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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in LEIBNIZ, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your LEIBNIZ paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646.He was born into an academic family although he never became a scholar or teacher himself.His mother's father was a professor, as was his own father. His father died when he was only six years old. His mother was extremely religious and this would play a key role in his philosophy.Leibniz was intellectually gifted.He taught himself Latin at an early age and learned some Greek by age 1.He also read a lot in the classics at an early age.His great interest in literature and language seemed to be his motivation to read his father's books.In school, Leibniz was taught Aristotle's logic and theory of categorising knowledge, which Leibniz thought to be inadequate and believed he could make it better.This added to the list of his many projects, and he was still in high school.Aside from school studies, Leibniz mainly studied metaphysics and theology books from both Catholic and Protestant writers (Magill 1).
Leibniz was formally educated at the University of Leipzig at the age of 14.Although this sounds like an extremely young age to enter college, in his time it was quite extraordinary but there would still be a few his age.In Leipzig, he received his bachelors and masters degrees of law for theses on jurisprudence.For an unknown reason, Leibniz was refused his doctorate degree in law (Magill 14).Without taking any hesitation, he transferred to the University of Altdorf, where he received his doctorate in law in 1666.He declined a professorship at Altdorf.Instead, he began a life of professional service to noblemen, primarily the dukes of Hanover (O'Connor 1).
Among the dukes Leibniz had served, one was Duke Baron Johann Christian von Boineburg.In 167, Leibniz was sent to Paris on the behalf of Boineburg.In Paris, Leibniz was supposed to use Boineburg's plan to divert Louis XIV from attacking German areas. His first object in Paris was to make contact with the French government but, while waiting for such an opportunity, Leibniz made contact with mathematicians and philosophers there, in particular Arnauld andMalebranche.He also began the construction of his mechanical calculating machine which he hoped would spark interest.In Paris Leibniz studied mathematics and physics under Christiaan Huygens beginning in the autumn of 167 (O'Connor ).Also in the autumn of 167, Boineburgs son was sent to Paris to study under Leibniz which meant that his financial support was secure. Accompanying Boineburgs son was Boineburgs nephew on a diplomatic mission to try to persuade Louis XIV to set up a peace congress. Boineburg died on 15 December but Leibniz continued to be supported by the Boineburg family (O'Connor ).
Shortly after the death of his employer, Boineburg, Leibniz was elected a fellow member of the Royal Society.He also met again with Huygens who gave him a reading list including works by Pascal, Fabri, Gregory, Saint-Vincent, Descartes and Sluze.He began to study the geometry of infinitesimal (Magill 16).However, Newton and Gregory had already found general methods for the study.Also, Leibniz not in the best of favours with the Royal Society since he had not kept his promise of finishing his mechanical calculating machine.His chances for being recognized for his discovery were slim (Magill 17).
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While working vigorously in the field of math in Paris, Leibniz soon developed the basic features of his version of the calculus. In 167 he was still struggling to develop a good notation for his calculus and his first calculations were clumsy.He would work in both differential and integral calculus. On 1 November 1675 he wrote a manuscript using the f(x) dx notation for the first time. In the same manuscript the product rule for differentiation is given.By autumn 1676 Leibniz discovered the familiar d(xn) = nxn-1dx for both integral and fractional n (O'Connor 5).
Ever since his individual discovery of calculus, there has been a huge controversy over who had actually discovered the method of calculus first; Newton or Leibniz.When a mathematician reviewed a book written by Newton, he stated that Newton had just translated Leibniz's works in the book.The faithful admirers of Newton jumped to his defense saying that it was the other way around and that it was Leibnitz who had stolen Newton's work (O'Connor 6).
Leibniz would have liked to remain in Paris in the Academy of Sciences, but it was considered that there were already enough foreigners there and so no invitation came.Leibniz than accepted a position from the Duke of Hanover, Johann Friedrich, of librarian and of Court Councilor at Hanover.As a librarian, Leibniz virtually invented the cataloguing system used today.
Another of Leibniz'z notable achievements in mathematics was his development of the binary system of arithmetic.He perfected his system by 167.Another major mathematical work by Leibniz at this time was his work on determinants, which arose from his developing methods to solve systems of linear equations.Although he never published this work in his lifetime, an unpublished paper dated January , 1684 contains very satisfactory notation and results (O'Connor 7).
In 1684 Leibniz published details of his differential calculus in Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis, itemque Tangentibus… in a journal established in Leipzig two years eariler.The paper contained the familiar d notation, the rules for computing the derivatives of powers, quotients and products.However, it contained no proofs.In 1686 Leibniz published in the same journal a paper dealing with the integral calculus with the first appearance in print of the S notation.
Near the end of Leibniz's life, he had an intellectual disputed with Samuel Clarke, who was a disciple of Newton.Leibniz claimed that Newton's physics had contributed to a decline of religion in England and that the notions of absolute space and absolute time also violated the principle of sufficient reason.Samuel Clarke continued to defend Newton until the death of Leibnitz in November 14, 1716.His death finally ended the dispute between them.Leibniz died in Hanover at the age of 70 (Magill 1).
Leibniz is considered one of the greatest polymaths or person with great variety of learning, in the modern world.He worked in many fields and met many other great intellects of his time because he was allowed to travel widely.A list of his significant contributions is almost as long as the list of his activities.As an engineer, he worked on calculating machines (poster), clocks and even mining machinery.As a librarian he more or less invented the modern idea of cataloguing.As a mathematician he came up with calculus independently. As a physicist, he made advances in mechanics, specifically the theory of momentum.He also made contributions to linguistics, history, aesthetics and political theory.Overall, Leibniz made many great contributions to the world in his lifetime (Leibniz 1).
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