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ENGINEERING F UNDAMENTALS
(ELECTRICAL) ASSIGNMENT 6E
William McMullanFCE
Index Write your Electrial Assignment(UK) research paper
Task 1 (a & b)Page
Task 1cPage 4 & 5
Task 1 d Page 6
Task& Page 7 & 8
Task 4Page
Task 6 & 8Page 10
Task 7Page 11
TaskPage 1
Task 1(a & b)
One way lighting switch
C.P.C
Two-way lighting circuit
C.P.C
Task 1Connections Diagram
Task 1 (c)
Cable 11.5 mmred black & earth
Cable 1.5 mmtwin red & earth
Cable 1.5 mmtwin red & earth
Cable 41.5 mmsingle red & earth
TASK 1 (d)
Ceiling rose
Task(c)
Importance of selecting the correct fuse
Selecting the correct fuse means that the maximum protection is given in the event of a fault occurring in an electrical circuit. A fuse is a device for opening a circuit by means of a conductor designed to melt when an excess current flows along it. This opening of the circuit prevents damage generally of a physical nature, to various parts of an electrical circuit, wiring system, accessories, fitted appliances and apparatus. The prevention of such damage means the protection of danger to life and property from shock and fire of an electrical origin
Task
Final circuit
A final circuit is an assembly of conductors and accessories emanating from a final distribution board.
Radial circuit
In a radial circuit the conductors do not form a loop but finish at the last socket.
Final Ring circuit
In this conductors form a continuous loop, starting and returning to the origin of the circuit. The circuit protective conductors (CPC) is also connected in a ring.
( C )Regulations from the BS 7671 wiring regulations that apply to lighting and power circuits are
14-01-01 Every installation shall be divided into circuits as necessary to
( 1 )Avoid danger and minimize inconvenience in the event of a fault and
()Facilitate safe operation¸ inspection testing and maintenance.
14-01-0 Separate circuits shall be provided for parts of the installation which need to be separately controlled (i.e. lighting heating and socket outlets ) in such a way that these circuits are not affected by failure of other circuits
14-01-0The number of final circuits required, and the number of points supplied by any final circuit, shall be such as to comply with the requirements of the regulations. Standard arrangements of final circuits are described in appendix' on site guide '
14-01-04 When an installation comprises more than one final circuit, each final circuit shall be connected to a separate 'way' in a distribution board. The wiring of each final circuit shall be electrically separate from that of every other final circuit.
Type of circuitFuse
ratingColor
codingCable size
1Lighting5 A
6 AM.C.BWhite1.5 mm
Final ring circuit0 A fuse
A M.C.BRed.5 mm
CookerO ARed6 mm
4Immersion heater15 ABlue.5 mm
5 kW shower45 AGreene10 mm
Task 4
(a) Overloading
Overloading occurs when an extra load is taken from the supply , This load, being in addition to the existing load in a circuit, resulting in a corresponding rise in the current e.g. (1) If all the lamps in a lighting circuit were changed from 100 watt to 00 watt () A large number ofkW fires were plugged into a power circuit. This increased current immediately causes the circuit cables to heat up and, if the overload is sustained, the result will be a rapid deterioration of the insulation leading to breakdown and fire.
(b) Short circuit
Short circuit is direct contact or connection between a live conductor and, either a neutral conductor, or earthed metalwork, the contact usually being the result of an accident. The result of a short circuit is to present a conducting path of extremely low resistance which will allow the passage of currents often of many hundreds of amperes. If the circuit has no over-current protection, the circuit cables would heat up rapidly and melt, equipment would suffer severe damage, and fire would result.
(c) Fuse discrimination
The ability or lack of it to discriminate between different loads e.g. a rewireable fuse is not capable of discriminating between a high current of short durationsuch as a motor startingand a continuous fault current. This means it is possible in certain fault conditions, for a 15-ampere fuse element (cartridge fuse) to melt before a 10-ampere fuse element (rewirable fuse)
(d) Fussing factor
Fusing factor = (minimum fusing current ) / ( current rating)
E.g. the fusing factor of a rewirable fuse is about . Thus a fuse element rated at 10 amperes will melt (blow) at 10 x= 0 amperes, so a fault of twice the normal designed current must flow before the protection device functions and breaks the circuit. This also means that it is possible to run a circuit on a continuos overload for a considerable time with eventual damage to the installation.
Task 6
In a miniature circuit breaker the operating devices are (1) THERMAL, by means of a BI -metal strip. Small overloads are detected by a carefully calibrated BI - Metal strip.
() MAGNETICSolenoid and armature. For overcurrants of between 4-7 times rated current the current flowing through the solenoid attracts an armature causing the MCB to trip in less than 100 m/s
Task 8
By connecting the metal casing to the earth system in a building we ensure that everything is at the same potential as earth and that;
(1) No dangerous differences in potential exist between the metalwork and earth.
() By connecting earthed metalwork not intended to carry current an path is provided for leakage current which can be detected and, if necessary interrupted by the following devices.
 Fuse
 Circuit breaker
 Residual current devices
Task 7Residual Current Device (RCD)
An R.C.D is designed to give protection against shock risk and against fire. The basic circuit for a single-phase device is as illustrated.
Operation
The current taken by the load is fed through to equal and opposing coils wound on a common transformer core. When the phase and neutral currents are balanced as they should be on a healthy circuit they produce equal and opposing fluxes in the transformer core, resulting in low voltage in the trip coil. If more current flows in the phase than in the neutral an out of balance flux will be produced which will be detected by the fault detector coil. The fault detector coil opens the D.P switch by energising the trip coil.
Test Switch / Button
The test switch is a requirement of BS84. The test switch tests only that the circuit breaker is functioning correctly and is operating in the correct order of sensitivity as specified by BS4
Task
A conductor of electricity is a material that offers low resistance to the flow of electrons (electric current) through it
An insulator is a material that very few electrons can pass through.
Some conductors are
 Copper
 Gold
 Aluminum
 Silver
Some insulators are
 PVC
 Glass
 Thermosetting plastics
 Rubber
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