Violence in Videogames

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Violence in Videogames, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Violence in Videogames paper at affordable prices !Video Game Violence

Imagine your daughter in a dark, tight-spaced, labyrinth, so narrow that there is barely enough room to strafe left or right by one foot; with her broken radio in one hand and her assault rifle in the other. She's cut off from all communication, and since she has found no other crewmate alive in this alien labyrinth, they could all possibly be dead. As she navigates through endless passages, she hears a hoarse growl. She turns right on a blind corner, not knowing what lies ahead. Little does she know that a massive behemoth of a creature awaits the next turn, waiting to quickly catch her defenseless and rip her apart before devouring her. She sees the monster right in front of her, swinging its arm towards her as the first act of instinct. Alarmed, she raises her rifle and drills the monster full of bullets. The creature falls smoking down at her feet, and she lets out a cocky grin as 500 points are added to her score on the top of the television screen. Before running off to kill another alien creature, she pressed the pause button and walks to the kitchen for a quick snack. This is video gaming.

Controversy continues to escalate on games such as one described above between parents and gamers, regarding the psychological effect of simulated, realistic, D violence on the minds of young children and growing teenagers. Yet recent research shows that videogames contribute very little to today's everyday violence, despite complaints and concerns that games influence a child's normal behavior. Technology is a way of life in today's world, computers are used by toddlers, adolescents, and adults alike; no matter what career path a person chooses, the computer plays an essential role in the job. The more our technology progresses and as our industry grows stronger, computers and electronic entertainment will grow to be found everywhere around the world. And this includes videogames.

Although gaming became popular in the 180s, it has been alive since the 170s. In May of 17, Magnavox Odyssey was released as the first gaming console. A few built-in games came with it, and the graphics were as simple as white blocks over a black background. At this point, game violence wasn't even an issue since the graphics were just simple, moving patterns on a screen. Magnavox Odyssey did not sell well despite being a public release gaming console. This may have been a result of the sales practice; the gaming console was only available in Magnavox stores, where crooked salespeople assured customers that it would only be compatible with Magnavox televisions ("Console launches" 68). In October 177, the Atari Video Computer System was released, along with it the classic game "Pong", giving the system a place in the history books. However, the turning point in gaming came with the release of the 8-bit Nintendo Entertainment System (Adorably called NES), in fall 185. Although Nintendo marketed the system as a toy, the technological aspect of it sparked interest in people of all ages, especially when it was released in the United States. The market was opened to daring game developers who made games that marked the birth of interactive media that we know today

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But perhaps too daring though. Macintosh developed and released Mac Playmate on PC in 187 (and another version in 15); stimulating an animated woman with sex toys after undressing her was the object of the game, and the orgasm was the goal. Another highly controversial issue was an underground game set in World War II, but what sets this game apart from other World War II titld

is the goal of the game and the core gameplay itself. Set in Europe, the player takes charge of a Nazi concentration camp; rewards varied depending on how many and how brutal were the deaths of Jews. Enraged parents raised protest when Mortal Kombat was released in 11, which gave the player choices on how to "finish off" their opponent, sporting the most graphic (and not to mention bloody, VERY bloody)"fatalities" ever seen in any videogame of its time (Choi ). Since then, games like Grand Theft Auto and Resident Evil became targets for anti-violence protestors a reason to push for or even completely ban violent videogames.

The Columbine shooting incident in Colorado have given angry parents an obvious reason to try and strangle the video gaming industry. According to the media, the game Doom presumably help the young murderers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, learn shooting tactics. However, of all the bullets (approximately 00 bullets in the library alone) that were shot in Columbine High School, 1 were killed out of a possible 1,800 students (Alastor ). This connotes that the game may NOT have help them out at all. In fact, weapons on the television screen do not work at all as they do in real life; controllers aren't as heavy as real guns, there is no recoil from a blast, it usually takes several shots to the torso for a normal enemy to go down, and many other major errors (Wynar 5). A videogame is strictly made up of polygons and pixels, and there are no available controllers to even remotely simulate the feel of a real gun.

Many gamers believe that videogame violence holds little to no influence in children. Television, movies, and books are more widespread, less expensive; and less censored than videogames yet still containts the same themes. Themes of aliens invading earth, villains seeking to conquer or destroy the world, and normal people becoming superheroes are so common in children's movies nowadays that movies which are more graphic than videogames threaten a child's psychological development. But they are merelytagged as "just kids' movies." Because of this, nobody ever looks at the hero. The movie hero could just be as much of a criminal as the villain.For example In order to save one innocent civilian that happens to be the hero's live interest, the hero has to kill every bad guy in his way to save the woman. These themes are worse in more mature movies. A lot of "heroes" kill the "underlings" of the villains or anyone opposing him; in "real life" the prosecuted and imprisoned for the illegal abuses of the firearms and authority (Wynar 4). What kind of hero is that?

No one can say that television has not influenced society. Novice shooters in firearms classes start out by imitating the incorrect techniques they see on television, martial arts schools boomed after Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and sales of S6W .44 magnums skyrocketed after the release of Dirty Harry (Wynar 4). Studies show that many frequent game players also engage in more violent sports and watch high amounts of television every week (Ask ).

And yet, the blaming finger still points to videogames as being the core risk for negative behavior changes in children. When anti-gamers accused the games industries of producing more mature games than fun and educational ones, game enthusiasts pointed out the fact that 4% of gamers are over age 18 (Choi ). In 17, 4% of games reviewed by the ESRB were rated inappropriate for the under 1 age group.

Many gamers believe that the people arguing against them are merely ignorant of many of the studies and facts presented by researchers that favor the neutral or positive effects of games on children. An independent study conducted by Alexander Ask showed that high-frequency players playing a violent yet easy game became less angry and calmer, while low-frequency players were on the flipside; also, more frequent gamers experienced and expressed more anger, but felt they could control it better. A different study by the American Psychological Association (APA) sampled twenty-five boys and girls between the ages of eight and twelve. The children were asked questions about violent behavior or empathy, and then were given one of two games to play (violent, non-violent) for fifteen minutes. Afterward, researchers gave their subjects a set of hypothetical situations designed to trigger either a compassionate or an aggressive response. No connection between gameplay and the responses to the situations was discovered (McDowell ).

Yet the demand to ban still ran strong among anti-violence supporters. After viewing several violent videogames, including Mortal Kombat and Night Trap, Senator Joseph Lieberman (CT) created the ESRB, Entertainment Software Ratings Board (McDowell 1). The ESRB is an organization in which representatives from all of the major software companies rate every video or computer game before it goes out on the market. Ratings vary E for everyone, T for teen 1+, M for mature 17+, AO for adults only, and others. Other ratings companies followed, such as the Amusement Machine Operators Association (AMOA), which puts warning/rating stickers on arcade machines (Choi ). The effort to protect children from violent games stretched across the world. In Australia, the State Attorney General declared that all videogames would go through a screening test. Violent games would be restricted to adults and excessively violent games would be banned all together (Ask 1).

So why hasn't the violence stopped? With the ESRB and other organizations striving to protect children from the gore and guns of games, and the results of numerous studies showing that there is no connection between games and violence by kids, you'd think that the shootings and violent play would stop. However, aggression research suggests that poor parenting is the cause of much of the erratic behavior by children. The limiting of playtime and the supervision of the types of games that are played are just as important as monitoring the television programs and movies that children watch.

Despite the common belief, there are benefits of gaming. An important plus to gaming is being able to vent anger non-aggressively. What could be better than blowing away that non-existent monster after a long day of school/work or other stress? If this method of venting were taken away, hyper-aggressive people would be forced to find some other way to purge their anger and frustration. This could lead to real people being hurt. Another advantage to gaming is that it opens up a social opportunity for kids; a certain game might cause some common interest between children and create more friendships and interactivity. People also seem to forget that educational games do exist, and can teach kids things that do not involve guns and killing. Games that are helpful, educational, and fun would be more popular if more people tried to encourage the acceptance, popularity, and availability of them ("Violence" ).

Controversy is not anything new to society; there were arguments about television and rock and roll. Now videogames joins the pack. With the industry booming and the ESRB running full force to warn of mature games, it is doubtful that videogames will lose their place in the electronics empire and our everyday lives. So next time your son is gleefully gunning down monsters in dark tool sheds with his Playstation controller, just remember that if anyone objects, proof of protection is on the package of the game on the ESRB tag. It is the parent who chooses to be aware of and follow it, and lay down the law to their kids' gaming and other media habits that might spark the violence and arguments in the lives of both gamers and non-gamers.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence in Videogames is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence in Videogames, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Violence in Videogames will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Coles Myer

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Coles Myer. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Coles Myer paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Coles Myer, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Coles Myer paper at affordable prices !Coles Myer is Australia's largest retailer with more than 1,800 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand. The company's aim is to create benefits for every stakeholder by being the best retailer in every market in which the company operates. Coles Myer is the Australia's largest non-government employer with over 160,000 staff and spends approximately $1 billion a year buying merchandise and services from over 61,000 suppliers.

There are various factors undermining the decline of Coles Myer performance and shareholder value, both externally and internally. In this report we will analyse Coles Myer, in terms of major financial, marketing and organisational drivers presently influencing the company's shareholder value by using the value driver framework. Coles Myer is a large organisation; we will only be concentrating on the important aspects that we have ascertained.The concluding section of the report will address the major challenges in altering the drivers to increase Coles Myer shareholder value in the future.

.Financial Value Drivers

A marketing strategy only makes sense if it is likely to increase the value of a business and Doyle (000) suggested that to determine whether strategy make sense, long-term cash flow have to be estimated in a true valuation, rather than boosting the cash flow in short-term based by scarifying the long-term objectives.

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While shareholder values and financial value drivers are the objectives of business, marketing strategy lies at the heart of value creation. Marketing value drivers will determine the process and marketing strategy to achieve and maximise the shareholder and financial values.

.1Level of operating cash flow

.1.1Sales Growth

In 001, J. Fletcher aimed to reach the target of $800 million annual net profit by July 006. Since then, Coles Myer has struggled to meet the analyst's forecast periodical profit and sales growth.Solomon Lew commented that the company will need a compound growth rate of 5% per annum while the star business which is the food business was struggling to grow more than -% by 005. This means that the only way Coles Myer could reach its growth target is to rely heavily on cost cutting measures (Operation Right Now).

.1.Operating Margins (Higher Prices and Decreases in Cost)

The key to a sustainable competitive advantage is by commanding a price premium or by doing things cheaper or doing both.As Porter (001) illustrates that cost and price advantages can be achieved in two ways, operational effectiveness or strategic positioning.What is clear in the retail industry is that the consumers are very elastic to price.Thus it is fairly impossible to command a price premium in the market unless added value is presented on a platter.

The retail branches (Myers-Grace Bros and Target) had relied on heavy discounting to clear their inventory during the post-Christmas periods, a price-war between industries retailers will most likely occur.This in turn generates a negative value to sellers as the bargaining power is shifted to the buyer.As Porter (001) suggests with more competitors selling largely undifferentiated products, the basis for competition shifts ever more towards price.Clearly, the net effect on the industry's structure is negative.

It is probably due to the realisation of the above-mentioned eventualities that Coles Myers tailored their focus on "Operation Right Now" as a cost-cutting exercise first and foremost to boost their operating margin.

.1.Investments

One of the investments that Coles Myer has embarked on is a fully integrated supply chain system which is a key to improving 'asset turn'. It was predicted that if Coles Myer can lift its asset turn by one-third, it could improve net profit by between 65 and 8%. However, the investment community is convinced that this larger then expected investment plan will take a long time to bring a return on investment.

.Market Value Drivers

.1Market Selection

The fundamental objective of the business is to target the 'right' customers who create shareholders value. Clear market positioning is essential for retailing industry. Coles Myer suffers from the lack of focus and clear strategy due to the fact that the company is simply too big to efficiently mange its division.

More importantly, Coles Myer is trying to operate a combined strategy, the two are, high-volume, low-margin retailers (e.g. Kmart and Target) and retail specialists focusing on a single retail category (e.g. Officeworks, Megamart and Myer-Grace Bros). Mead (00 cited in Reading Pack) commented that, these two types of retailing require different retailing skills and different corporate and marketing strategies and separate and therefore, independent organisational structures.

Furthermore, there diversified interest in Coles-Grace Bros, Target and Kmart do create a cannibalistic effect. By offering product discounts with no convergence to the business strategies of the other two, detrimental effects on the sales performances across all three brands do occur.

.Customer Loyalty

Hannen (001 cited in Reading Pack) said that keeping existing customers is cheaper than finding the new ones. However, the retailing industry is a 'generic market' and a lot of effort is needed to build meaningful relationships with the consumers.

Coles Myer has done very poorly in retaining existing customer in two ways.Firstly, "Fly Buys" as a loyalty program is not appealing to consumers as they have to spend a significant amount to attain rewards. The saturation of the membership numbers has quantified this ailment in the loyalty program.There are also no plans to integrate "Fly Buys" to the Coles Myer credit card as well.

Secondly, Coles Myer loses out to Woolworth in customer retention by not having a petrol discount scheme.This is a major stimulus that Woolworth uses to gain market share in the food businesses.

.Strategic Relationships

It is known that Coles is trying to introduce a petrol discount scheme that can compete with Woolworth's.In order to realise this competitive tool, Coles Myers will need to develop and sustain strategic relationships with Shell and MasterCard.The offering must translated into value for the two partners or else it will definitely fall short.

.4Branding

Coles Myer is in the process of re-branding its retail businesses.As Hannen (001) describes moving Myer-Grace Bros more upmarket.With Target offering affordable, trendy and high quality merchandises.And K-Mart will position as a low-cost discount department store catering to the entire household. Evans (00) have noted that Myer Grace Bros has embarked on a new advertising campaign under the My Store banner and is trying to reposition itself to target the top 40 per cent of households by income, with a key focus on women aged between 5 and 4.The closure of two Grace Bros stores and the expected closure or conversion of ten more stores into Target or K-Mart stores is well in line with their refocused branding strategy.

4.Organisational Value Drivers

4.1Strategy

Coles Myer is a suffering from the effect of its size. They have tried to combine two strategies which are 'low cost, high volume basic need' and 'speciality retailing'. This resulted in a lack of focus as the company is operating in many market segments under the same strategy. The lack of clear positioning of each their business inevitably caused overlaps in market positions.

4.Leadership

The lack of retailing experience on the board is a drawback.The departure of Solomon Lew left Patty Akopiantz as the only director with retail experience on the board. Constant bickering and politicking among the board members have caused much instability among investors.

4.Staff

Hannen (001) suggested that one of the most important tasks for Coles Myer is too lift staff moral and dismantle the culture of competition between various Coles Myer businesses. Every Coles Myer store operates as a stand alone unit and they often compete for the same market share. This developed a culture of internal rivalry which to a great extent demoralised the staff.

5.The Major Challenges in Altering the Drivers for Shareholder value.

Organisation with the resources, capabilities and culture to operate a strategy is probably more important than the strategy itself. Doyle (000) suggested that delivering strategy depends upon the core competencies of the business. As well as culture and attitude of people in the organisation which ensure that competencies are utilised appropriately.As the issues of staff and leadership have been addressed in the previous section, the following discussions will entail our other perspectives of the major challenges that are critical to Coles Myer shareholder value.

5.1Re-Positioning

The first obvious issue is should Coles Myer continually pursue a 'growth strategy' in trying to reach the illusory target of $800 million net profit by 006. Is it achievable? The answer is very unlikely, since there are limited opportunities for growth in a retail industry where intense competition is the mainstay. Other then the food business, it seems like there non-food businesses are heading south.Myer Grace Bros has already been identified as a cash cow with no growth opportunities.

Taking the Gulf War into account, consumers will be hard press to source for cheaper buys in their retail experience.Most may feel that this in turn may generate sales growth for Target and K-mart.We believe that the sales growth of the two brands will definitely be positive if all things been constant.What we are unsure of is how much cannibalisation will happen.At present, there is no distinct differentiation between Target, K-mart and Myer-Grace Bros.Without any added value, the overall sales curve of Coles-Myer's non-food business will not increase.

Their commitments to the non-food business do create a worrisome issue for their food and liquor businesses.In the process of radical changing the ailing businesses, how much focus will Coles Myer forgo to their food business competitors?We feel that this is a area which needs readdressing.

5.Technology

The implementation of the fully integrated supply chain system must complement their existing way of competing.Other then the lack of comprehension by investors and shareholders, a rollout in technology does require a re-alignment of business strategies.What we do perceive as a major challenge is the size and the diversified interest of the organisation.

To achieve full integration across the company is risky.Though untethered information flow does allow a competitive advantage in supply-chain management, we feel that Coles Myer should consider running different systems for the three brands.This will allow Coles Myer to have greater flexibility when they do decide to sell off any one of the brands.Furthermore, using different systems or vendors will allow Coles Myer to evaluate, contrast and compare on what serves them best in the future.

5.The "Me-Too" Strategy

One of the challenges that Coles Myer will face will be in their attempt to play catch-up to Woolworth in the petrol discount war.As Woolworth's petrol discount scheme has been in place for a long time, Coles Myer will have to present a strong offering to win back the market share lost to their competitor.This may not be easy as consumers will be reluctant to change if the service, location, value and customer loyalty offered by Woolworth is superior.

The End (187 words)

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Australia's Region and Global Linkages

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Australia's Region and Global Linkages

INTRODUCTION

¡§Australia's location is in both the southern and eastern hemispheres; consequently she has developed close regional linkages with her near neighbours in these areas. Yet at the same she has pursued deliberate policies in the creation of linkages much further a field than just South East Asia and the near Pacific Rim.¡¨

To illustrate the accuracy of the above statement, this discussion will focus on three main linkages

Cheap College Papers on Australia's Region and Global Linkages

„trade and finance

„tourism

„defence

The areas to be covered in the discussion will be

„The spatial location of Australia's regional and global linkages

„A clear demonstration of the need for these linkages.

„An outline of what Australia's role in the global community is.

Firstly, a general spatial location of Australia's regional and global linkages will be established.

SPATIAL LOCATION

Australia's major linkages can be found both regionally ¡V concerning the Asia-Pacific area, and globally ¡Vlocated outside the proximity of Australia.

Regional Links This includes South East Asia and the near Pacific Rim; countries of the greatest importance to Australia are our Asian neighbours Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and Indonesia. Also New Zealand and P.N.G and the islands of the Pacific Ocean have equal significance. Spatially the chief pattern or relationship these countries share is an access to the Pacific Ocean which connects them to Australia. Because of Australia's geographical closeness to these countries and only boundary being the ocean, relations and linkages such as trade or tourism can be made especially easy.

Global Links These linkages can be found in Europe, the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and the Russian Federation. Geographically the spatial location of such linkages like defence and political relations, are very far from Australia; routes between such linkages usually cross large land masses and ocean. In relation to regional linkages global linkages can be an inconvenience as they are much further, slower and do not share common oceans.

TRADE AND FINANCE

Australia is the fourth largest economy in the Asia Pacific region following Japan, China and Korea. It is only natural that Australia is a significant investor and successful trader in the region. Over fifty per cent of Australia's trade is with Asia ¡V a continent abundant with valuable export, and requiring a variety of imports. Australia is one of the leading exporters of commodities ¡V in particular, minerals, energy and agricultural goods; in comparison Australia imports a large amount of manufactured goods such as computer components and automobiles. Due to improvements in transport and communications technologies the pattern of Australia's trade is changing. Mining and agricultural production (primary production) continue to make up the bulk of merchandise exports, accounting for 6 per cent of the total in 000¡V01. However, the significance of primary production is greatly lessened as the necesity for service-based exports has become far more important in recent years.

The direction of Australian's trade has also changed significantly. Most of Australia's early trade was with Great Britain, mainly because of our country's history and past cultural ties. Yet today Japan continues to be Australia's largest single export market and trading partner, followed by the United States, Korea and New Zealand. China, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Indonesia are also significant markets. The majority of these linkages come from the Asia-Pacific region, the growing trade links with the Asia-Pacific region are consequence to a number of factors

„XA sustained period of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region

„XThe proximity of the region to Australia makes trade cheaper

„XThe potential market region ¡V China alone has 1. billion people

„XBritain's membership of the European Union (EU), a trading bloc that makes it

difficult for Australia to gain access to the market

„XThe establishment of the regional trade agreements and trade agreements and

trading blocs such as ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and APEC.

„X An increase in cultural ties with people from South-East Asia and the Pacific Islands

We greatly rely on our trade links to promote economic development in the country and a steady rate of employment. Due to the Governments continuing economic reform program, Australia remains one of the fastest-growing economies in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development). Trade is an important part of that. Our export community is diversifying as well as growing. Our role is to reach more markets ¡V the Middle East is our fastest growing major global market over the past 5 years ¡V and expand the range of goods and services we are supplying to the world.

TOURISM

Tourism is a multi-faceted, industrious economic activity based on the production and consumption of goods and services. Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries, the travel and tourism industry account for 10.7 per cent of the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is predicted that, on a global scale, there will be close to 50 million tourists travelling in the year 010.

The boom in international tourists to Australia began in the 180s and recently peaked during the Sydney 000 Olympic Games. Tourism is an important growth industry for Australia; it contributes a great deal to job creation and employment, export earnings and regional development.

There has been a rapid increase in the number of tourists visiting Australia. Some of the main reasons why tourists visit Australia include

„XHoliday-increase awareness of culture, heritage and way of life.

„XVisiting Relatives and Friends- these links have already confirmed and exist.

„XBusiness- increase levels of trade and exchange of information between countries.

„XEducation- these links are very important, these links are short-term (usually being

„Xless than a year) There are many exchange students between Australia and overseas.

„XSporting- include visits for tours, such as cricket, netball or football, and specific

„Xsporting events such as swimming carnivals, athletics meets and grand prix racing.

„XConventions and Conferences- rapidly growing area of tourism, promotes

„Xinternational goodwill and understanding.

The top source for visitor arrivals is roughly in order of Japan, New Zealand, the UK, USA and Korea. Increased visitors from Asian countries have replaced visitors from countries such as Canada and Germany. The proportion of visitors from Asia has increased from 0 per cent in 178¡V8 to 5 per cent in 18¡V.

Australia has very strong links in tourism with the Asia-Pacific region. The Asia-Pacific region is the main destination for Australians travelling overseas, while tourists from this region are also the largest source of visitors into Australia.

In terms of regional and global links to Australia these visitors are important, not only for the money they spend in the country or the jobs that are created but also because they help build economic and cultural ties with other nations. Tourism links also foster the development of small business, promote the conservation of our natural and cultural heritage and help to broaden the base of regional economies in many different parts of Australia ¡V especially in rural areas.

The role of Australia in the global community is to promote our country, not only in the region but throughout the whole world. Strategies such as using a famous Australian icon as an ambassador representing our country has worked effectively in bring tourists to the Australia. An example is Ian Thorpe in Japan and Megan Gale in Italy, by promoting Australia we can unite cultures and bring about multicultural societies that share common interest. In addition, through tourism Australia establishes offshore travel and tourist agencies which also facilitates tourism by Australians to other countries. As a result better relations between nations are developed and an economic benefit to both countries through the earning of foreign exchange.

DEFENCE

Australia is one of the most secure, protected countries in the world. It is the only country that occupies the whole of one continent, with the ocean being its natural boundary. This makes Australia a difficult country to invade. The long area of coastline and large area of territorial waters make up a very large area for Australia to protect from unauthorized use.

The Australian government follows certain security policies to prevent defeat, the use of force against Australia and its interests. These policies centre on

1.The cultivation of bilateral alliances (two-sided), links and friendships, which promote an international environment where the use of force is discouraged. This is for both the regional ¡V Asia-Pacific (P.N.G, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Malaysia) and globally ¡V the world (USA, UK).

.The development of and ¡V where necessary ¡V the use of defence forces.

.Strengthening multilateral (many-sided) security links in the region, especially the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and Five Power Defence Arrangements (Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom).

Australian Defence Force funding totals A$18 billion per year. There are 51 500 permanent full-time Australia supports and many UN initiatives in multinational peacekeeping operations. Military personnel in the Australian Defence Force include members from the Army, Navy and Air force. Australia is also a member of the United Nations (UN) and a supporter of UN such as FAO, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO and UNICEF. Australia supports the UN in its primary function of resting aggression around the world. This was seen for example, in the commitment of Australian naval forces to assist the UN during the Gulf War of 10-1.

Australia's major defence links are in the Asia-Pacific region, but it also has strong links at a global level. The main regional links are associated with security and border control inside the region. Whereas, the main global links are associated with the United States. Our main strategic ally remains the United States and the close historical, political and investment links with Europe are also considered significant in terms of strategic alliances. The link with the United Kingdom is also strong.

The global and regional links and relationships that Australia developed during the twentieth century became critically important when the crisis in East Timor erupted in August 1. The events would have a major impact on Australia's global links and role in the Asia-Pacific region.

Australia's role in the global community is concerned mainly with issues of peacekeeping, international security and disarmament, the environment, human rights, targeted development programs and technical agencies dealing with agriculture, refugees and international nuclear safeguards.

CONCLUSION

From the factual information presented above it is evident that while Australia has close regional linkages in the areas of trade and finance, tourism and defence, she is, nevertheless, pursuing a strategic coalition with global partners to protect and enforce the values and culture of the free world.

Please note that this sample paper on Australia's Region and Global Linkages is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Australia's Region and Global Linkages, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on Australia's Region and Global Linkages will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Strategies of SIA

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STRATEGIC AVIATION MANAGEMENT

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Assignment No. 1

Undertake a critical review of the 5 papers on the strategic success of Singapore Airlines, comment on the strategies employed by the Airline since 147 and its claim to be one of the outstanding Airlines.

In your report comment on the critical factors that provide competitive advantage for Singapore Airlines.Also consider the organizational factors, such as management practice, employee performance etc.

Singapore Airlines (SIA) is a company that has triumphed through some of the toughest times that the aviation industry, as a whole, has been subjected to.It has not only survived where others have faltered, but strengthened its position as one of the worlds' truly great airlines.Such events as war, economic uncertainty and the outbreak of SARS are some, and by no means the only, historical curve balls that the industry in general has had thrown its way.

This article is written to trace the history of SIA, and realize the key factors that have had, and continue to provide a competitive advantage for the airline.

As is the case with many companies through history, the initial foundation from which SIA grew, came from an amalgamation.In 17, two shipping companies, The Straits Steamship Co. (of Singapore) and Ocean Steamship Co. (of England) together realized the commercial viability of flight in the region and registered the company name Malayan Airways.Though Malayan was now an entity, it never served on any routes, or even owned a plane, due mainly to the intervention of WWII, until 147, where it commenced operations with its first commercial flight in an Airspeed Consul from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur under the management of Mansfield & Co. Ltd of Singapore1.

Under this management, the now steadily growing airline operated services in the region until 157, where management practice was changed to permit Government control, the capital for expansion supplied, in majority, by another partnership, QANTAS and the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC)The fact that these two companies, already well established in their own regions, were keen to participate in this relatively small operation shows their understanding of the possible importance of Singapore as a stepping stone between areas of major aviation development, name Europe, Asia/Pacific and America.

In 16, Malayan went through a name change with the creation of the federation of Malaysia, becoming Malaysian Airways, and then again in 166 to MalaysiaSingapore Airways (MSA) to show the carriers joint shareholdership by the Governments of Malaysia and Singapore. The airline saw tremendous growth through this period with a strong commitment to new technology, and also the takeover of another of the regions carriers, Borneo Airways, in 165.

The turbulent times of the area continued, where regions now believing in their own ability to perform as sovereign states, with Singapore separating from the Federation of Malaysia in 167.The two states shared the Airline as a joint flag carrier until 171, where the fact that both needed its own identity, and seeing different needs in respect to its own National carrier, Malaysian Airlines and Singapore Airlines were born4.

Now, only new in name, and with some 5 years of experience in the industry, SIA continued to move forward through continued high levels of service , a strategy born through their history of meritocracy, and a solid belief in operating with good quality, economical aircraft.

Because of the relatively small size of Singapore, with its main island only covering some 604 square kilometers5, SIA had no real domestic service to offer.Far from being a negative, this fact helped foster the strategy that to grow, the company must be willing to look further a field, and aim to make themselves the hub for an international market seeing them as a stepping stone to the world.As far as SIA were concerned, size didn't matter.

SIA implemented this as their strategy to success.Having Singapore as an aviation hub, with spokes radiating far and wide made their own network extremely effective.Added to this was the attitude of the Singaporean Government toward an "Open Skies" agreement of operation, where carriers from all over the globe were welcomed to use their airspace and facilities through fifth freedom rights.This attitude went very much against the grain, as most other carriers were using existing bilateral air service agreements to effectively close down their own facilities and route systems in an attempt to maintain viability and achieve profit.

From this self recognition that they now occupied a key position in global aviation, simple geographic position was not enough to guarantee success.For any organization to compete over such a long period of time as SIA has, the need for effective strategy is paramount.Perhaps the worlds' best known Business Academic, Michael E Porter, theorises why strategy still matters in a time of relentless change.He has written numerous books which continue to be reprinted time after time, and are core reading for students of Business, and almost Bible-like for many in management positions.

"The essence of strategy is that you must set limits on what you're trying to accomplish.The company without a strategy is willing to try anything.If all you're trying to do is essentially the same thing as your rivals, then it's unlikely that you'll be very successful.It's incredibly arrogant for a company to believe it can deliver the same sort of product that its rivals do and actually do it better for very long" (Michael Porter's Big Ideas, Gruner + Jahr, 00).

From its birth in 17, and continuing through to today, SIA's strategy has always been a simple one - that of maintaining its focus on its objective of achieving the best service possible for customers.Something a number of carriers, especially in the newly deregulated US of the 170's, were forgetting, focusing more on the competitive angle of operational effectiveness.

This dedication to service can be seen in a number of SIA's practices, but can best be summarized by the marketing tool of the "Singapore Girl".A strong and effective product/service differentiation strategy was born with the introduction of this in-flight service-based marketing idea.

"What we needed was a 'unique selling proposition'. Happily, we found it.Or perhaps I should say we found her, because the Singapore Girl has become synonymous with Singapore Airlines.

SIA is an Asian airline, and Asia has a long tradition of gentle, courteous service.The Asian woman does not feel she is demeaning herself by fulfilling the role of the gracious, charming and helpful hostess.What we hope to do is translate that tradition of service into an in-flight reality." (Harvard Business School, 18b).

The idea of airlines being a service-based industry also went against the common grain, but a concept that made SIA stand out, with the attitude running right through the organization, not only in the passenger cabin.However, this idea was not alone as SIA's strategy.

"The most caring attention from our wonderful Singapore Girl would be insufficient if we do not also provide engineering reliability, ease of reservations, efficient ground handling and all the rest of it, par excellence" (Managing a Global Airline in Singapore, Cheong Choong Kong, 00).

SIA's commitment to service can also be seen in the average age of its aircraft.At present, SIA's fleet of 8 passenger aircraft comes in at an average of five and a half years6, something the envy of most other major carriers.This policy also shows up as sound economics, with the end result being reliability.With reliable aircraft, the customer is again the winner with reduced delays due to maintenance and safer air travel.

Both of SIA's keys to competitive advantage that have been discussed, that of

1.Self recognition that they now occupy a key position in world trade, and

.Maintaining its focus on its objective of achieving the best service possible for customers,

would be nothing more than ideas without strong leaders to empower them.

"The chief strategist of an organization has to be the leaderThe CEO.A lot of business thinking has stressed the notion of empowerment, of pushing down and getting a lot of people involved.That's very important, but empowerment and involvement don't apply to the ultimate act of choice.To be successful, an organization must have a very strong leader who's willing to make choices and define the trade-offs.I've found that there's a striking relationship between really good strategies and really strong leaders."

"A leader also has to make sure that everyone understands the strategy.Strategy used to be thought of as some mystical vision that only the people at the top understood.But that violated the most fundamental purpose of a strategy, which is to inform each of the many thousands of things that get done in an organization every day, and to make sure that those things are all aligned in the same basic direction." (Michael Porter's Big Ideas, Hammonds, Gruner + Jahr, 00)

These qualities can be seen in Dr Cheong Choong Kong, SIA's recently retired CEO.Dr Cheong joined SIA in 174 following a successful academic career, serving in several management positions.He was appointed MD in 184, with this position being retitled in 16 to CEO, and in the same year becoming Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of SIA.Dr Cheong is widely recognized as responsible for the focus and drive for the great service SIA continues to offer, being chosen 'Asia's Businessman of the year' in 00, by Fortune Magazine7.

"The trick is not in blindly following every management fad that surfaces whenever some enterprising guru invents a new set of principles to enrich himself --- yet another variation of some 7 pillars of wisdom.The keyword is consistency --- of Product, Service, Brand.While SIA adheres to some basic management tenets, what sets it apart from others is the culture of excellence and achievement that pervades the entire airline group." (Managing a Global Airline in Singapore, Cheong Choong Kong, 00).

SIA has, with no doubt, been successful in the past through sound strategy and good leadership.Realising their potential early on and capitalizing on their given position, followed by a steely-eyed focus on the customer, has achieved a stature which is the envy of many a competitor.The hope for SIA now, would be that this could continue into the future, and that their strategies would be able to handle any curve ball that could be thrown its' way.

References

1,Malaysian Public Transportation History

Pre and Post Independence Aviation,

Park, May, Berhad,001.Para ,

www.parkmayberhad.com/transport-msia-aviation.html

The market Achievements History, Page .

www.superbrands.com.my/brands/PDF/malaysia%0airlines.pdf

4Singapore Airlines Websiteabout SIA

www.singaporeair.com/

5Singapore Info Map, Sep 00

Singapore Snapshot

Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts

6Singapore Airlines WebsiteOur Fleet

www.singaporeair.com/

7Louis Kraar, February 7, 00, Fortune Magazine

www.fortune.com/fortune/articles/0,15114,7156,00.html

Michael Porter's Big Ideas, Keith H. Hammonds, Gruner + Jahr USA Publishing,

Issue 44 March 001, Page 150

www.fastcompany.com/magazine/44/porter.html

Harvard Business School (18b), "Singapore Airlines (A)", -687-0, Rev. /8, 1 September.

Managing a Global Airline in Singapore, An SIIA Outlook Talk, Dr Cheong Choong Kong, 15 July 00.

www.siiaonline.org/article/Managing%0Global%0Airline.pdf

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Validating the Ideals of the Communist Manifesto

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Validating the Ideals of

The Communist Manifesto

The use of certain language in history to describe some political structures and political ideas has long been shaped and formed in such ways that tend to reflect those in power and account for their notable accomplishments.The way we understand much of our world's history is through lens that were created by those in charge.For quite some time now it has been evident that some historical stories and accounts do not cover all elements in history at a given time.That is, they are unsuccessful in explaining the interdisciplinary aspects of life in a particular era.One area in which this is a huge problem is in the relationship between the bourgeois and the proletariat.In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx's explanation of the position of the proletariat in society is crucial in acquiring a better understanding of history and his literature.Without decent clarity on how history really occurred, we are stuck in a world in which the bourgeois rule our history books, our literature texts, and our political mindsets.

It is important to review some of the major points raised in The Communist Manifesto and show how they do indeed play a part in the way we view history today.While Marx uses many examples that are not particularly cited from any specific real life experiences, they are valuable examples with which we are able to reason philosophically.I will outline some of the most significant arguments for his stance and highlight how these reasons work in relation to the creation of a new society through an ultimate revolution.

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First we have the issue of what can be called the perpetual cycle.Cycles in history are interesting to examine, contemplate, and argue about.However, no matter where one stands on a particular issue, there is no doubt that some cycles of events in history have been perpetuated far too long.Moreover, there is helpful rhetoric out there to assist us in understanding these cycles, how they evolved, and how we can change them for the better.Embodied in many of the political arguments in this paper are philosophical principles that are extremely telling in terms of how certain classes deal with one another in the cycle.It is these philosophical principles I want to touch upon the most.

One cycle Marx observes among the bourgeois and proletariat in history is the continuous sinking of the proletariat as they do their day-to-day work.It seems as if they are caught in an hourglass, continually sinking downwards until they are exhausted and at their lowest and have nothing left to give.

The lower strata of the middle classthe small tradespeople, shopkeepers, and retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasantsall sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, and partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production (Marx, 165).

This quote exemplifies the apparent nature of worker relations between the bourgeois and the proletariat.Marx explains the difficulty in something so simple as making ends meet, as we might call it today.It is important to realize that this struggle exists in the first place, without completely discounting it for the boring history of a particular era, which almost undoubtedly favors the bourgeois.Given the existence of the proletariat situation, we are now able to look at some of the other ways in which proletariat life was burdened by the dominance of the bourgeois and extreme capitalist mindsets.

Perhaps one of the most frustrating aspects of evaluating the bourgeois and proletariat in a society is the political slant.While Marx's writings can, no doubt, be considered valuable pieces of political philosophy, it becomes more and more evident as one reads along that the political is equated with the mental.That is, the upper classes of citizens are so politically different and opposed to those in the lower class that they simply "don't get it" mentally.The plight of the poor, hard worker is a foreign notion to the fortunate bourgeois member who sits higher in society.He cannot possibly identify with the problems that plague the proletariat, so he politicizes them as an excuse.In other words, in lieu of making an attempt to truly understand another side of the story, especially where exploited workers are concerned, it is much easier and more convenient to politicize the debate in such a way that makes the proletariat look uneducated, unskilled, poor, and worthless, having nothing of use or value to offer.

"Every class struggle is a political struggle" (Marx, 166).It is evident that while the bourgeois may seem important in society, they are not all that different; they simply have an alternate way of viewing things than those in lower classes, although that should not necessitate a superiority complex on their part.This inherently political way of viewing different situations is symbolic of the bourgeois's mundane political mentality and showcases it as a scapegoat for the real issues.

Along the same lines as the misunderstanding of proletariat life on the part of the bourgeois is the issue of a lost appreciation for the proletariat people altogether.The individualism is lost in an extreme capitalist, self-interested society.Factories diminish the individual capabilities of the worker that make that person so unique in the first place.Routine schedules and standardized work assignments hinder the creative nature of individualscreative natures that could actually potentially benefit production and appreciation of personal skills and talents much more than the continually boring repetition of one product after another.The perpetuation of this mentality eventually brings about the ignorant idea that "those people" (the proletariat) are simple-minded, factory level workers whose opinions and presence are not crucial in the world, except of course, for speeding up production and increasing profits for the bourgeois by overworking and exploiting them.This furthers the overall division of classes and drives deeper, wider wedges between each group's comprehension of the other in society.

Moreover, the bourgeois made a point to condense the importance of certain jobs and professions to continue the on-going separation between classes."The bourgeois has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe.It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of silence, into its paid wage-labourers" (Marx, 161).We can see from this passage specific instances in which Marx outlines the misstep of the bourgeois.It is apparent that the proletariat is not able to excel in the structure created by the bourgeois.It is equally apparent that, unless they do something to counter this cycle, the proletariat has little or no hope of excelling in any way at all.Put very simply, it is difficult to fairly win a baseball game on the opposing team's turf, with the opposing team's personal referee continually (and wrongly) calling fouls against you.

Furthermore, Marx does an excellent job highlighting the differences in the proletariat situation from others with which we might identify today.For example, there are class distinctions in the world that are quite obvious.Many of these are racial, ethnic, religious, and national differences.Some of the main differences are more directly visible than others.However, Marx's point about the proletariat being one in the same, despite race, ethnic background, religion, and national identity, is a valid one.

All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities.The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority (Marx, 168).

This passage demonstrates the validity of the proletariat movement.They are not simply one group of people with a specifically unnatural thing in common.They are also not simply a group of people with the same genes or hair color.They are a group of people, diverse in nature, who live the same kinds of lives, deal with the same kinds of pressures, and work the same kinds of jobs.Additionally, they all have much the same goals.However, they have very little that is "similar" about themselves to bind them together.Rather, they play on experiences each of them has had and work together to attempt to rise above their current situation.I believe there is some legitimacy to a will as powerful as thatone that does not always rely on a statistical number or a group force identity to prove their point.Rather, they can identify with one another in ways that cross racial, ethnic, religious, and national boundaries and find a common ground of their own in which they all work for the betterment of society.

Finally, I would like to examine the notion, structure, and problems of the bourgeois.There is a major issue within the bourgeois that is not immediately obvious from the outside, although it is a moral and political detriment within.

Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many ways, the course of development of the proletariat.The bourgeois finds itself involved in a constant battle.At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeois itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry… (Marx, 167).

The inherent cracking within the bourgeois is actually an outlet for success within the proletariat.As soon as one's opponent begins to crumble, even in the slightest of ways, that is the time to make one's move forward.It is not impossible to attribute some of the successes of the proletariat to the foul play of the bourgeois.Conversely, even Marx makes the opposite argument."The organization of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves" (Marx, 166).

Despite all we can possibly know about how the bourgeois falls apart on the inside, most people are still relatively convinced that the bourgeois holds a certain place in this history of the world that cannot be challenged by "mere proletarians."The bitterness between societies that feud within is something we are not always able to understand.However, it is abundantly clear from Marx's explanations that the proletarians had many of the odds against them.They continued to sink in ways that were sometimes unavoidable.They were faced with the unchanging mindset of the bourgeois who thought of them as inferior and regarded themselves on the highest level.They dealt with a lost sense of individualism.They dealt with their own skills being diminished down to the lowest paid wage-laboring levels.They banned together and fought the most basic principles of the bourgeois, even though they did not necessarily all share a common genetic, racial, religious or other bond.

It is clear that through their work together, the proletariat is entitled to recognition in relation to their struggle for proper treatment and compensation.Moreover, Marx's depth of understanding of the relationship between the bourgeois and the proletariat is instrumental in helping us, so far removed from that society, understand the nature of the struggles.

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Justification of Racial Profiling

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In recent years, racial profiling has become the subject of much controversy in the United States.This law enforcement tactic has come under so much scrutiny because many feel that it specifically targets minorities and violates our civil rights.However, when race is combined with other key identifying characteristics of criminal involvement, profiling is a sensible and useful technique in which police employ the laws of probability to make the best use of their scarce resources in attacking crime.As a result of the huge public outcry against this practice, many laws have been and are in the process of being enacted to make profiling illegal.In turn, this makes law enforcement's job of protecting society from criminals, such as drug dealers, and in light of recent events, terrorists more complicated and near impossible.

Profiling is a well-known and long standing tool used by law enforcement to attempt to identify individuals involved in criminal activity.It is based on profiles or a set of coherent facts that reflect known conditions and observable behaviors associated with criminal activity (Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online).True profiling requires various factors to be considered in order for the technique to be successful.For example, in the 170s the DEA issued a compilation of identifying characteristics of drug couriers which include nervousness; conflicting information about origin and destination among companion travelers, no luggage for a long trip, lots of cash, and lack of driver's license or insurance (Mac Donald, Online).Furthermore, race and ethnicity become important identifiers when combined with other 'suspicious' characteristics due to past crime rate information.African-Americans commit a disproportionate percentage of the crimes that draw the attention of the police (Goldberg, Online).While blacks comprise about 1% of the national population, they account for about 58% of all carjackers between 1 and 16.Many victims of crimes committed by blacks-who are black themselves- indicate through their victim surveys that blacks commit almost 50% of all robberies.About 1.1 percent of the nation's population is comprised of black males between the ages of 14 and 4 and about 8% of homicides committed nationally are by this group.Based on past data collected regarding drug felonies, blacks and hispanics are the back-bone of the country's heroin and cocaine distribution networks (Goldberg, Online).As stated by Clayton Searle, president of the International Narcotics Interdiction Association, "Those who purport to be shocked that ethnic groups are overrepresentated in the population arrested for drug courier activities must have been in a coma for the last 0 years.The fact is that certain ethnic groups do control the majority of the drug trade in the United States.They also tend to hire their underlings and couriers others of their same group." (Callahan, Online).From past experience and information, law enforcement has the intelligence that much of the drug trafficking in the Northeast U.S. is conducted by Jamaicans that happen to favor driving Nissan Pathfinders (Callahan, Online).In Denver it has been tracked that mainly "minorities, Mexican nationals" sell heroin and in Trenton, "crack dealers are predominantly African American males and powdered cocaine dealers are predominantly Latino." (Goldberg, Online).Regarding the events of September 11th, the profiles of terrorists were developed upon various factors including the undeniable fact that all involved in the tragedy were of Arab origin.In summary, it is knowledge, reason, intuition and cold hard facts that law enforcement relies upon when profiling.It is not meant to suggest that all crime is committed by minorities, but instead that there is valid reason to suspect certain races/ethnicities may be engaged in certain types of criminal behavior.

The main reason that profiling by law enforcement is essential is the difficulty of policing 'victimless' crimes such as the drug trade and terrorism. In the case of a mugging or murder there is a victim and police are aware of a specific crime that has been committed and are able to accumulate evidence and investigate suspects based on their specific findings.However, the majority of crimes that profiling attempts to indicate the perpetrators of, there is no third party whose rights have been violated and can bring the crime to the attention of the police.When someone is transporting a few kilos of cocaine on I-5 from seller to buyer, there is no one to come forward and complain.Similarly, if there are individuals who have the intention to commit terrorist acts on the United States, before it is too late, there are no victims to bring the crime to the attention of law enforcement.Typically drug dealers and terrorists do not walk around outwardly proclaiming their criminal behaviors.To discover victimless crimes, investigators must become intrusive and simply poke around wherever they can, trying to uncover such crimes and use the information that they do have readily available to their advantage.We cannot have effective law enforcement without allowing for some scope of probability.

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Unfortunately, as with many other areas of life in the United States, flagrant racism and prejudice do exist in some cases of policing that has drawn major attention to the topic of profiling from the media, the public and Washington.It can be viewed that there are two types of profiling first, law enforcement's use of profiling as a tactic to combat unseen criminal activity through combinations of incriminating factors (i.e. race in concert with other indicators) and secondly racial profiling or the practice of profiling based solely on one characteristicrace or ethnicity which is a result of an officer's prejudices towards a certain group.Much of the public tends to believe that the majority of police officers' profiling activity falls within the latter type.A Gallup Poll released in 1 reveals that over half of participants polled believed that law enforcement officers do engage in racial profiling and approximately 81% of these people strongly disprove of the practice(Goldberg, Online).It has been dubbed by the public as "Driving while Black/Brown" or "Flying while Arab" suggesting the perceived narrow intentions of the technique.Increased attention to this topic and demands for reformation to the alleged injustices to minority communities has enlisted the efforts of lawmakers to eliminate the practice.More than 0 states have adopted legislation prohibiting the practice of racial profiling and/or mandating data collection on stops and searches.Hundreds of individual jurisdictions have voluntarily begun to collect racial profiling data and several jurisdictions are collecting data as a result of federal or state court settlements or consent decrees.In 001 New York Senators R. Feingold, J. Corzine and H. Clinton had introduced S. 8/H.R. 074 as the "End Racial Profiling Act of 001."This law would, among other things, concretely define racial profiling and make it illegal, give victims the right to sue the violating police departments and mandate & fund the report of collected data of traffic stops to the Attorney General (Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online).In a February 001 address to Congress, President George W. Bush stated that he had asked Attorney General John Ashcroft "to develop specific recommendations to end racial profiling.It is wrong and we will end it in America."(Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online).

The subject of racial profiling is another element added to the composition of an already historically adversarial relationship between law enforcement and minority communities.It would be naïve to state that racial biases never arise in some police officer's decisions.In the same token, it would be ignorant to assume that all police activity stems from flagrant racism that is thought to plague the organization.The overall technique of profiling should not be condemned in response to alleged racially charged actions of some officers.Law enforcement and the American jurisprudence system substantiate that it is an extremely effective and necessary method of attempting to combat crimes that otherwise go unnoticed until an epidemic or a catastrophe occurs.In the past five years profiling has aided in decreasing crime by about 0% (Mac Donald, Online).In the aftermath of the September 11th tragedy, the nation has acquired much intelligence regarding groups that have a great deal of hatred for our nation and wish to cause massive amounts of destruction.It would be an even bigger tragedy if law enforcement had this information and didn't use it to their advantage in the process of protecting society.Every caution needs to be exercised to ensure that a tragedy of that magnitude never occurs again. Unfortunately, it does mean that innocent bystanders will be subjects of questionings or investigations.However, the public should revel in comfort that their law enforcement departments are taking every measure to ensure the public's safety and well-being.

In contemporary society, the continuing war against drugs and the war on terrorism require that police utilize non-traditional tactics to combat these criminal activities that don't play by traditional rules.Common sense dictates that in order to clean up our streets and make our communities a safer place one would have to focus their attention to what has caused the problems in the past.While some may argue that an unfair amount of attention has been paid to particular minority or ethnic groups in regards to certain crimes, I suggest that they research criminal statistics and instead focus their efforts on decreasing the amount of criminal activity committed by members of their community from within and then perhaps profiling factors will no longer link the group to specific crimes.When used justifiably, profiling is an extremely valuable tool that law enforcement has at its disposal simply from analyzing past data.If there is the possibility that police are able to target potential criminals before committing a crime, violating another individuals rights, or creating a national disaster then they should be allowed the opportunity, so long as they treat the potential suspects with respect and allow them to maintain their dignity.Due to a few instances of misapplication of the technique and the public's lack of knowledge of true profiling, this very important tool of law enforcement has been severely restricted.If law enforcement is trained and able to apply profiling in its intended manner and not implicate personal biases in its application then it should be allowed because it serves to promote and protect the overall well being of the general public and the rights and privileges of American citizens.

Works Cited

Callahan, G and Anderson, W.Roots of Racial Profiling. "Reason Online" (Online).

http//reason.com/0108/fe.gc.the.shtml.(0 Feb 00).

Goldberg, J.The Color of Suspicion."The New York Times Magazine."1 NY

Times Co.. (Online) http//www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/1060mag-race-cops.html

(0 Feb 00).

Mac Donald, H.The Myth of Racial Profiling.City Journal, Spring 001, Vol. 11,

No. ."Articles on Racial Profiling." (Online).

http//www.city-journal.org/html/11__the_myth.html.(0 Feb 00).

Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center at Northeastern University (Online).

http//www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu.(0 Feb 00).

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Terrorism :inisde

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on terrorism :inisde. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality terrorism :inisde paper right on time.

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CONCLUSION

Defining international terrorism continues to be a problem fraught with difficulties. Though, several attempts have been made and continue to be made by various scholars, governments and international organizations such as the United Nations, a universally accepted definition is still a long way off, if ever it can be achieved.

Such an impasse is due to various reasons. First, vested interests exist of nations using international terrorism as an extension of state policy but covertly. Second, terrorism is the best alternative to an openly declared war as it costs less both in terms of money and lives. Third, the distinction between a freedom struggle and terrorism is hard to make. Fourth, terrorist organizations and their well knitted network spread over the world, often act as a counter to the will of national governments and may even influence government policies in many countries. Last but not least, the changing trends of international terrorismfrom being a part of superpower rivalry during the Cold War to the religious terrorism of the present day.

The whole world faces the menace of international terrorism today. No single country can boast of being immune from international terrorism. Even a country like Japan, where the crime rate is very low cannot claim itself free from the threat of terrorism. With the advancement of the technology and science, life has become very easy, comfortable and luxurious. It has been so also for terrorists who have more sophisticated technology at their hands to spread destruction and fear. Yet their basic method remains much the same. By killing innocents, and striking at public placessoft targetsterrorists try to convey their message whether ideological or not.

As we have seen in the previous chapters, terrorists are different from the regular soldiers of a particular nation and this has been further clarified by the Geneva Convention of 14 and protocols added later on in 177. The United Nations' help was also sought to distinguish a freedom struggle or right to self-determination from act of terrorism.

The similar warfare tactics or guerilla style of attacks used by the revolutionaries, freedom fighters and terrorists make the task of distinguishing between them both more difficult. But, terrorist organizations have more than one ambition. They want to meet not just political ends but also financial and other such gains. Terrorists often are paid mercenaries compelled by socioeconomic circumstances to join terrorist groups. In order to make them determined to accomplish the dreaded plans of violence masterminded and backed by self-proclaimed leaders like Osama Bin Laden, religious fanaticism is added to their mental makeups.

The Leftist-Marxist-Leninist ideology oriented terrorist groups have largely disappeared or are on the decline. With the disintegration of the USSR, a source of covert but effective support has also gone. The terrorist groups supported by the US during the Cold War are reverting to religious fanaticism, often in most cases Islamic extremism. The only difference has been a shift in patronage.

Several other terrorist groups other than those based on religion or ideology also exist. One thing these terrorist groups have in common is anti-Americanism. The reason being the stoppage of aid and patronage to such groups that they used to get once from America. As the Cold War ended and the major threats to the US disappeared, it also started disassociating itself from these groups that were left with no option but to look for other sources of income to support their organizations and carry out their activities.

In 180s and 10s religious terrorist groups emerged and multiplied to pose a serious threat not only to US but also to the world community as a whole. Though the number of terrorist attacks have decreased, their intensity has been quite high in the last decade. Terrorists now use the latest technology and weapons and are often funded by extensive drug trafficking, and smuggling of arms and other goods.

Some areas in Southeast Asia and Latin America are quite infamous for such activities. Laos, Myannmar and Cambodia are known as golden triangle for the above-mentioned activities. And in Latin America, the drug cartels of Colombia are among the most feared in the world. In the present era of globalization, even terrorist groups have gone global, with their widespread networks. Apart from using sophisticated means to carry out their activities communication channels, mass and electronic media are also used by these terrorist organizations to make their presence felt. The fact that the Al Jazeera channel of Qatar has had sole access to bin Laden's interviews has been used to accuse it of being hand in glove with his organization.

Within Japan, terrorist organizations like the JRA and Aum Shinrikyo grew and spread their activities to other nations also. The former terrorist group reflects the Marxist- Leninist ideology while the latter reflects the characteristic religion/cult based terrorist group. The Japanese government responded successfully to both groups. The activities of both the groups are curtailed and whatever is left is insignificant.

However, situations like the seizure of the Japanese ambassador's residence in Peru, in 16 motivated Japan to strengthen its information gathering and cooperation building activities to tackle international terrorism. The September 11 attacks on Pentagon and WTC had a more symbolic significance than a physical one. US hegemony was directly challenged and Japan as an ally of the US could not stand by indifferently.

While the whole world sympathized with US and criticized the attacks, the Japanese in addition also responded differently from previous times of a similar nature. Speculation went around, that Japan was ready to go once again on military lines. For the first time a Japanese Prime Minister reacted so fast and pledged to do everything that was required to support US actions which at that time were unclear and only lay in the future.

Japan's gradual remilitarization process took a long jump forward when the Japanese Diet passed the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, providing the SDF with extra powers to actually use weapons. Though, this was allowed only in self-defence it was nevertheless of great significance. Before this the SDF could carry a weapon but its use was denied to them. For the first time Japanese SDF took part in providing assistance to fighting US armies during a war. Japan claimed it was logistical and humanitarian assistance, that it provided rear echelon support to US which included refueling of war ships. But it also meant that Japan had participated in a direct war, which its constitution had prohibited it from.

The fact of the matter was that the US and its allies wanted Japan to come out of the penumbra of Articleand to participate more actively and militarily in the war. Japan also seemed to have learned from its past experience of Gulf war when it failed to get its contribution worth $18 billion acknowledged. In leaving behind passivism, Japan had taken a new step towards a more active participation in international security affairs.

At the same time, after receiving appreciation from the world community, Japan did not amend Articlebut remained stuck to it. Japanese policy makers were smart enough to satisfy the US and its allies, on the one hand and safeguard their economic interests, on the other. For them their economic interests came first. This time Japan's contributions were acknowledged by the world community. Consequently, they kept their economic interests in the Middle East especially with Iran unharmed.

Japan used international platforms like ASEAN and G8 Summits to criticize world terrorism. It stressed on the need of taking measures to check the increasing threat of terrorism. It not only hosted a number of conferences on counter terrorism but also hosted and co-chaired the International Conference on Reconstruction of Afghanistan held in Tokyo in January 00.

Japan's contribution in the reconstruction of Afghanistan was not just in terms of financial support. The role played by its NGOs and the special envoy of the Japanese Prime Minister to Afghanistan Sadako Ogata also received praise. Around 0 per cent of the total contribution pledged by the international community for the reconstruction of Afghanistan was pledged by Japan alone.

The events of September 11 worsened the already very difficult global economic situation. The global economy including that of the US was suffering from a slowdown because of the bursting of information technology bubble. Japan was also responsible for this global slowdown because it had not carried out crucial structural reforms and could not take advantage of the ending of the long expansion in the United State. Just before the attacks, there appeared a reasonable likelihood of recovery in 001, but prospects for global growth had since been set back significantly. The IMF reduced by one per cent, its forecast for world economic growth, to .4 per cent, the lowest since 1.

Japan at that time was in its third and deepest recession in a decade. As the September 11 attacks reduced the chances of global recovery, so it did also to the growth prospects of Japan. Though economic measures taken by Japan after the attacks to support foreign exchange markets were worth appreciation, they were not very sound.

Household spending had decreased due to the severe state of the labour market and unemployment had reached an all time high. The GDP declined further. On top of all this, Japanese citizens were overburdened with more taxes. But this situation can be attributed not only due to September 11, but also due to Japan's own fundamental structural weaknesses.

As often seen, Japan always followed the US lead, no matter what the situation but with certain limitations. Japanese leaders are neither hawks nor doves but pragmatic. Japanese role of a more proactive nature after September 11 was based on the general public's increased support for Japan to be seen as doing something substantial. The long-standing demand of reviewing Articleby various individuals and agencies seemed to be fulfilled at one point of time. But, Japanese leaders as usual by passed Articleinstead of getting it amended.

Opposition parties also endorsed the government's move of taking various measures to counter international terrorism. A few scholars like Francis Fukuyama criticized Japanese actions but overall the Japanese government purposely, let the opportunity go, leaving speculation wide open on the possibility of participation in future conflicts.

The security umbrella of the US is the cornerstone of Japanese foreign policy. For the US, Japan is a strategic power in the East Asian region. Their economic interdependence can also not be ignored even though, Japan maintains amicable relations with nations like Iran which US sees as a potential threat. Though, Japan has certain compulsions to follow and endorses the US action in many matters it has always been careful to keep its own interests at the front.

By responding to the international crisis caused by terrorist attacks of September 11, Japan made its intentions conspicuous that it could resort to its traditional check book diplomacy, and follow America in what is often termed Karaoke diplomacy, but also respond in a more active manner if need be. The whole background for Japan to go on military lines once again is ready. If, at any point of time in the future it wishes to shed the restraints imposed by its pacific constitution, the Japanese response to the events of September 11, 001 have provided a useful precedent. Already in possession of one of the most sophisticated defense forces, Japan can emerge as one of the greatest military powers in the world.

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Coriolanus—Death as a Triumph rather than a Humiliation

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In today's melodramatic society, death has commonly been used throughout literature and media as a device with which to invoke pity for a character.However, in the Shakespearean play, Coriolanus, the death of the main protagonist Coriolanus serves as a triumph rather than any sort of sympathy-arousing humiliation.In the final scene of the play, Tullus Aufidius plots Coriolanus' death with the intention of systematically stripping him of his honor, his courage, and his manhood before he is killed, thus turning his death into a complete humiliation.Yet before he dies, Coriolanus manages to repudiate Aufidius' attempt to debase him by refuting the attacks on his manhood and courage.In this way, Coriolanus retains his identity when he dies and actually makes his death a personal triumph, as the characters of the play regret his death afterwards by recognizing and lamenting the unique solo-hero personage that he has represented.A key component of Aufidius' assassination plot was the need to humiliate Coriolanus before killing him.The fact that Aufidius and Coriolanus were archrivals could be seen from the very start of the play with Coriolanus' initial declaration

Were half to half the world by th'ears, and he [Aufidius]

Upon my party, I'd revolt to make

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Only my wars with him.He is a lion

That I am proud to hunt.(I, I, -4)

Ever since the beginning of the play, Coriolanus and Aufidius had been trying to kill each other. However, towards the end of the plot in the final scene of Act Vwhen Aufidius lays his final plans to kill Coriolanus as he returns from the war with Romeit was no longer sufficient for him to simply dispose of his rival quickly.Coriolanus had garnered a vast amount of respect and awe from the Volsces during his tenure as commander of the Volscian army, and was held in higher esteem than Aufidius himself.As Aufidius' lieutenant confessed

Your soldiers use him as the grace 'fore meat,

Their talk at table and their thanks at end;

And you are darken'd in this action, sir,

Even by your own.(IV, VII, -6)

Coriolanus' awe-inspiring military prowess in conjunction with his support from the Volsce plebeians humbled Aufidius and rendered him only second best.If Aufidius simply assassinated his opponent while Coriolanus was still at the height of his powerwithout first debasing him in the eyes of the peoplethen Aufidius would always be considered of lower stature than Coriolanus.As a result, Aufidius understood he needed to dispose of Coriolanus in a way so that he would be humbled in death, and subsequently, "I'll renew me in his fall"(V, VI, 48-4).This method appeared to take the form of three distinct attacks upon Coriolanus' honor, courage, and manhood.In his series of speeches against Coriolanus, Aufidius' careful choice of the word "traitor" in addressing Coriolanus is a bold attack upon his honordirectly questioning Coriolanus' motives for abandoning the attack on Rome and indirectly reminding the people of Coriolanus' earlier betrayal of his own country (V, VI, 87).Aufidius' use of phrases such as "betray'd your business" and "breaking his oath and resolution, like / a twist of rotten silk" serve as further condemnations on Coriolanus' lack of honor (V, VI, -6).Aufidius also slights Coriolanus' courage by claiming the destruction of Rome would have been the true warrior's plan of action and labeling Coriolanus' failure to take Rome as an embracement of cowardice

…Never admitting

Counsel o'th'war but at his nurse's tears

He [Coriolanus] whin'd and roar'd away your victory,

That pages blush'd at him, and men of heart

Look'd wond'ring each at others.(V, VI, 6-100)

Aufidius claims that Coriolanus' peace treaty was an act that the "counsel o'th'war"the advice of the true warriors and "men of heart"did not support, and that even the ignoble pages blushed to see such an act of cowardice.The final coupe-de-grace in this litany of insults is Aufidius' command, "Name not the god, thou boy of tears," in reference to Coriolanus' entreaty to Mars.This taunt serves a triple purpose of slighting Coriolanus' military virtue in denying his right to speak the God of War's name, insulting Coriolanus' manhood through the word "boy," and also reminding the people of Coriolanus' juvenile dependence upon his mother. (V, VI, 100)Although these attacks may seem too bold to be coldly calculated in advance, Aufidius revealed himself early in the play to be a cunning man unafraid to use devious methods to achieve his goals

…Nor sleep, nor sanctuary,

Being naked, sick; nor fane, nor Capitol,

The prayers of priests, nor times of sacrifice

Embarquements all of furyshall lift up

Their rotten privilege and custom 'gainst

My hate to Martius…(I, X, 1-4)

Aufidius would stop at nothing to destroy Coriolanus and regain his position of respect in the Volsce society.As such, in addition to goading Coriolanus into a state of anger in which he could be killed without blame, Aufidius' taunts were carefully chosen to humiliate Coriolanus as much as possible and debase him in the eyes of the people.

Aufidius' attempted humiliation did not work, however, because Coriolanus managed to fend off Aufidius' attacks on his manhood and courage before being killed.In assaulting Coriolanus' character, Aufidius forgot to follow the key advice of one of his fellow conspirators, who, knowing that Coriolanus would not stand idly while having his character impugned, advised

Ere he express himself or move the people

With what he would say, let him feel your sword,

Which we will second.When he lies along,

After your way his tale pronounc'd shall bury

His reasons with his body.(V, VI, 54-58)

Aufidius was to strike immediately after declaring Coriolanus' offenses and without giving Coriolanus a chance to defend himself.This would ensure that Coriolanus died humiliated, leaving Aufidius' attacks on his character unanswered.However, Aufidius failed to kill Coriolanus immediately and thus gave him a chance to speak.Although he was only allowed two short soliloquys before the assassins killed him, Coriolanus made the most of them and retaliated first at Aufidius, in a classic ad hominem argument

…give this cur [Aufidius] the lie; and his own notion,

Who wears my stripes impress'd upon him, that

Must bear my beating to his grave, shall join

To thrust the lie unto him.(V, VI, 107-110)

With this statement, Coriolanus claimed that the character attacks were lies that even Aufidius himself realized were untrue, and most importantly, reminded the audience of his physical and military superiority over Aufidius as well.Thus, we see that Aufidius is ironically trying to humble someone who is already beyond his own abilities, making his insults appear more like a petulant outburst of jealousy rather than any honest claim to be taken seriously.In his second and final soliloquy, Coriolanus reasserts his military supremacy by recalling his solo victory over the Volscian army at Corioles

If you have writ your annal true, 'tis there,

That like an eagle in a dove-cote, I

Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioles.

Alone I did it.Boy!(V, VI, 114-116)

At the end of this speech, there can be no remaining doubts over Coriolanus' courage and manhoodthe reminder of his single-handed sack of Corioles places him far above the surrounding Volsces and even his accuser.He is untouchable by the petty insults of inferior men such as Aufidius, and speaks once again in the glory of his former days, "as if you [Coriolanus] were a god to punish, not / A man of their infirmity"(III, I, 80-8).Coriolanus' triple repetition of the word, "boy," further contrasts his now indisputable manhood with the immaturity of Aufidius' childish insult, and by the end of the speech, turns the word back onto Aufidius in a mockery of its original accuser.Although Coriolanus does not receive a chance to explain the reasons for his peace treaty with Rome, and thus recover his honor before he dies, he still manages to rebuff Aufidius' attacks on his courage and manhood.This was evidently enough for Coriolanus to die respected and un-humiliated, as even Aufidius admits in the aftermath of his death "he shall have a noble memory"(V, VI, 15).

However, Coriolanus staged his death in a way that not only refuted Aufidius' attempts to humiliate him, but also turned his death into a personal triumph as well.The most important aspect of Coriolanus' successfully refutation of Aufidius' attacks on his character was the way in which it allowed him to retain his true identity in death.When he died, Coriolanus was not seen by the people as being a "traitor" or a "boy" (V, VI, 87-100), but rather as his true selfthe man resembling "a thing made by some other deity than nature"(IV, VI, 0-1), the man whose "nature is too noble for the world…[who] would not flatter Neptune for his trident or Jove for's power to thunder" (III, I, 5-55), and the man hailed by both Volsce and Roman as quite clearly the "best man i'th'field"(II, II, 7-8).This true deathdying as his true selfis what enables Coriolanus' personal triumph.After Coriolanus is killed, the characters of the play regret his death, as one of the Volsce Lords declared, "thou [Aufidius] hast done a deed whereat valour will weep"(V, VI, 1-1) and Aufidius himself said "I am struck with sorrow"(V, VI, 147).In regretting and mourning his death, the characters demonstrate that they recognize Coriolanus' true self for what it isthe last example of the grand warrior-heroes of ancient times who fought alone and died alone, whose very nature was incompatible with the base desires and common values of the people"a very dog to the commonalty"(I, I, 8-).Coriolanus was the "rarest man i'th' world" in a much deeper sense than just extraordinary military prowesshis very nature was one that was rapidly becoming extinct in the time and the world in which he lived (IV, V, 164).Proof of this can be found in the several references to Coriolanus as the last of his kind, a man who "cannot in the world be singly counter-poised"(II, II, 86-87), and whose "nature is too noble for the world"(III, I, 5).In regretting his death, we recognize Coriolanus true self--free of Aufidius lies--and grieve for the fact that this rare man and the values he represented will pass out of the world forever.This is the reason why Coriolanus' death is a personal triumph.He not only successfully resisted Aufidius' final attempt to distort his true self before killing him, but lived out his life in an authentic existenceagainst all odds, true to himselfand in death, had his existence recognized, validated, and valued for it's true worth.

In the moment of his death, we do not pity Coriolanus.As readers, we skip this act of melodrama, because the tragic nature of Coriolanus is made evident to us by the death of the hero role model that Coriolanus embodied.We grieve not for the loss of the man--a shallow act of melodramatic pity--but for the loss of the archetypal values and ideals of the Hero that Coriolanus embodied in his life and death.In this act of lamentation, by both character and reader, we recognize Coriolanus for his authentic existence and death, and by doing so, turn his death into a personal triumph rather than the humiliation that Aufidius intended.As Coriolanus once spoke "Better it is to die, better to starve, / Than crave the hire which first we do deserve"(II, III, 10-11).At last, Coriolanus has received the hire that he deservesin the form of recognition and tears shed for the loss of such a unique hero and the ideals that he represented.

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