N 4 16N 4 18N 0 N 0)

Vin voltage

VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 5N 0 7N 4 1N 4 14N 0 1N 0 0N 4 5N 4 7N 0 N 0)

.TRAN .001N N

.PLOT TRAN V(451) V(1) V(7)

.PROBE

The dummy voltage source

VDUM 8 0 DC .4615

The dummy resistor

RDUM 7 8 15.84615

Capacitive load

CL 7 0 50PF

output control inverter

NMOS Transistor

MN_INVERTER451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

PMOS Transistor

MP_INVERTER451 P8 L=0.8U W=U

NAND gate

Pull up circiut

MP_ANAND1 P8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

MP_BNANDP8 L=0.8U W=50.8U

Pull down circuit

MN_ANAND1 4 4 N8 L=0.8U W=U

MN_BNAND 40 0 N8 L=0.8U W=U

NOR gate

Pull up circiut

MP_ANOR 5 1 P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_BNOR 6 451 5 5 P8 L=0.8U W=U

Pull down circuit

MN_ANOR 6 451 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

MN_BNOR 6 1 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=45.U

Output Inverter

PMOS Transistor

MP_A1 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A4 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

MP_A5 7P8 L=0.8U W=U

NMOS Transistors

MN_A1 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A4 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A5 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

MN_A6 7 6 0 0 N8 L=0.8U W=1.5U

.END

The out put plot

See plot#8

From the plot we find thatthat the output buffer we designed has

Tf =& Tr= for CL = 50 PF.

VI. Possible Improvements

We could also have considered

1. All junction capacitance

. Wiring capacitance

. The body effect. This will change VTp & VTn as they depend on VSB.

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Lord of the Flies

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William Golding's novel Lord of the flies shows his theory on how human nature in itself

is stubborn, uncivilized, evil, destructive etc. Golding tells a story about a group of

British boys stranded on a deserted island during W.W.I. As time goes by the behavior of

these boys worsens from being nothing but good school boys to ones who would kill anOrder Custom Lord of the Flies paper

animal even worse one of their own. The changes that happen to the boys on the island

represent the changes that the world and its people are facing while evil is in control.On

the island Ralph, Jack, and Roger are the characters who show Goldings pessimistic

theory the best. Golding shows a pessimistic attitude about the future of mankind through

the boys changing of values, who is chosen for leadership, and though savage behavior of

his characters in his novel.

The boys on the island start to alter the values and rules they started with. After

Jacks hunt returns from his hunt he goes to the beach to find an angry Ralph waiting from

him, when Ralph says"You let the fire go out..." Jack who was irritated responded

"... We can light the fire again. You should have been with us Ralph." (pg. 6) This starts

to show how life on the island is changing these boys. Day one on the island all the boys

wanted was to get rescued and go back home, and now they start to getting used to

their lives and most forget all about the rescue plan. The author is leaving us a message

that is saying that human beings have the ability to be both good and evil but, evil will

always win over good once law and order is broken. This point is also show when Ralph

and Piggy have a conversation about the other boys and the rules on the island. Ralph is

worried that if he blows the conch and none of the others come back that it means that

sooner or later the whole group of boys will turn savage and no one will get rescued,

Piggy responds to him with " If you don't blow, we'll soon be animals anyway. I can't

see what they're doing but I can hear." (pg. ) This is supportingwhat the authors

message is bye showing that the commonsense boy on the island Ralph, is just starting to

notice the changes that can happen and the realist on the island Piggy, already has

noticed the changed and is trying to find a way to stop evil from destroying the laws they

created. It is also saying that even though the transformation to evil isn't showing in

appearance it can be recognized by the way the other boys speak. Close to the end of the

novel Jack has his own meeting with his followers about the "beast" he tells them "and

about the best. When we kill we'll leave some of the kill for it. Then it wont bother us,

maybe." (pg. 1) This shows how they starts to think like primitive people making up

their own god, this new god they made up takes their minds off the things they believed

in before like getting rescued and being the bravest and smartest British boys. Now they

feel threatened by an imagined object. It also seems that because of the beast they do

things differently, like having sacrifices. They start to get scared proving that peoples

values change when they are scared, they make it so their life goes around a problem

instead of facing it. Finally we have Ralph all alone, his two loyal friends dead and

everyone else had gone to Jack. Ralph goes to SamnEric who tell him that in the morning

Jack and everyone are going to go hunting for him, this explains what the authors intent

was, to show how without laws to follow, people will inevitably lose sight of their true

values, in this case being a civilized group and getting rescued, to truing into savage

people who kill. As the boys grew together on the island they started drifting apart from

one another causing the rules they created to crumble and there values to fade leading to

the change in leadership on the island.

Leaders arepeople who keep everyone in order. The first thing the boys do while

together is talk about the situation they are inwhich leads to the election of a chief,

"Every hand outside the choir except Piggy's was raised immediately. Then Piggy, too,

raised his hand grudgingly into the air." (pg. ) Ralph gets voted for chief, as a result

Jack gets very angry determined to out due Ralph at everything from that moment on. In

Ralphs group the boys consider the conch as the best power that one could have. They

chose the conch over anything else on the island, because it was the first thing that

assembled them together, creating the group. This is what really made Ralph the first

chief, because he held the conch when he was picked. As time goes on Ralph tries to

make everything run as smoothly as possible. But he runs into problems which causes

people on the island to rethink his capability as a leader. So the boys look for a new

leader, so they turn to Jack. They join Jacks group leaving Ralph to deal with his own

ideas of how the island should run. Once mostly everyone joins Jacks group he has a

meeting and tells them " We'll hunt, I'm going to be chief." (pg. 1) Jack feels the need

to make them believe that he is the only leader for them and that hunting is the only thing

they'll need. He believes that hunting is good enough for a tribe to live off of. He also

tries to encourage others this way by making them remember past hunts and how fun it

was, in which he takes them away from the boring working life that Ralph has made.

Finally, when SamnEric were being pushed into joining Jacks tribe by Jack and Roger the

author mentions that "Roger advanced upon them as one wielding a nameless authority."

feeling intimidated by Roger they are forced to join evils side. Now we see a different

type ofleader among the boys, Roger. Roger has gotten to be even more feared by than

Jack which causes the boys to obey him. Roger is the executive power, the needed

authority which does dirty work, he has secret need of power which is seen if the way he

treats SamnEric. He treats others like a bully this power he has over them is caused by

the fear he brings to them. Fear and superstition rule the island instead of the laws. A

leader is chosen by his ability to get his followers attention in a lot of cases this can be

shown through how savage the leader behaves.

The boys go from being good to turning into savages. Jack was out hunting again

when Golding describes the mask Jack has created for himself "... and the mask was

anything of its own, behind which Jack had hid, liberated from shame and

self-consciousness." (pg. 64) Golding shows how Jack lets the fire inside of him free

once the mask is on. He is showing a side of Jack we haven't seen before, an evilness, its

as if with this mask the real Jack comes out letting all the rules he has obeyed for years

go. Golding is letting us know that we do have that evilness in us, we are born with it

even if you try and hide it sooner or later it will be unmasked. While hunting for a pig

Roger the boy who wasn't capable of hitting the little ones with rocks on the beach

before now has changed dramatically, Golding describes how the sow they are hunting

was killed by Roger "Roger found a lodgment for his point and began to push till he was

leaning with his weight." (pg. 15) Roger had killed a pig in a way that it seemed to be

okay among them. Roger and the others craved the challenging hunts, the freedom of the

island had allowed them to unleash the darker side of their personalities which had been

hidden always within them. This killing shows how evil man can be. This sow

symbolically represented a motherly women and Roger once a good boy, has

symbolically rapped this poor sow. The boys killed a figure that was like one of their

mothers and in killing the mother pig they have killed their own mother, which is one of

the worst things you can do in civilization. The time comes when we see the dramatic

changes the boys have taken on the island. Ralph who doesn't have anyone on his side

after Piggy and Simon were killed goes to the cliffs to see if SamnEric can help him, by

telling what Jacks plans are for tomorrow, when he gets to the cliffs the boys are

guarding they tell him that Roger sharpened a stick at both ends(pg. 175). At the

beginning of Jacks tribe, Jack and the other boys had killed a sow. They had cut its head

off and stuck it on a stick. A stick sharpened at both ends. To the boys this was a scarifies

to the beast that was created in their minds. If the boys didn't feel that they had to please

the beast they wouldn't have any reason to kill Ralph, he was not a danger to them. The

island had caused them not only to lose logic but faithful beliefs too. Now the boys

would go hunt for Ralph. He was next scarifies to their new found god figure. Humans

are born with the instinct to be savage its just hidden by all the laws that are programmed

in people minds but like all things that are hidden they start to appear once a tiny opening

appears.

William Goldings basic philosophy is that man was inherently evil, Lord of the

Flies shows us that the evil living within everyone could be unleashed. The novel proves

that the dark side of human nature could be as evil and awful as the unknown in itself,

and even the most innocent people are weak to it. The boys in the beginning try and act

like grown-ups, the good civilized people, but by the end they act more grown-up than

they would have though because grown-ups do kill other humans for no apparent reason

just like they did. This is a really good novel that portrayed the evils of human nature

though the lives of boys stranded on a island while a war was going on around them.

Golding intended people to understand that humans underneath all the goodness are by

birth savage once the laws and government disappears from their minds. It is reviled that

the human race is really born evil, this is shown though the boys and the way they change

their responsibilities, the leaders and the way they become primitive people in the book.

Please note that this sample paper on Lord of the Flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lord of the Flies, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on Lord of the Flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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International Organised Crime and Terrorism

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The interrelated law and order issues of Organised Transnational Crime (OTC), the illicit drug trade and terrorism, are those which are most threatening to international security today. 'Law and order' issues have also been called, 'low-intensity conflict', problems of 'global governability' and 'grey area phenomenon' and can be seen as threats tosecurity arising from non-state actors andnon-governmental processes. Increasingly since the end of the cold war, threats to national security are coming from these grey area phenomena and due to the process of globalisation, threats to national security can threaten international security. This essay will examine how OTC, terrorism and international drug trafficking are affecting all aspects of human security and it will be seen that it is increasingly difficult to clearly distinguish the difference between these issues. It will be shown that these particular GAP are the most threatening due to; the range of aspects of security they threaten, the convergence of and partnership between OTC and terrorism, the growing lethality of terrorism and the disparity of capabilities and effectiveness between these groups and the law enforcement and security bodies attempting to combat them.

The new global economy has presented new opportunities for criminal organisations. These organisations have

increasingly engaged in cross-border activity, both in response to market activities and as a means of decreasing their vulnerability to law enforcement efforts. As a result, organisations and networks have increased in size and power and many have developed interests beyond their country of origin. Criminal organisations have developed to resemble transnational corporations which treat national borders as nothing more than minor inconveniences to their criminal enterprises. (McFarlane 16, p.456)

The most threatening of activities undertaken by OTC and increasingly by terrorists is the trafficking of illegal narcotics. The drug trade has the ability to penetrate all aspects of society and can threaten the social, political and economic security of nations, regions and the global community.

Help with essay on International Organised Crime and Terrorism

Through corruption of state employees, transnational crime syndicates have the ability to undermine legitimate political processes. Dupont (1, p.46) suggests that '…the growth in the coercive power of organised crime, if unchecked, has international security implications because large-scale criminal enterprise can subvert the norms and institutions that underpin the global order and the society of states'.

He offers Burma as the prime example of a threat to sovereignty from the "anti-state imperatives of criminals trafficking in heroin and [synthetic drugs]". (p.454)

Chalk (001, p.188) offers an example closer to home however. He cites the findings of the 16-7 Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service. The findings of the report suggest their has been a close relationship between police officers and drug traffickers for some time and Chalk goes on to explain that 'such corruption not only undermines the integrity and credibility of Australian social and political institutions, it also exposes the country to international influences over which it has little, if any, control.' Thus OTC can be seen to pose a direct threat to sovereignty.

In the post Cold War era, concerns have increasingly focused on security aspects other than the traditional concerns of political, military and sovereign integrity. The economic and social security of nations and its populations is becoming more important to security analysts and policy makers.

The social impact of the drug trade may not necessarily be the most threatening to security but is probably the impact most felt by the majority of citizens within a society. These threats and impacts include; problems with addiction and the related problem of the spread of infectious diseases particularly HIV/AIDS and an increase in crime associated to the drug trade brought about by addicts trying to finance their habit and by traffickers trying to obtain larger shares of a market. McFarlane (16, p.45) points to another interesting threat which may emerge from an increase in crime'Furthermore, with increasing crime a free press and civil rights tend to be ignored both by the criminals and by the hard-pressed law enforcement agencies.'

The potential for the drug trade to affect economic security is also large and is more and more becoming the focus of anti-crime initiatives.

The importance of programmes and clinics to help those with an addiction problem or associated health or medical problem diverts funds from other areas of the economy. Finance of resources to combat OTC and the drug trade also diverts money from other sectors of the economy. Destabilisation of a financial system can also occur through the process of money laundering (Chalk 001 p181).

The threat of terrorism also looms large on the international stage, especially since the events of Sept 11 001 in New York and in Bali on Oct 1 00. Due to these events, Militant Islamic terrorism is the focus of much of the international effort against terrorism and is seen as an immediate threat to international security. The difference between terrorists and OTC syndicates is largely determined by their motives and objectives. While OTC will usually focus on the acquisition of profits and power, militant Islamic terrors purpose is commonly identified as the eradication ofinfidel. In this, they are becoming much more proficient. One of the reasons for this proficiency is the availability and affordability of weapons and supporting technology left over from old Cold War conflicts (Chalk 1, p.161; Marenko n.d). Campbell (17, p. 8, cited in Chalk 1, p.16)suggests that terrorism 'has demonstrated an increasing trend towards growing lethality and extreme violence….suggesting a potential escalation spiral that could culminate in the indiscriminate use of weapons of mass destruction'

As separate law and order issues, Organised Transnational Crime and non-profit motivated terrorism constitute immediate threats to international security. There is however, an escalating trend towards cooperation and indeed a convergence between these two groups, so much so that is becoming more difficult to distinguish between them. Since the end of the Cold War, state sponsored and subsidised terrorism has declined and terrorist organisations have turned to criminal like activities to fund operations (Jamieson 001, p.7).The most common and threatening of these activities is drug trafficking which offers dividends that can often lead revolutionary groups to neglect their ideals. Hezbollah operates a narcotics export operation out of the Bekaa Valley in the Middle East, has ties with the insurgent Kurdistan Workers Party and with Russian organised crime and is a good example of a group turning to crime to fund their terror operations. Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) are better examples of ideologically driven groups that that have transformed into criminal enterprises (Cillufo 000).

On the other hand, organised crime groups are increasing their use of terror tactics. In 1 for example, the Sicilian Mafia carried out a series of car bomb attacks near historic sites on the Italian mainland with the aim of 'intimidating public opinion and Parliament into abrogating recently passed anti-mafia legislation' (Jamieson 001, p.7).

The cooperation between and convergence of OTC and terrorism naturally poses a larger threat to international security than if they operated alone. It is implied by the Report on the 11th Meeting of the CSCSP Working Group on Transnational Crime (00) that John McFarlane suggests that the attacks on Sept 11 001 in New York could not have been perpetrated without criminal means and connections being used to acquire funds and identity papers.

The direct threats of OTC, the Drug trade and terrorism have been recognised but a related threat must also be addressed. This threat comes from a disparity between the capabilities of OTC and terrorist groups and the ability of governments to stop their activities. This is exacerbated by the effects of globalisation.Naim (00) best describes this situation

Never fettered by the niceties of sovereignty, they [OTCs and terrorists] are now increasingly free of geographic constraints. Moreover, globalisation has not only expanded illegal markets and boosted the size and the resources of criminal networks, it has also imposed more burdens on governments Tighter public budgets, decentralisation, privatisation, deregulation and a more open environment for national trade and investment all make the task of fighting global criminal more difficult. Governments are made up of cumbersome bureaucracies that generally cooperate with difficulty, but drug traffickers, arms dealers, alien smugglers, counterfeiters and money launderers have refined networking to a high science, entering into complex and improbable strategic alliances that span cultures and continents.

It is clear from this that governments need to redefine notions of sovereignty in order to foster more international cooperation within the framework of strengthened international institutions.

Organised Transnational Crime activities, particularly narcotics trafficking, are a serious threat to international security. They can destabilise a nation socially, politically and economically, which in turn can lead to destabilisation in the international community.

The increasing occurrence and lethality of militant Islamic terrorism also creates concern for international stability.

The most significant threat however, comes from a convergence of OTC and terrorism and the international community's inability to react effectively to this increasing phenomena.

Please note that this sample paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on International Organised Crime and Terrorism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible

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The existence of evil in the world is a universal question that is often contemplated.Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller in their novels A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible address this question of evil.One of these stories is set in the future, and the other in the past confirming the belief that the human struggle between good and evil is timeless and applies to every person in society.Throughout history numerous examples of leaders have attempted to control the nature of people within their society through systems of punishment and reward.This system had failed continuously to control the entire population because people still retain their ability to choose.It is said that once a person loses his free will, he ceases to be a person.This is the struggle confronting the protagonists in both A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible.The fifteen-year old rebel Alex and the respected farmer John Proctor refuse to conform to the rules of their oppressive societies, and as a result are denied the freedom to choose between good and evil, therefore becoming less than human.

Both Alex and John Proctor live in highly oppressive societies from which they feel alienated, and therefore decide to rebel against.The futuristic setting of A Clockwork Orange is one of a constructive, depersonalized society where the government has far too much control over people's lives.They are forced to live in strictly regimented communities, and their daily life is dreary."Alex's England is a socialized nightmare." (De Vitis, 106)It is because of this meaningless life that Alex chooses to rebel against his society, committing so many brutal acts of violence that he soon becomes desensitized to the horror he is creating.When questioned by his correctional officer as to why he acts this way, Alex replies "…badness is of the self, the one, the you or me. They of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow badness because they cannot allow they self… what I do, I do because I like to do it.(Burgess, 4)Alex fully

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realizes that the controlled society he lives is one that tries to eliminate all individuality.This causes him to act out in violence against authority as a means of expressing himself and retaining his personal freedom.Similarly, the historical setting of Arthur Miller's The Crucible is one of a lifeless and highly conservative community in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts, in the late seventeenth century.The citizens of the town are narrow-minded, hardworking people who live in constant fear of sin and the Devil, and whose habitual lives revolve around the church."Salem was governed by a combine of state and religious power whose function it was to keep the community together, and to prevent ant kind of disunity that might open it to destruction by material or ideological enemies". (Moss, 8) It is this mindset, shared by the community that Proctor disagrees and rebels against when he has an affair with Abigail Williams.Proctor soon realizes his mistake and denies the affair.Abigail, however, is still in love with him and is bitter for him rejecting her as she shouts; "You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet!"(Miller, 4)John Proctor is ashamed of his adulterous sin."Were I stone I would have cracked for shame this seventh month!" (Miller, 6)Although he feels remorse for his sin Proctor is unable to confess it because he knows he will suffer judgment and disapproval.Both Alex and John Proctor are different from those around them, and therefore find it difficult to live by the same rules.It is this, which prompts them to rebel against authority, and commit crimes in order to remain true to themselves in a time and place where individuality is condemned.

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Since Alex or John Proctor will not allow their lives to be governed by the rules of society, they are removed from the community and denied by their authorities their right to choose between good and evil.In A Clockwork Orange, Alex is arrested and sent to a state jail.While in prison, he is selected to test out a newly designed government rehabilitation technique known as 'Ludovico Process'.The process involves Alex being exposed to scenes of violence and simultaneously results in a drug induced feeling of pain and nausea."Never again will you

have the desire to commit acts of violence to offend the states peace." (Burgess, 76)He becomes brainwashed by the government so that the thought of violence will result in agony and pain.

When he is released back into society he is no longer a freethinking individual. "Before the brainwashing Alex has chosen, consciously as he thought, the evil action.By means of the Ludovico processing, Alex is denied the choice itself." (DeVitis, 108) When Alex is set free, he force to live by the rules that he despises.The government is condemning Alex to a life of confinement where his decisions are made for him, making him no longer an individual.Likewise in The Crucible John Proctor is placed in a situation where he is falsely accused of witchcraft, arrested, and put on trial before a merciless town judge.Although he denies having anything to do with the devil, he is given the choice between confessing to the crime or being hanged. Once accused, John must choose what the town has deemed to be "goodness", that is, admitting to a crime that he is not guilty, or face death.Proctor wants to live, but does not want to see his false, signed confession on the church door. "I have confessed myself!Is there no good penitence but it be public?God does not need my name nailed upon the church."(Miller, 14)Proctor is unable to lie to himself, and chooses death since it is the only option left for him to keep his integrity. As he is about to die he says to his wife, "Would you give them such a lie?You would not.It is evil… for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor."(Miller, 18) Proctor, knowing he has done nothing wrong, refuses to let his right to choose between right and wrong be taken away, and as a result must choose death to remain true to himself.Alex and John proctor are given no choice but to be "good" as defined by the government, and because they do not act in the way society wishes, they are denied their free will.

By taking away Alex and John's liberty to choose between right and wrong, the government strips them of their freedom of thought and action, which is essential to all people, thus making them less then human.When Alex is released form prison is incapable of

committing a crime, and posses no threat to society. "Never again will you have the desire to commit acts of violence or offend in any way against the states peace." (Burgess, 76)To his dismay, Alex realizes that things he took pleasure in before, such as music and art, are now a source of pain to him. (Burgess, 180)Thus, he is forced to live in innocence, without the ability to choose for himself, and it is this weakness which separates him form humanity.Alex has essentially become a 'clockwork' man himself, as he is now an empty person who must experience life without being able to enjoy it.Before Alex underwent the process, he is warned by the prison chaplain of the negative effects of such a process "the question is whether such a technique can really make a man good.Goodness comes from within.Goodness is something chosen.When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man."(Burgess, 67)Alex takes no notice of this warning and as a result the process, and for a period of time he is unable to function as human.Realizing the rest of his life will be a mechanical existence; Alex attempts to commit suicide.He awakes after throwing himself from a window to discover that he is once again able to make his own choices.At the end of The Crucible Proctor is faced with the same situation. Unable to choose what he knows to be good, he is forced to sign a confession and face a life of shame.It is this that causes him to retract his confession, and chooses death.When told that he will die if he does not allow his written confession to be made public, John replies "Because it is my name!Because I cannot have another in my life!Because I lie and sign and sign myself to lies!I have given you my soul; leave me my name!"(Miller, 14) Proctor knows that if he sign's his name he will live a life of shame and guilt.Also, in denying him the freedom to choose what he knows to be right, he will lose his individual morality, something he knows he cannot live without. He chooses death, as being the honorable solution to this conflict since it is the only way he will be allowed to remain true to himself.Proctor realizes that life without free will is a subhuman existence and not worth living.Both Alex and john, unable to choose between right

and wrong for themselves, cease to have a normal existence, and both choose death over a life without choice.This is the only way they have of affirming their humanity.

Both Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller believe that it is more important to remain true to oneself then to always choose good over evil.They show a person must maintain their free will in order to function properly as a human being.They prove this in their works A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible by showing the negative things which befall the protagonists when their

right to choose is taken from them.Basically, a free will is essential to every human being, and to take it away is to dehumanize an individual.The two novels function as notable warnings to those that would sacrifice their individuality to please authorities. In addition, they remind the reader that what makes a person is their ability to choose, and so it is necessary that people be allowed that choice. This paper is the property of Term Papers 4 Free.com Copyright00

Please note that this sample paper on A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Speech on being health conscious

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on speech on being health conscious. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality speech on being health conscious paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in speech on being health conscious, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your speech on being health conscious paper at affordable prices !It seems as if every time you pick up a magazine, you find article headlines in big print such as "walk off the pounds", "lose cellulite", "get summer abs", or "the grape fruit diet". In the past few decades, Americans have become fixated on looks, yet the average American is bigger and unhealthier than ever.In 186, the average weight of Americans ages 5 to 0 was 161 pounds.In 16, the statistic rose to 171 pounds.Today, 64% of Americans are considered overweight or obese.We hear this fact, most ignore it, some worry about it, and very few do anything about it.

What does it mean to be overweight? Being overweight refers to an excess of body weight compared to set standards.The excess weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, or body water.Obesity differs from being overweight because it refers specifically to having an abnormally high proportion of body fat.One can be overweight without being obese, such as an athlete or bodybuilder who has a lot of muscle.However, many people who are overweight are also obese.The main method of determining if you are overweight or obese is by calculating your BMI (body mass index). This measurement is a formula that shows the relationship of a person's height to weight.To calculate your BMI, your body weight in kilograms is divided by the square of his or her height in meters. Individuals with a BMI of 5 to . are considered overweight, while individuals with a BMI of 0 or more are considered obese. (pass out chart)

I know as students, we could all improve our diets.The late night pizza, the all you can eat opportunity at towers, the study snack attacks, and the worst of them all, the beer.And with all the worries of studying, who has time to count fat and calories, or carbs and protein?

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The problem with today's world is that there isn't enough time in a day.People are constantly on the move and therefore careful diet planning gets pushed to the bottom of their lists.Instead of coming home to prepare a healthy home cooked meal, American's choose to dine out, and most of the time its fast food.The average American eats out 4 to 6 times a week.Although eating out can be easy on the waistline, most people's plates are filled with just the opposite of healthy.Restaurants are famous for their large portions that could feedtopeople, yet most patrons choose to consume the whole dinner themselves, some which contain more than a 1500 calories and 50 grams of fat.That is more than half of what an average person's daily intake should be.According to the USDA, it is the portion sizes that are a major contribute to today's obesity. They say that portion sizes have grown -5 times the proper amount..

•Hersheys chocolate bar 0.6 oz in 108 / 1.6 - 8.0 oz in 00

•Burger King Hamburger sandwich . oz in 154 / 4.4-1.6 oz in 00

•McDonalds soda 7 fl oz in 155 / 1-4 fl oz in 00

•Coca Cola bottle 6.5 fl oz in 116 / 8-4 fl oz in 00

•Bagel chain store .-5.0 oz / USDA .0 oz

So why should you become aware of what you put in your mouth? Not only is America's eating problem packing on pounds, its clogging arteries, limiting life spans, and producing diseases.Today, the leading cause in deaths is cardiovascular disease and the second is cancer. (show chart) The average American gainspounds a year.You may shrug your shoulders on that statistic, but looking 0 years down the road, you could be a whopping 40 pounds heavier at age 40 if your trend continues. This picture of Julia Roberts shows what could happen. (show pic)

Food is considered an art and eating is something everyone enjoys.But food is for more than pleasure.Our bodies need energy, and food is our fuel for that energy.Once digested, our body converts the food into energy, witch is measured in calories.The number of calories everyone needs vary depending on three things your basal metabolic rate, which is the amount of energy your body needs to rest and for your organs to function.Your physical activity is everything you do when you are not lying still from brushing your teeth to jogging.The thermic effect of food is the number of calories your body uses to digest the food you eat.The rate at which these calories are burned is called your metabolism.It varies from person to person, but most 18 to 5 year old females require around ,000 and guys around ,500. When you eat more calories than your body needs to function well, you gain weight because the body doesn't use the extra energy and therefore stores it as fat.When you eat fewer calories than what is needed, you lose weight because the body uses the already stored fat to function.

Eating healthy is not complicated.It can be as simple as switching from whole milk to skim or real mayo to low calorie miracle whip.And eating out does not have to be a burden on your new healthy diet.At restaurants, read menus carefully and stay away from the words fried, crispy, and saucy.Most restaurants cater to the healthy eater and take requests such as to cook your meal in very little oil, or to substitute the side of fries with a salad.More and more fast food places are beginning to also offer items for the calorie conscious consumer.Mc Donalds has the fruit and yogurt parfait, Wendy's has their bowl of chili, Subway has become famous for their 7 subs under 6 grams of fat,and most other places offer a variety of salads. But don't be fooled by the word salad.Although this food is usually linked with dieting, salads have become something much more than a weight loss food.A Wendy's oriental chicken salad offers more than 500 calories and 5 grams of fat.This is why we must become informed of our food choices.Added toppings such as cheese, croutons, nuts, and calorie loaded dressings take the healthy green leaf entre and turn it into something nothing close to healthy.If not careful, your so called healthy salad could be worse than the burger you wanted in the first place.If you crave the burger, order a small plain one, without the sauce or cheese.Fast Food Chains are notorious for their fattening sandwich spreads.Omitting the sauce on a burger can save more than 150 calories and 15 grams of fat.If you can't resist your usual Big Mac, eat only half, and skip the side of fries and replace the soda with water or skim milk.Supersize is probably the worst word that has become linked with fast food joints.Just super sizing your beverage could cost you 600 calories or more.

So far, I have explained watching fat and calories, but one of the biggest problems today is that people don't realize that eating healthy requires more than just counting calories and cutting fat.Yes that is a major part in eating healthy and losing weight, but also where those calories come from is even more important. You could eat a doughnut for breakfast, cookie for lunch, and small bag of chips and diet soda for dinner and maintain your weight, but I can almost guarantee you won't live much past 40.To maintain a healthy figure, things such as vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients need to be included in our diet. It is these foods that help fight diseases and keep not only our outer self in good shape, but our inner self as well.Shape magazine recommends 5 foods you should included in your everyday diet oranges, dark leafy greens, bran cereal, yogurt, and soy.Although I'm sure you never get all of these everyday, it is important to try to start adding these in to your daily food intake.These foods contain nutrients that help prevent polyps and cancer ,fight bacteria, and boost your immune system.(show examples of food)

It is important to watch what you eat, even if you do not appear fat or obese.Any of us in this room are subject to heart disease or cancer, but with the proper nutrition and exercising, you can help prevent these illnesses.A woman 5 foot 7 weighing the appropriate 10 pounds may have a great outer appearance, but her arteries may not be so beautiful.Being thin does not exclude you from the risk of heart disease.Some people are lucky with fast metabolisms and seem to be able to eat everything they want, but this can be dangerous.I know that my scrawny 16 year old brother can go to Wendy's and eatdouble cheeseburgers and a large fry and not put on a pound, but this can be dangerous.Even though he may not gain weight from this meal, his organs and arteries will not be thanking him in upcoming years.The fat and fake food he is putting in his body may not harm his thighs, but will most definitely kill his heart.(show picture of arteries) These are the arteries fromsubjects that are around the same height and weight.Although their body types appear similar on the outside, their insides are obviously another story.

As you can see, eating healthy is more than just attempting to stay slim.Your body will be good to you if you are good to it, so feed it with the proper nutrition.You don't have to eliminate your favorites because it will only lead to later binging, but eat it in moderation.A good guide to get you started is the food pyramid. (show poster)It provides an elementary level understanding of what to eat and how much of it to eat. Although it may seem like I have overwhelmed you with information, these are only the basics to the new healthy you.For inspiration, put up pictures of healthy bodies on the fridge. This way, when you go to reach for the ice cream, you will stop and think, and take an apple instead. A great website I found is www.fitday.com . Here you keep a record of everything you eat.It calculates everything from the calories,and fat to the carbs, and vitamins in each food you eat daily.You will find it is harder to eat something bad for you knowing that you have to write it down.It is surprising to see how fast the calories you eat add up.If you are planning to live a long, healthy life, now is the time to start preparing.Changing your eating habits can add years to your life and protect you from fatal diseases.When making decisions about what to eat, always keep in mind the old saying "you are what you eat".

Please note that this sample paper on speech on being health conscious is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on speech on being health conscious, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on speech on being health conscious will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sociology

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sociology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sociology paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in sociology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your sociology paper at affordable prices !Have the recent changes and challenges to our cultural conscience about men and womens identities, roles, and activities influenced individual men and womens lives and thoughts.

What influences a persons identity? Is it their homes, parents, religion, or maybe where they live? When do they get one? Do they get it when they understand right from wrong, or when they can read, or are they born with it? Everyone has one and nobody has the same, is there a point in everyones life when they get one? A persons identity is his own, nobody put it there and nobody can take it out. Everyone in this world has a different identity because they all make there own over the course of their life. A persons identity also causes a person to have masculine and feminine traits. There is no one thing that gives a person their identity, there are however many different factors that contribute to ones identity.

What is someones identity? Is it the way they look, the way they dress, or it could be many things all put together, or is it none of the above? To me someones identity is a part of his or her being. Nobody will ever hold it, touch it, or even see it, but it is there. Everybody has one, it guilds your decision making, your thoughts, ideas, and dreams. You may think something is terrible while someone else does not even care and yet another person may laugh, why? The answer is simple, everyone has his own identity and personality. Everyone feels, acts, thinks, and dreams differently. People may have some of these things in common with one another, but they will not be totally the same, it is like a fingerprint, unique.

There are many origins to a persons identity, their family, friends, home life, religion, environment and for the past 0 years the largest media. But how does it get there, you do not go into a store and pick on off the shelf. A persons identity is developed over many years and put together by the person themselves. It comes from the individuals ability to think, reason and form an opinion. Nobody has the same mind, or the same conscious, so how could anyone have the same identity as another. A persons identity is developed over many years from the time they become aware of their surroundings, until death. Their identity will change with them. As peoples dreams are dreamed and goals are accomplished their identities will change with the individual. Their aspirations and values will change, causing their identities to change with it. It may be a slight alteration or a major overhaul but their identity will adjust to the person.

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One of the factors of forming an identity is family. Your family may not be your biological parents or ever a blood relative at all, but nobody in this world can live from birth without some one. But no matter who it is, they will be the people who take care of you when you are sick or aid you when you need help. These people will be there with you for a long time, and will have a major impact on whom you become. Lots off people are fortunate enough to live with a mother and a father; they may even have some brothers and sisters to play with as they grow up. But even with the same family influences, brothers and sisters still do not have the same identities. Some say having a traditional family may be bad for the development of an identity. In cases where abuse is present it may effect the male by influencing him to become an abuser. Thinking abuse is normal and becoming an abused may effect the female. Both children would not feel the way someone whose father always showed love and caring for their mother would. What about a teenager who used drugs at home. Would their younger siblings, in looking up to them, feel the same as another child who grew up never seeing an illegal drug before. If family members have no intention in keeping the other members of the family on the right path to being a good person, then what will they become. A large part of how someone turns out is due to the family. A good , solid, caring family may give rise to a kinder, gentler person than a family that does not care whether the children get into trouble. With the present increase of divorce children are losing there first line of socialization. Kids grow up seeing their parents and how they act, or not seeing their parents at all. Proper parenting will lead to better identities in there children.

Friends also play a part in a persons developing an identity, they are also a good indicator of ones identity. Whether you hang around wall street all day or you work on your farm all day, may tell a little about your identity. Neither is better than the other but they probably have different interests and likes. That does not mean they can not be friends and get along, they will just be different.

Gender is a major cause for a persons identity. A person might act a certain way because of the gender that is given to them. If a male child is brought up with Barbie dolls and being feminine he is labeled as gay. A girl who is raised with He-man and GI Joe is called a Tom Boy. This is based largely on the impact of the Media. Media, influence more than our identities, it influences our roles. As does the family Media portrays the roles of men and women in ways the child may not experience at home.

A persons religion can also play a big role in ones identity. People who grow up belonging to a religion would be a lot more likely to continue on with it when they grow older than someone who never believed in one, to start. Religion can have a rather large effect on a person forming an identity. If a person learns to treat others with respect and kindness as they were young, they may keep it with them as they turn into adults. On the other hand a religion could have negative effects on a persons identity. For instance, belonging to a cult that believes in sacrificing animals or even humans would not give a person a very nice identity. Especially when compared to a person who grew up as a practicing Roman Catholic. A persons beliefs can easily lead a person into making a decision, especially regarding ethics or kindness. The person growing up not caring about anything but themselves could easily make a different choice than a person that was taught to be respectful to other people. However this is not always the case, religion can only work if the person decides to follow it and adhere to it. A person who goes to church every Sunday with their parents and does not care about it will probably not have a large religious effect on their identity, it may even cause the person to think who needs religion, it is useless. A persons identity is his own, they make it and develop it however they choose to. Religion may play a part, or not, it may be bad or good, but the individual has the final say.

Your environment does not just mean your outside surroundings, this also refers to your home. People live en all kinds of homes and I do not mean a ranch or a cabin. Your home life is also your environment. Is it clean and neat or is it bug infested and dirty. Kids growing up in all kinds of homes will form different identities. Will they be neat freaks or will they not care how they live in their houses. It is a shame to see people living in filthy, run down places. The kids who come out of neat, clean homes would probably be different in how they look at dirt and grime. Do they care or not?

Men and women are different because of society has set them up with. It is observed for men to be strong and women to be weak. Also it is in the mentality of the person who is making the comparison to choose how a woman or man is supposed to think. For example one man might think women should be in the house all day making food, cleaning, and making babies. On the other hand another man might like to stay home and take care of the kids and the house while the wife works. In todays society they are both acceptable but the second choice is becoming an ever more popular choice. Another mentality that a man might have is that all women are sluts and bitches. If this mode of thought is used then the person probably has very little respect for a woman. Many rap stars have this mentality about woman. Bitches aint sht but hoes and tricks... (Dr. Dre). This is a line from Dr. Dres album The Chronic. The is the type of thinking that might lead someone to think that all women cheat on their husbands. In the story The Astronomers Wife by Kate Boyle, the husband was asleep probably had no idea that his wife was about to cheat on him with the plumber it probably never even crossed his mind. Also in A Respectable Woman by Kate Chopin, the wife tries to be honest and true but she has a lot of feeling for a man whom she does not really know. The husband trusts his wife greatly he wants her to be friends with his friend, but the wife has something different in mind. She wants the man sexually. The husband has no idea of her intentions. There are many reasons that make men and women act the way they do. It could be a number of possibilities but mostly is the way they were raised.

However with all these factors related to forming an identity the most important and most influential is the person themselves. We see people every day, some whom we want to be like and some we hope we never turn out like. With all the other outside factors to guide and help or push and hamper, the individual has the last say. You are the only on who says what you want to be like over the course of your life. Nobody will ever get inside your mind and do the thinking for you. Nobody can influence you, you may feel as if you are being forced to do something but you do not have to do anything. You make the final decision. However you act, think, and speak is totally up to you.

People grow up all coming from all different kinds of places, backgrounds and families. They will all have different identities. Gender affects the decisions made by people. Their identity and the nature of the person makes them act the way they do. Nobody is the same and nobody will ever be. All the outside influences will have an effect on their identities but the individual has the last word on it. Nobody is the same because each person will form his own identity to what ever they want to be like.

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Free

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English Essay- 'To kill a mocking bird' and 'Mississippi Burning'

' To kill a mockingbird' by Harper Lee and 'Mississippi Burning' directed by Alan Parker, both discus the discrimination and marginilising of the 'black' race within society. This then leads to the up rising of one particular group, mainly the 'whites'. Although 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' were set in different time periods both the novel and film revolve around the issue of racial discrimination of 'blacks' within their respective society. A comparison of 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' show that between the time period of the 10's, when 'To kill a mockingbird' was set, to the 160's when 'Mississippi Burning' was set, the attitudes and values of people towards the black community hadn't changed much, the text deals with three main values, this being respect, strength and weakness and finally equality. The cultural assumptions portrayed to the reader/ viewer helped position the reader to see beyond the characters attitudes, and develop their own attitudes towards the issues of gender and race.

There are two types of characters in both of the documentaries, the racists and the people who want to stop racist behaviour and look past judging people simply because of skin colour, race or religion.

In the film 'Mississippi Burning' the FBI and the civil right workers were the two groups that were working separately to help the 'black' community. The 'white' community was racist and most treated the 'black' community as if they were worth nothing. Mrs. Pell quoted "Hatred is not something that you are born with, it gets taught". This shows that Mrs. Pell has an understanding of how and why the town, Mississippi, is racist.

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In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' the characters such as Atticus Finch, Ms Maudie, Ms Rachel, Calpurnia, Tom Robinson and Uncle Jack were the characters against predujice. Characters such as Aunt Alexandria, the Ewells, Ms Caroline and the Cunninghams all treated 'black' people as scum and were racist toward anyone who was coloured.

In the opening scene of 'Mississippi Burning' it shows two different drinking fountains, one labeled 'coloured' the other labeled 'white'. Each fountain had been clearly labeled but one was better looked after than the other. This immediately positions you to understand how things were in that time period.

The 'whites' water fountain was cleaner, newer, and well tended. This can be construed as the 'white' people seeming more stable and upper class.

The 'blacks' water fountain was dirty, old, and run-down. This can be viewed as 'black' people being portrayed as being filthy, and less significant.

This is related to the text 'To kill a mockingbird', when in court there were 'whites' in one section of the court and 'coloured' on the top balcony. This presents the 'whites' as being more important, and superior to the 'coloureds' as the 'coloured' had to be further away from the jury.Showing this scene can position you to believe that 'whites' were treated better than 'coloured' people.

By studying the documentaries 'To kill a mockingbird' and 'Mississippi Burning' you naturally tend to make cultural assumptions, such as the 'black' community not being treated as equal to the 'white' community. Although they both live in the same community the 'white' people treat the 'black' people as if they don't belong. The 'whites' don't want to share their community with them.

Respect can be shown as the condition of being highly regarded or honoured.

In the film 'Mississippi Burning' Mr. Ward quoted "I don't understand you Mr. Anderson", and Mr. Anderson, quoting to Mr. Ward "that's the difference between us". This shows that they are totally different people and every day they are learning from each other. Mr. Ward respected Mr. Anderson's plan to find the murderers of the civil rights workers. Mr. Ward presents this mutual respect to Mr. Anderson by understanding the reasons for him wanting to continue the investigation.

In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' Scout and Jem respected Atticus for continuing the Tom Robinson trial even though many members of the 'white' community showed their protest of Atticus' defending a 'black' man over a 'white' man. Scout and Jem showed that they respected Atticus by understanding the reasons for Atticus defending Tom and knowing that he never once gave up. "Most people are real nice when you finally see them"; this is quoted by Scout and can position you to believe that Scout understands that judging people by first appearances isn't right.

The definition of strength is the quality of being strong. Weakness is portrayed as being liable to break or fall down, lacking in force or strength.

In the film 'Mississippi Burning' Preacher exemplified strength through his speech to the 'black' community. Preacher presented strength by telling the 'black' community to never give up and to stand up for him or herself. Although Preacher showed strength he also showed weakness in the film. Preacher being hung by the 'white' people presents this. By Preacher being hung, it shows that his fight for freedom didn't end, as we would have expected.

In the text 'To kill a mockingbird' an example of strength would be Atticus never giving up on the Tom Robinson trial even though Atticus was fighting against all odds. He still tried his best and accomplished this by not losing respect for the 'black' community. Atticus' strength towards the Tom Robinson trial was appreciated at the end of the novel when the 'black' community on the top balcony stood up while Atticus was leaving the courtroom. Even though Atticus presented great strength he also had weakness. Atticus showed weakness by not accepting the futility of his case. It is understood why Atticus continued the Tom Robinson trial, because he wanted to set a good example for his children. He quoted "You'll get along better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view". This quote represents Atticus' feelings towards racism.

To be treated as an equal it is to be treated the same for every individual. In the film 'Mississippi Burning' both the civil rights workers and the FBI helped fight for equality."Four eyes and can't see", Mississippi. This means that the town 'Mississippi' is blinded by the truth. The racist behaviour is staring at them right in the face and although they can see what is happening the 'white' community isn't actually doing anything about it. This is why the civil rights workers and the FBI are helping with equality, they aren't ignoring the behaviour, they are trying to solve it. The civil rights workers attempted to free the 'black' community from racism by helping each 'black' person. The FBI helped the 'black' community by helping fight against the Ku Klux Klan and sealing murderers of the civil rights workers.

In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' Atticus Finch contributed by creating equality. Atticus assisted in creating equality by defending a 'black' man in the Tom Robinson trial. When Atticus says, "Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it", he is saying that he understands that it is wrong to judge people, either black or white.

The burning of the cross in 'Mississippi Burning' symbolises the 'black' communities beliefs and values in life. These values and beliefs that the 'blacks' uphold are what the 'white' community is against. Therefore the Ku Klux Klan burnt the cross to show 'black' people that their value of life is meaningless. The burning and use of fire, represents the 'white' society's need to destroy and be rid of the 'black' community. The cross being on fire demonstrates the 'whites' hatred for the 'blacks'. By setting their cross on fire they are trying to tell the 'blacks' that they, are not wanted. They are not as worthy as their 'white' society and do not deserve therefore their respect.

In the novel 'To kill a mockingbird' racism comes naturally, it is a form of a belief system. This is presented when Tom Robinson was sent to jail for being accused of raping a 'white girl'. When Tom tried to escape from prison he was shot seventeen times.To be shot a few times may have been all right just to stop Tom from escaping but to shoot him seventeen times is an act of pure hatred. Therefore Tom Robinson is shot simply because he is a 'black' man.Scout said "Then Mr. Underwood's meaning became clear Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man from the minute Mayella opened her mouth and screamed". This interprets that even though Tom Robinson may have been innocent, a 'black' mans word over a 'white' mans word will never be believed.There was never going to be a fair trial for Tom Robinson.

After analysing both 'Mississippi Burning' and 'To kill a mockingbird' you begin to get a view of how people in those times were treated and positioned. The beliefs and values in life for the 'black' race, would have been difficult to cope with and extremely unexpected. Both documentaries explore hatred and for the 'black' community and from the 'white' community. This must have made them feel their life was meaningless, evidenced by the quote given by Mr. Anderson's father, "If you ain't better than a nigger son then who are you better than?" This means that the 'black' community must have been considered to be the lowest class, and if a white was not better than the 'blacks' then your life isn't worthwhile.

I thought that over all 'To kill a mockingbird' was understandably well written and I found it enjoyable to read. At first the novel was hard to get into but after a few chapters it became more interesting. I thought that it was a very realistic storyline, and it really demonstrated how 'blacks' were judged and treated during those times of racist behaviour. The film 'Mississippi Burning' was, I believe, a great film and I enjoyed watching it. I found it very interesting to find out how 'black' people were treated and to find out what actually happened to them during those times.

What really stood out for me was how the 'black' community had actually been treated through violence and murder. Several years have now passed and still not much has changed on the issue of racial discrimination in some parts of the world.

Please note that this sample paper on free is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on free, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on free will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Explore the representation of gender in the films 'Bend it Like Beckham' and 'Billy Elliot'

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From films and the media we are given stereotypes. The films Billy Elliot and Bend it Like Beckham challenge these stereotypes. The stereotypes that we see in the films include male ballet dancers being gay; women can't play football and should do feminine things. These are challenged by the two main characters Billy, a male ballet dancer and Jess, a female footballer. The two films also have strong cultural roots that are challenged, as Billy is from a working class northern background where ballet dancing is traditionally thought to be upper class and that male ballet dancers were gay or camp. Jess is from a traditional Indian family where women are meant to cook and stay in the home, not go and disgrace the family by playing football, traditionally a man's game.

In the film Billy Elliot, Billy's dad has very distinct Ideas about what boys should do for sports and hobbies. 'Manly' sports like boxing are what boys should do "not friggin' ballet" as his dad says. Billy's dad may object to his son going to ballet because he is going on the stereotypical view that all male ballet dancers are gay and he does not want his son to be gay. Billy reassures his dad when he says, "Just because I like ballet, doesn't mean I'm a poof you know!"

In the film Bend it like Beckham there are two pushing parents. Jess' dad and Jules' mother. Jess' parents would like for her to stay in school and get a good job like becoming a lawyer and become a big part in family life. Jess wants this too but she also wants to play football. Football in her parents' eyes is wrong for her to do. This is because they have a stereotypical view of women's football. They might think that other Indian families would judge their family if Jess is not traditional and does something new or out of the ordinary. I think that this is because in Indian culture conformity is a big thing.

Indian parents usually have very distinct ideas about what their children should do but this may be a stereotypical view from me!

Jules' Mother also has a stereotypical view of female sports too. She believes that female sports women are lesbians and do not have boyfriends. She says to Jules "Just remember there is a reason why sporty spice is the only one without a fellow"

This is indicating that men are not attracted to sporty women, which is not always true.

The view of Indian families being traditional and conformist is shown in Bend it like Beckham when Tony tells Jess that he is gay. Jess replies "But….but you're Indian!" This confirms that being Indian and being different is a bigger issue than being gay. Which is usually the issue in western community. Tony is the only sensitive male in the film and he is gay apart from Joe. This is another stereotype that young straight men are not sensitive.

Billy's dad is a very interesting character in the film as he, at first, has extremely stereotypical views on ballet and is strongly against Billy continuing to do ballet. So much so that he beats Billy and Billy has to secretly go to ballet without his dad's permission. Later on in the film we see Billy's dad supporting him in his ballet to the extreme that he goes back to work in the mine and betrays his work colleges by becoming a 'scab'. He does this so that he can pay for Billy to go to London to audition at the Ballet school. This huge U-turn made by Billy's dad happens when Billy stands up to his dad and dances in front of him in the gym hall. His dad storms off and on his way home he realises that the stereotypical view he had of ballet dancers 'prancing' around is wrong and that Billy really does have a lot of talent. He also realises that his older son Tony now has a poor job and is very violent. Maybe he discouraged Tony when he was young and he does not want to make the same mistake with Billy.

This same change in character happens to Jess' dad. He is completely against his daughter playing football and we learn at the end of the film why. When Jess' dad first came to England he was a great cricket player and when he played he was discriminated against because of his race and because he was different. Since then he had never played cricket again. He was worried that Jess may get the same treatment and suffer like this. He changed his view when he watched Jess play football and be a big part of the team.

Both the films are set within strong cultural or social backgrounds. In Bend it like Beckham Jess and Tony have problems being themselves because of the Indian culture of conformity and tradition. In Billy Elliot both Billy and his best friend Michael have problems expressing themselves because of the hard northern, working class society. Tony and Michael cannot show their true sexuality due to pressure from their social groups. Jess is unable to express herself by doing what she loves because in the Indian culture women are to conform to normal traditions. Jules also has problems in Bend it like Beckham because her mother wants her to be a 'proper' girl by wearing skirts and trying to get a boyfriend instead of wearing tracksuit bottoms and playing football.

Music is used a lot in both films. In Bend it like Beckham music is often used to show the contrast between the Indian and western cultures. This is shown when Jess is playing in the football final and it is the build up to the penalty while Binky's wedding is celebrated. The two pieces of music help show the mixed cultural and social backgrounds that Jess has.

In Billy Elliot the music is also very important. At the start of Billy Elliot, Billy is dancing on his brother's bed listening to a Marc Bolan record. Marc Bolan was a 'Glam' rock artist who wore make-up etc. I think that this music at the start is linked with the theme of sexuality and some men being different to hard, cold northern 'lads'. Also it is linked to right at the end of the film when Michael is dressed as a woman. While the riot between the miners and the police is going on the music is very hard punk music, which is stereotypically linked to violence. This emphasises the point of rage and anger shown by the striking miners.

When Billy is angry at his family for fighting with his ballet teacher we see him dancing very fast, showing his raw emotion of anger. This is accompanied by fast angry music that is the complete opposite of normal, soft ballet music. This contrast shows Billy's conflicting home and ballet environments. At the end of the film the dramatic music of Swan Lake builds up to a climax just before Billy leaps onto the stage as an adult. This builds up the tension and is showing how all of the stress that Billy has had to cope with are unleashed when he dances. The music in both films is used to convey feelings of the characters. For example when Billy is sad and talking to his dead mother the music has a soft and sad style.

Scene cutting is used in the films to great effect. The two main time that it is used is during the Indian wedding / football final and in Billy Elliot while the striking minors are picketing / Billy at ballet class.

The main effect that this fast scene cutting is it shows the great contrast between the characters at one certain time. In the case of Billy Elliot it also shows what the real world is compared to what Billy would like it to be, aggressive and distressed, to calm and peaceful.

In the case of Bend it like Beckham the scene cutting shows the emotions of Jess and Binky. They are both ecstatic at the same time but for completely different reasons. It all comes to a climax when Binky is lifted up being the new bride, while Jess is lifted up by her team-mates for scoring the winning goal in the cup final.

Camera angles and length of shot vary in the films to show different emotions or points of view. In Bend it like Beckham the long shots are mostly used when Jess is playing football so when she runs she stays in shot without the camera having to move a great deal. Close-up shots of the footballers running help show the speed that they are running at as the background blurs and moves really quickly. Close-up shots show the detail and skill the footballers are using when they are playing. Close-up shots also show emotion like when Jess is just about to take the penalty. We can see her nervousness and the fear in her face because of a close-up shot. In contrast, long shots can show mood or feelings in scenes. In Billy Elliot a long shot is used when Billy's ballet teacher is in the gym waiting for him. It shows that the teacher is alone and disappointed that Billy has not turned up. The room that she is in is dark and gloomy making it look very spiritual and meaningful. Close-up shots in Billy Elliot show the detail of his ballet dancing when it focuses on his feet. They also show the exertion and determination on Billy's face when he is dancing.

I think that both the films do help to challenge stereotypes and prejudices. I think it has made me more aware of the troubles stereotypes and prejudice can cause people. The scene I liked best in Billy Elliot was the one where Billy was dancing down the street on his way home. I liked this one as I thought it showed Billy's raw passion and desire to dance. In Bend it like Beckham the scene I liked most was the scene at the end when Jess' father and Joe were playing cricket. I thought that this showed that people can overcome their prejudices and that Jess' dad had mastered his boyhood rejection and was now doing what he loved to do. If I could change some points in the film I would change how the ending of Billy Elliot so that we got to see more of the adult Billy dancing. This would show the audience that Billy and his family had completely overcome their original prejudices.

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Australia's Republic

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Australia's Republic Debate

Hypothesis- As Australia prospers as a nation the debate to change from its current status of a constitutional monarchy to a Republic increasingly gains momentum. However, the 1 referendum showed the majority of Australians don't support this change and as John Howard an avowed monarchist colloquially argues "If it it's not broken, don't fix it". (_____) Australia should stop arguing this issue and move forward as we have done so well in the past.

Introduction-

In 101 Australia's separate colonies united under a constitutional monarchy embracing our independence while still respecting the cultural ties with Britain. The evolution of Australia from British colony to independent nation has seen many amendments to the constitution including The Australian Act 186, Statute of Westminster and oath of citizenship. The Australian Republic Movement (ARM) established in 1 by Labour Prime Minister Paul Keating argues Australia should accelerate towards a Republic despite the process is with far reaching ramifications and without substantial gains. Since the early 100's the pro- republic stance after 10 years advocates Australians to adopt an unclarified alternative and as Kerry Jones states, "accept an unstable system that is complex and deeply flawed". (Article) Therefore, it can be seen that Australia's constitutional monarchy that has matured to be a unique and effectively Australia's system of government be continued to serve us in the future as it has in the past.Write my Essay on Australia's Republic cheap

In 18 a $5 million constitutional Convention comprising of 15 delegates agreed on a sole preposition (Appendix 1) being of minimal constitutional change in order for Australia to proclaim Republic. As a consequence of John Howard's ultimatum various Republican models were not explored. In I a constitutional referendum costing $55 million, 54.87% of Australians voted against replacing the Queen and Governor General with a President who would be appointed by a two third majority of the members of the Commonwealth and, 60.60% of Australian voted against an insertion of a preamble into the constitution. (Appendix ) The defeated referendum result contradicted the opinion shown in polls earlier (Appendix 1) that the majority of Australians supported a Republic.It seems in theory Australians want a Republic, albeit in practise active republicans have always been a minority.

The path to a Republic debate now has little chance of being successful without John Howard's support and when only 8 referendums out of 4 to change the constitution have succeeded. Australian's are sceptical. Les Murray a Republican, has said Australians won't vote for a republic unless they trust it and 'they sure can't trust the one they are being offered at the moment (Australian 0 September 1) Not only has the Republic debate divided Australia, it has divided republican's themselves. (Appendix 5) " Put any two Republicans together and they will disagree on what a republic entails" (The Defender Issue 1 May 1 page ) Considering, a clarified and vague republican model has been the sole proposition it is better to protect what Australia knows has already worked. To introduce an undefined Republican model Australians may possibly condemn future generations to live under an inferior system of government. A republican model must be analysed before being implemented and not after. Considering, this republican model is a blueprint it in Australia's best interests to stay a constitutional monarchy.

The ARM aimed to make minimum constitutional changes necessary to achieve a viable Federal Republic of Australia. Therefore, it's as if Australia need sacrifice nothing in terms of the integrity of our present political institutions and the idea that a Republic is just a change in tittle. At the same time the Republicans argue, 'Australia needs to become a republic to demonstrate its independence, identity, and maturity.'(Mark Mc Kenna http//www.republic.org.au)Australia has by far demonstrated to have cut the umbilical cord from the motherland and formed a mature independent identity while still respecting out traditional means. "Under our system of government Australia long ago achieved complete independence symbolised by the Queens title being changed, by her own consent and by Act of the Australian Parliament, to Queen of Australia." (http//www.norepublic.com.au/) Appropriate amendments to the constitution have reflected the shift in Australian society and kept up to date with the times. In 14 the oath of allegiance was amended to remove reference to the Crown (Appendix ) to reflect core values in Australia. The Australian Act 186, condensed the Queens power in Australia and proclaimed that "the United Kingdom parliament now has no legislative authority whatsoever in respect of Australia" (www.alphalink.com.au) Furthermore, the role of the Governor General a rather ceremonial position has changed from being formally a Queens's representative appointed by the British government, into an Australian appointed by the PM who takes advice from Australian Ministers. Australia's governor general, Guy Green from Tasmania was only recently nominated by the Prime Minister. By becoming a Republic would not be an affirmation of our nationhood as we already play an independent role. The fact Australia held the Olympic games, raises their own army and diplomatic corps, engages in their own foreign affairs, treaties, determines alone their future and makes decisions eg going to Vietnam War without Britain, proves Australian's independence from Britain. The Commonwealth is part of our history and constitutional development that serves proudly as out own. The Republicans major argument that Australia is not independence does not exist.

The Republicans have failed to consider the intricate ramifications of an Australian Republic and even what shape the new constitution should take.At the constitutional convention in 1 no assessment of such developments were proposed and central answers are overlooked.While Republicans want to replace the Queen the enormous implication of doing so are not manufactured and new institutional foundations and restrictions of the new office established. By removing the Queen new offices must be devised and complicated mechanisms implemented. Becoming a Republic raises issues that are still not answered such as; what will become of Crown land, a resolution to the position of the states, who will be the new president, method of appointment, length of tenure, power restrictions and importantly how will be president be appointed. " A president selected by the Prime Minister would lack democratic legitimacy; a president elected by the people would have more authority than a Prime minister elected by MP's". (Quote) This de position power inturn can cause struggles for power, feasible political deadlock and mean enormous alterations to the constitution. Additionally, the Australian states individually have their own monarchist constitution and in the event of become a Republic it is unclear if monarchies remain and, if not what is required to bring them into conformity with a republican Commonwealth.It can be seen that the Republican movement is far from an improvement from a constitutional monarchy.A major flaw is that the model ignores to even recognise reconciliation, an essential component of any future republic."To declare a republic that failed to embrace reconciliation as one of it's founding principles would not be a republic at all- nor would it be a Republic would having" (Mark Mc Kenna) Australia should vote No to Republic that does not answer Australia's needs and will be extremely costly financially, and emotionally. If we became a Republic the Republican advisory Committee estimated in 14 the election for a president would cost $45 million minimum each time. The constitutional monarchy should be accepted to incur no further financial costs to taxpayers on the Republican issue. The Federal Parliament's time without doubt could be better spent debating more relevant and crucial issues.

In practise Australia is a Republic in every sense worth worrying about, the constitution derives from the people, the government is democratically elected and the PM answers to parliament. In an Advisory Committee's report stated Australia is a 'crowned' Republic.

The Queen, Elizabeth II is a leading figurehead as her political responsibilities and power is very limited. In Australian she is evident on Australia's money and far from foreign as she's in the papers and television. There is a generation of Australian's that take great pride in the constitution and respectably admire the Queen. (Appendix _)The Queens is an educated faithful monarch who republican admit is more appropriate for the job. "quote".Economically a Governor General would cost far more than a Queens who only has her security paid for when in Australia. The Queens still has a place in our democratic society and to replace the Queens would create enormous upheaval with no advantage.

Implications

It is the Governor- General, and not the Queen, who exercise the powers of the Head of State, so that becoming a republic means money, time lost on a constitutional re-write that will give us what we already have. "If the republicans are right and nothing will really change, why bother? If, on the other hand, they're playing down the extent of flow-on changes, why take the risk'? (Quote) Republican base their argument on the need to being independent and have an Australian as head of state but when we already have both there is no reason to risk changing.

Conclusion

The republican movement may be an inevitable event in Australia's with a welcoming future generation. It is important to maintain an open mind to different Republican models. It is not out of the question undertake radical amendments to their constitutions it must be remembered in the 180's the dramatically changes turned out to be a successful constitution. It seems in theory Australians want a republic but not in practise, until terms offered are clarified and understood. There is a low level of public understanding on the matter and a number of hurdles to jump before Australia can even comp template implementing a Republican model. It's only when political division is ironed out and society gains the real Republican agenda a referendum would be of no success.

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