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Australia's Region and Global Linkages
INTRODUCTION
¡§Australia's location is in both the southern and eastern hemispheres; consequently she has developed close regional linkages with her near neighbours in these areas. Yet at the same she has pursued deliberate policies in the creation of linkages much further a field than just South East Asia and the near Pacific Rim.¡¨
To illustrate the accuracy of the above statement, this discussion will focus on three main linkages
Cheap College Papers on Australia's Region and Global Linkages
„trade and finance
„tourism
„defence
The areas to be covered in the discussion will be
„The spatial location of Australia's regional and global linkages
„A clear demonstration of the need for these linkages.
„An outline of what Australia's role in the global community is.
Firstly, a general spatial location of Australia's regional and global linkages will be established.
SPATIAL LOCATION
Australia's major linkages can be found both regionally ¡V concerning the Asia-Pacific area, and globally ¡Vlocated outside the proximity of Australia.
Regional Links This includes South East Asia and the near Pacific Rim; countries of the greatest importance to Australia are our Asian neighbours Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and Indonesia. Also New Zealand and P.N.G and the islands of the Pacific Ocean have equal significance. Spatially the chief pattern or relationship these countries share is an access to the Pacific Ocean which connects them to Australia. Because of Australia's geographical closeness to these countries and only boundary being the ocean, relations and linkages such as trade or tourism can be made especially easy.
Global Links These linkages can be found in Europe, the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and the Russian Federation. Geographically the spatial location of such linkages like defence and political relations, are very far from Australia; routes between such linkages usually cross large land masses and ocean. In relation to regional linkages global linkages can be an inconvenience as they are much further, slower and do not share common oceans.
TRADE AND FINANCE
Australia is the fourth largest economy in the Asia Pacific region following Japan, China and Korea. It is only natural that Australia is a significant investor and successful trader in the region. Over fifty per cent of Australia's trade is with Asia ¡V a continent abundant with valuable export, and requiring a variety of imports. Australia is one of the leading exporters of commodities ¡V in particular, minerals, energy and agricultural goods; in comparison Australia imports a large amount of manufactured goods such as computer components and automobiles. Due to improvements in transport and communications technologies the pattern of Australia's trade is changing. Mining and agricultural production (primary production) continue to make up the bulk of merchandise exports, accounting for 6 per cent of the total in 000¡V01. However, the significance of primary production is greatly lessened as the necesity for service-based exports has become far more important in recent years.
The direction of Australian's trade has also changed significantly. Most of Australia's early trade was with Great Britain, mainly because of our country's history and past cultural ties. Yet today Japan continues to be Australia's largest single export market and trading partner, followed by the United States, Korea and New Zealand. China, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Indonesia are also significant markets. The majority of these linkages come from the Asia-Pacific region, the growing trade links with the Asia-Pacific region are consequence to a number of factors
„XA sustained period of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region
„XThe proximity of the region to Australia makes trade cheaper
„XThe potential market region ¡V China alone has 1. billion people
„XBritain's membership of the European Union (EU), a trading bloc that makes it
difficult for Australia to gain access to the market
„XThe establishment of the regional trade agreements and trade agreements and
trading blocs such as ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and APEC.
„X An increase in cultural ties with people from South-East Asia and the Pacific Islands
We greatly rely on our trade links to promote economic development in the country and a steady rate of employment. Due to the Governments continuing economic reform program, Australia remains one of the fastest-growing economies in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development). Trade is an important part of that. Our export community is diversifying as well as growing. Our role is to reach more markets ¡V the Middle East is our fastest growing major global market over the past 5 years ¡V and expand the range of goods and services we are supplying to the world.
TOURISM
Tourism is a multi-faceted, industrious economic activity based on the production and consumption of goods and services. Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries, the travel and tourism industry account for 10.7 per cent of the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is predicted that, on a global scale, there will be close to 50 million tourists travelling in the year 010.
The boom in international tourists to Australia began in the 180s and recently peaked during the Sydney 000 Olympic Games. Tourism is an important growth industry for Australia; it contributes a great deal to job creation and employment, export earnings and regional development.
There has been a rapid increase in the number of tourists visiting Australia. Some of the main reasons why tourists visit Australia include
„XHoliday-increase awareness of culture, heritage and way of life.
„XVisiting Relatives and Friends- these links have already confirmed and exist.
„XBusiness- increase levels of trade and exchange of information between countries.
„XEducation- these links are very important, these links are short-term (usually being
„Xless than a year) There are many exchange students between Australia and overseas.
„XSporting- include visits for tours, such as cricket, netball or football, and specific
„Xsporting events such as swimming carnivals, athletics meets and grand prix racing.
„XConventions and Conferences- rapidly growing area of tourism, promotes
„Xinternational goodwill and understanding.
The top source for visitor arrivals is roughly in order of Japan, New Zealand, the UK, USA and Korea. Increased visitors from Asian countries have replaced visitors from countries such as Canada and Germany. The proportion of visitors from Asia has increased from 0 per cent in 178¡V8 to 5 per cent in 18¡V.
Australia has very strong links in tourism with the Asia-Pacific region. The Asia-Pacific region is the main destination for Australians travelling overseas, while tourists from this region are also the largest source of visitors into Australia.
In terms of regional and global links to Australia these visitors are important, not only for the money they spend in the country or the jobs that are created but also because they help build economic and cultural ties with other nations. Tourism links also foster the development of small business, promote the conservation of our natural and cultural heritage and help to broaden the base of regional economies in many different parts of Australia ¡V especially in rural areas.
The role of Australia in the global community is to promote our country, not only in the region but throughout the whole world. Strategies such as using a famous Australian icon as an ambassador representing our country has worked effectively in bring tourists to the Australia. An example is Ian Thorpe in Japan and Megan Gale in Italy, by promoting Australia we can unite cultures and bring about multicultural societies that share common interest. In addition, through tourism Australia establishes offshore travel and tourist agencies which also facilitates tourism by Australians to other countries. As a result better relations between nations are developed and an economic benefit to both countries through the earning of foreign exchange.
DEFENCE
Australia is one of the most secure, protected countries in the world. It is the only country that occupies the whole of one continent, with the ocean being its natural boundary. This makes Australia a difficult country to invade. The long area of coastline and large area of territorial waters make up a very large area for Australia to protect from unauthorized use.
The Australian government follows certain security policies to prevent defeat, the use of force against Australia and its interests. These policies centre on
1.The cultivation of bilateral alliances (two-sided), links and friendships, which promote an international environment where the use of force is discouraged. This is for both the regional ¡V Asia-Pacific (P.N.G, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Malaysia) and globally ¡V the world (USA, UK).
.The development of and ¡V where necessary ¡V the use of defence forces.
.Strengthening multilateral (many-sided) security links in the region, especially the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and Five Power Defence Arrangements (Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom).
Australian Defence Force funding totals A$18 billion per year. There are 51 500 permanent full-time Australia supports and many UN initiatives in multinational peacekeeping operations. Military personnel in the Australian Defence Force include members from the Army, Navy and Air force. Australia is also a member of the United Nations (UN) and a supporter of UN such as FAO, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO and UNICEF. Australia supports the UN in its primary function of resting aggression around the world. This was seen for example, in the commitment of Australian naval forces to assist the UN during the Gulf War of 10-1.
Australia's major defence links are in the Asia-Pacific region, but it also has strong links at a global level. The main regional links are associated with security and border control inside the region. Whereas, the main global links are associated with the United States. Our main strategic ally remains the United States and the close historical, political and investment links with Europe are also considered significant in terms of strategic alliances. The link with the United Kingdom is also strong.
The global and regional links and relationships that Australia developed during the twentieth century became critically important when the crisis in East Timor erupted in August 1. The events would have a major impact on Australia's global links and role in the Asia-Pacific region.
Australia's role in the global community is concerned mainly with issues of peacekeeping, international security and disarmament, the environment, human rights, targeted development programs and technical agencies dealing with agriculture, refugees and international nuclear safeguards.
CONCLUSION
From the factual information presented above it is evident that while Australia has close regional linkages in the areas of trade and finance, tourism and defence, she is, nevertheless, pursuing a strategic coalition with global partners to protect and enforce the values and culture of the free world.
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