The Power of Names

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Power of Names, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Power of Names paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Introduction

A person's name has deep, underlying power. A name is much more than just words or symbols used to represent or identify an individual. According to English Professor Dr. Debra Walker King, names can provide people with their cultural roots, family values, and history, as well as give them certain behavioral expectations, prejudices, and stereotypes (16).

Impact on Self-Concept

An individual's name can affect his or her self-concept by the type of verbal or nonverbal reaction it evokes from his or her companions (The Nomenology Project, 1). H. Edward Deluzain stated that a person's name has an impact on his or her self-concept because the name helps determine the messages other people send to him or her (16).In Deluzain's journal he discusses an experiment conducted by S. Gary Garwood of Tulane University about the perceptions and effects of desirable and undesirable names. During the first part of the experiment, Garwood asked a group of teachers to rate names as either desirable or undesirable (Deluzain, 16). For the second part, he gave a group of elementary students with desirable names and a group of elementary students with undesirable names the same series of personality and self-concept psychology tests. He then compared the scores of the two groups and found that those from the desirable name group showed a very high level of adjustment and flexibility and showed more positive attitudes about how they felt about themselves than the undesirable name group (Deluzain, 16). Help with essay on The Power of Names

In every society throughout the world, many people with unusual, unpopular, or undesirable names are often ridiculed and prejudiced against by peers and authoritative figures consciously and unconsciously. For this reason, it is important that educators know the significance people attribute to names and are aware of the underlying negative and positive power of names. This is of high importance in order educate their students and themselves to avoid creating stereotypes, prejudices, and expectations of others based on solely their name.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Research confirms that teachers and students develop expectations of others in their classroom based on people's given name and/or surname (Tauber, 18). According to Robert Tauber, these expectations teachers and students possess based on a person's name, affects how the teachers and students will act and react toward that person (18). The teachers' and students' reoccurring similar reactions and treatment tells this person what behavior and what level of achievement are expected of him or her.

I worked with a class of second graders at Madison Elementary School in Davenport, Iowa during the fall of 00. Throughout my seventy hours of observation, I noticed that my cooperating teacher had a different self-fulfilling prophecy for every student in her class and treated them accordingly. A factor that influenced this teacher's expectations of students was based on the child's name.

For example, my cooperating teacher informed that when she saw the name "Daniel Lopez" on her class-list her first thought was, "Great! I am going to have to spend all my time making sure he is doing what he is supposed to do instead of teaching the class." She also informed me that the Lopez family had a history of being troublemakers and that his mother was very difficult to handle. Daniel's name was written on the board almost everyday that I observed for beings disruptive in class by talking out loud and out of turn. He would miss recess time for talking excessively to a neighbor while it was work time or while the teacher was teaching. My cooperating teacher would also correct his misbehavior before it would actually occur. She seemed to think she knew what Daniel's next move would be, so, in order to prevent him from misbehaving, she would tell him not to do something before he did anything. This type of treatment and expectations actually led him to be more inclined to talk and visit with neighbors. He was being reprimanded for something he did not do, so he thought that if he was going to get in trouble he might as well do something to get in trouble. Fellow students also picked up on this negative treatment and would blame Daniel for talking when the class was loud and people shouted out of turn. My cooperating teacher's negative expectations and prophecy of Daniel helped them to become true and led others to believe them.

Purpose

Teachers need to have themselves and their students answer the question, "What is it that makes us like one name and dislike another?" (Paul Tournier, 175, p. 65) in order to determine why they might have stereotypes of people based on their names. A notion to explain why students and educators have certain stereotypes for a person based on his ore her name can be explain by Paul Tournier.According to Tournier "Incidents from the past may be remembered (about people with certain names), and as they talk about these memories they see the effect they have had, and still have, on them. Memories rise to surface, emotions revive" (175, p. 75). Whether these are positive or negative memories or emotions, they bring certain opinions about a person who carries that name (Tournier, 175). With this stereotype toward particular names, students and teachers assume they do not have to get to know a person with the same name because they already know what the person is like (Tauber, 18).

Name components

Teachers can educate their students about the significance of names by examining how family tradition, culture, religion, and fad names are factors parents consider when determining names. Students and educators need to learn about this in order to appreciate each other for who they truly are and not what others believe them to be.

Family tradition plays a role in a child's name. Names can be passed down in a family's generation to show a sign of love and reverence for a family member. These names are considered namesakes. The definition of a namesake is a person who has the same name as another person (Campbell, 16). Deluzain stated that these names are used to express hope that a child will turn out like the person he or she is named after (16).

Culture and religion are also a very significant element in a child's name. People of Western religious traditions, like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam choose names for children based on favorite saints, the saint or feast day the child is born on, biblical heroes, or sages from their respective traditions (Clark, 00). People also choose names based on their cultural origins to reflect their pride in their roots. According to the Nomenology Project "People use their culture identity to name a child because it allows them to maintain a living link with their own histories, which adds richness and depth to their contemporary lives" (1).

Another factor that contributes to a child's name are popular or fad names of the era the child is born. Parents name children with these types of names because a famous person they admire has it or because they are subconsciously following a trend. There are usually multiple occurrences of children with fad names in the classroom, so the child ends up being called by something other than his or her first name to avoid confusion Deluzain, 00). In this instance, the teacher and students need to remember not to single students with fad names because their names are of equal importance and significance.

Conclusion

therefore it is important the students learn about other peers cultures and family influences as well as the history of each person's name to be able to truly get to know every person in the class and to create respect and apprectiation for all different heritages in the classroom.

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The Iliad:selected questions

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The Iliad

AchillesAchilles is recognized by Greeks and Trojans as the greatest warrior of their time, and his mere presence on a battlefield could striker fear into his enemies. He is a character driven by intense anger and revenge throughout the story.His tragic flaw would in fact be his non-ability to control his emotions, which usually led him into trouble.One prime example of this would be when Agamemnon insulted him.After this happened he became so angry and bitter that he refused to help the Greek cause in the war.He would eventually change his mind with the death of Patroclos, which really touched Achilles and filled him with grief.This event would propel Achilles back into battle.After receiving new armor from the god's, Achilles enters the battlefield disposing of his enemies relentlessly until he found the most hated Hector.He disposed of Hector quickly and abused his body as revenge for the death Patroclos.Achilles is a tragic hero who's excess anger and hunger for revenge consumed his whole being.

HectorThe leader of the Trojans, who was actually not an evil person.He was extremely loyal to his city and people.He was kind to everyone in his family, especially his mother and wife.The only person he really scolded was his brother, Paris when he was not out on the battlefield.During the battle with the Greeks, Hector displayed no real superior skills, and the great Achilles easily defeated him.The only thing he really did was wrong was abusing the body of Patroclos because that would make Achilles so wild with rage, and intent on getting revenge that his fate was doomed to death.

AgamemnonHe was the King of Argos and the leader of the total Greek force.In book 1, we see what Agamemnon's main purpose in the epic is.He is in the story to drive Achilles into his first cycle of wrath.He does by arguing with him over the release of Briseis a female that Achilles had kept from an earlier raid on the Trojan forces.Agamemnon demands that she be released, and this infuriates Achilles who refuses to give her up, and threatens to leave the war if he has to do so.Since both characters are so prideful and stubborn they argue, and Agamemnon tells Achilles that the Greeks do not need his services anymore, and that he can return to Phthia if he so desires.In my opinion Agamemnon did what most leaders would do, he drove his best person crazy and made filled him with rage, much as a coach would do to his star athlete.It may not seem right, but many times it gets them to perform better.

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Question #1

A prime example of Hubris would be the King of Argos, Agamemnon.In book 1, we see that he is the powerful leader of the Greek army and that he thinks very highly of himself.When his best warrior, Achilles returns from a raid on Lyrnessus, he brings back with him two prized females, Briseis and Chryseis.The priest of Apollo Chryses is Chryseis' father and he asks for his daughter back from Agamemnon who refuses because he is selfish.Apollo punishes him for his acts with a -day plague.After the plague, the Greeks consult the seer, Calchas to see why they have angered Apollo.When Calchas reveals the reasons, Agamemnon becomes upset and only agrees to give up Chryseis if she can be replaced, and he requests Briseis, the prize of the Achilles.Agamemnon is an extremely greedy king who thinks he can always get what he wants.

Question #

It is hard to say that Achilles ultimately emerges as a sympathetic character because of his intense rage that we see throughout the epic.In my opinion yes, Achilles is a sympathetic character; this is something that we see mostly at the conclusion of the epic.Throughout the story, we see Achilles become increasingly bitter, first with Agamemnon because of the stealing of Briseis, and then because Agamemnon told him that his services were not needed.Everything changes however when Patroclos is killed my Hector.Achilles becomes so enraged that he joins the Greek effort despite his previous problems with Agamemnon.Achilles wants revenge for Patroclos and will stop at nothing to get revenge on Hector.

It is hard to get mad at Achilles for wanting revenge when his good friend has been slain.They are many people who would become bitter and hell bent on revenge if their friend died.Yes, it makes him look hardened and extremely mean, but he is seeking the revenge because he is so deeply hurt by the death of Patroclos.

Towards the conclusion, Achilles ultimately defeats Hector soundly and abuses the body, dragging it back on the back of his chariot.Eventually the gods tell Achilles that they are not satisfied with the abuse of the body and that he should give it back to Priam, the King of Troy and the father of Hector.When Priam comes to pick up the body, Achilles weeps.This is when the reader realizes that even though Achilles may seem almost inhuman, deep down inside he still has emotions.He explains to Priam how men are a mixture of good and evil.Therefore, I would say yes Achilles may have been perceived as being just revenge-oriented person, but in the end, we get to see that he has genuine feelings and was really scarred by the events in his life.

Question

I do not believe that Hector could qualify as the Hero of the Iliad.Heroes in the general sense are great warriors or leaders, and most of the time they do not lose.Yes, Hector has a good relation with the gods, but he is not gifted on the battlefield and the Trojans ultimately lose the war due to his poor skills as a leader. I would say that Hector is more of a sympathetic character than a hero.Throughout the epic, I continually felt bad for him, as he tried to do what he thought was right, but struggled.In my mind, Hector is nowhere close to qualifying as the hero for the Iliad.

Summaries Book 1

Book 1 in the Iliad briefly introduces some of the main characters in the epic.Most notably Achilles, the main character and Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek forces.Homer begins by telling the reader that we are in the 10th year of the Trojan War, why Achilles has abandoned the Greek war effort against Troy.He tells of an earlier raid on the city of Lyrnessus, and how two women were taken captive as part of the spoils.One of the women was Chrysesis, the daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo.In short, Apollo invokes a plague on the Greeks and Agamemnon realizes that he must give up Chryses, but in doing so, he demands that he have Achilles prize, Briseis.This would enrage Achilles who already was at odds with Agamemnon, so he leaves the war effort to return to his home in Phthia.

Book 6

In book 6, the battle is extremely intense and the Greeks are succeeding in defeating Troy.Both leaders are encouraging their groups, but Hector can feel a bit of urgency.The Trojans are eventually pushed further back into retreat and Hector begins to realize that his fate is pretty much sealed, yet he still prepares to offer up some sacrifices to the gods with the aid of his wife and his mother.Hector is angered at his brother Paris for joining the war effort and chastises him for it. Eventually at the end of the chapter, they both go back to war, despite Hectors wife plea for him to stay and be with her and their son.

Book

Achilles ventures into Troy looking for revenge on Hector, for the slaying of Patroclos.Priam and his wife Hecube are trying to dissuade their son Hector from fighting Achilles because they have already lost enough sons already, but their attempts were futile, because Hector's fate was already sealed, and he felt that he had to fight Achilles.Hector eventually is disposed of quickly by Achilles, and his body is completely and totally abused and disgraced by Achilles who ultimately drags him out of Troy on the back of his chariot.

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Cultural differences in the tempest

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I Know I Am But What Are You? Cultural Differences in The Tempest, Montaigne's Essays, and In Defense of the Indians Paper # The Tempest, In Defense of the Indians, and Montaigne's essays each illustrate what happens when two very different worlds collide. As Europe begins to saturate New World soil, the three authors offer their accounts of the dynamic between the European invader and native other. Though each work is unique in its details, they all share a common bond Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne show the reader how European colonialists use differences in appearance and language to justify theft and slavery. The Tempest's Caliban serves as an instrument to highlight the colonialist notion of the other. Caliban is the original inhabitant of the island; it is his native land. But Caliban is ugly. Prospero claims that he is not honored with human shape (p. 17), and so the new European inhabitants never think of him as a potential equal- they see him as their inferior. This initial incongruity between characters supports further dehumanization of the native for the remainder of the play. Caliban's appearance does not only contribute to the Europeans' poor estimation of him, but it also serves as the justification of his slavery. When Trinculo says, Wilt thou tell a monstrous lie, being but half a fish and half a monster (p. 55), he communicates two important concepts. First, Trinculo reinforces the idea that Caliban is more animal than man. Next, he assumes that Caliban's exterior mirrors Caliban's interior. Caliban's physical deformities, according to Trinculo, also indicate deformity of character. Together, these faults aid Prospero's justification of forcing Caliban to serve in offices that profit us (p. 18). A second factor of Caliban's oppression is language. The ability to communicate that ends man's isolation from others and leads to civilization. When Prospero discovers Caliban, the native has no knowledge of Europe, much less its tongue. Miranda and Prospero take it upon themselves to educate Caliban in civilized language. Miranda says I pitied thee, took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or other, When thou didst not, savage, know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble, like a thing most brutish, I endowed thy purposes with words that made them known. (p. 0) Miranda believes that communication indicates that one is civilized. She does not for a moment consider that Caliban's gabble was most likely his own language, the language he used to with Sycorax. Miranda believes that true communication (and true civilization) comes only in the words of her own language. Prospero agrees with this notion. He believes that Caliban's deformity and inability to communicate with foreigners make the native his subordinate. Caliban is only …a lying slave, whom stripes may move, not kindness (p. 54). Prospero refuses to hear Caliban's exclamation that he was first…mine own king (p. 54). Once Caliban controlled his own life. With the arrival of Prospero, who sees no redeeming qualities but brute strength in Caliban, the native becomes a slave. Prospero believes that Caliban is not human and sees no reason to treat him as one. Montaigne and de Las Casas also explore the humanity of natives. Though their portrayals of the Indians are very different, their aim is the same to promote the humane treatment of the Indians. Both works oppose the colonialist mentality that appears in The Tempest. Montaigne and de Las Casas argue that differences in culture are not tantamount to inferiority. De Las Casas' account of the Indians describes a race of people who are completely innocent, meek, harmless, and temperate (p.6). Like Caliban, de Las Casas' natives are very simple, even childlike. However, de Las Casas believes his child-natives are capable of growing up. He maintains that they are quite ready and willing to receive and embrace the word of God (p. 6). With this, he shows his confidence that the Indians have the potential to equal the Europeans. Montaigne has a very different opinion of the natives. He shares the Shakespeare's belief that language and culture are synonymous, but he differs in that he lauds the Indian tongue. Montaigne even goes so far as to compare Indian language with the most civilized language when he describes it as a soft language, with an agreeable sound, somewhat like Greek in its endings (Of Cannibals, p. 64). Montaigne also makes a point of describing the poetry and song of the Indians. The ability to create beautiful poetry certainly connotes civilization. Montaigne comments that not only is there nothing barbarous in this fancy, but it is altogether Anacreontic (Of Cannibals, p.64). Though the primary focus of Montaigne's essays and In Defense of the Indians is to vouch for the humanity of the Indians, the works also share a second purpose. As chronicles of European action in the New World they proof that Shakespeare was not unique in his belief of the inequality between European and native. Like Prospero and his peers, the Europeans in Montaigne and de Las Casas never consider the fact that the natives have the right to self-determination. The Europeans take over the land, imposing a new religion, a new language, and a new status on the natives. It is not even as if the Europeans choose to ignore indigenous society; they do not entertain the possibility that a society can exist. Much like Prospero's treatment of Caliban, Montaigne and de Las Casas' Europeans believe that the Indians are no more intelligent than animals, and just about as capable of organizing a society. This perceived inferiority justifies the natives' enslavement. Shakespeare, Montaigne, and de Las Casas all describe the usurpation of land from the Indians. De Las Casas discourages taking land with force, claiming that it is wrong to wage war against men who are harmless…unarmed, and destitute of every human defense (p. 6). Montaigne writes disapprovingly, He who had awarded their country to him must be a man fond of dissention, to go and give another person something that was not his and thus set him at strife with its ancient possessors. (Of Coaches, p.67) With this, Montaigne describes how the Europeans ignore the fact that the natives have any rights to property. Again, the Europeans ignore the humanity of the Indians. Like the colonialists of de Las Casas and Montaigne's essays, Shakespeare's Europeans overlook Indian humanity when they seize the native land. Though Caliban defends his rights when he says, this island's mine by Sycorax my mother which thou tak'st from me (p. 1) all Prospero hears are the words of an ugly, ignorant savage. Prospero pays no more heed to Caliban's complaint than he would the lowing of a cow. To Prospero, both are animals meant for service. In spite of their similarity, Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne portray natives and colonialism in very different manners. De Las Casas insists that it is wrong to attack a childlike culture. Montaigne maintains that the natives are already a highly civilized people. In Shakespeare, the European actions that de Las Casas and Montaigne despise come to life. For Prospero, the native culture that Montaigne deems evolved and de Las Casas calls gentle is simply different and inferior. Montaigne says, each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice (Of Cannibals, p.58). Without understanding Montaigne's true meaning, Prospero would wholeheartedly agree. Caliban certainly does not partake in the practice of Prospero. Like the natives in de Las Casas and Montaigne's New World, Caliban has a different appearance and language. However, where Montaigne and de Las Casas are proponents of respecting differences, Shakespeare's Europeans use those differences to defend robbery and subjugation.

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To kill a mockingbird

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First of all, he said, If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-

Sir?

-until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Page 0

Analysis

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This passage helped me to realize the special bond between Atticus and his daughter, Scout.It seems as though Scout learns the more from her father than she does anywhere else. Atticus teaches Scout important things that she does aquire from school, such as social skills and basic information about life. Scout listens carfully to Atticus, which shows she has much respect for him, and that she values his advice.

Quote

As Atticus once advised me to do, I tried to climb into Jems skin and walk around in it if I had gone alone to the Radly Place at two in the morning, my funeral would have been held the next afternoon. So I left Jem alone and tried not to bother him. Page 57

Analysis

Scout is using Atticus advice. This proves the effect that her fathers words have on her. This also shows Scouts respect for her father and her brother. The fact that she decides not to bother Jem proves her respect and maturity.

Quote

Scout, I think Im beginning to understand something. I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radlys stayed shut up in the house all this time.its because he wants to stay inside. Page 7

Analysis

Since Jem is growing up he realizes that the myths about Boo are unlikely to be true. He is starting to get a more mature understanding of Boo, realizing that he probably does not stay inside the house because he is locked up. He is also starting to get to know Boos character.

Quote

Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radly porch was enough. Page 7

Analysis

Standing on the Radly porch lets Scout finally see things from Boo Radlys point of view. Earlier in the novel, she was terrified every time she passed the house. Now as she stands on his porch, the way that Scout sees things has changed. The reader must realize that Scout herself has changed, also.

Chapter 10 Summary

Scout doesnt think her father can do anything - he doesnt do hands-on physical work, he doesnt play football, hes much older than the parents of her peers so hes too frail for most activity. He also wears glasses because hes nearly blind in one eye. Instead of hunting, he sits and reads inside. Scout is ashamed of her father because it seems like he cant do anything noteworthy. Scout has been dealing with a lot of not very complimentary talk at school about her fathers case, but she doesnt fight anyone in public - only family like Francis.

Atticus tells them they can shoot their air guns at tins cans and bluebirds but tells them that its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Miss Maudie affirms this, saying Your fathers right. Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird.

Then one day a dog named Tim Johnson appears in the neighborhood. He has a strange appearance and walks slowly with a twitch. The children tell Calpurnia, who takes one look and then immediately calls Atticus to tell him that theres a rabid dog in the neighborhood. Then she gets the town operator to call everyone in the neighborhood. She even runs over to the Radleys house to yell the warning to them. Atticus and the sheriff, Heck Tate, drive up, and the sheriff gives Atticus the gun. The dog is so close to the Radleys house that a stray bullet might go into the building. Atticus reluctantly takes up the gun and shoots the dog. The dog crumples into a heap. Jem is dumbstruck. Miss Maudie tells the children that their father used to be known as One-Shot Finch, the best dead-shot in the county. She says he doesnt shoot unless he has to, because he feels that, when he holds a gun, God has given him an unfair advantage over living beings. Scout wants to tell everyone in school, but Jem tells her not to, because he says that he wouldnt care if Atticus couldnt do a blessed thing, because Atticus is a gentleman.

Analysis

The rabid dog is a deadly, dangerous menace to the town, and its presence affects everyone in the community, black or white, irrespective of class or personality. Thus, the dog creates a unifying affect over the neighborhood - no one is immune to it, and everyone must take cover together. Even the Radleys, the neighborhood oddballs, must be warned by Calpurnias shouting. The presence of the rabid dog is an emergency that makes everyone equal for a few moments. Later in the book, Atticus will credit the court of law with the same capability of making everyone equal, regardless of ethnicity or social stature. Also, though Atticus does not like to shoot, his role as marksman in hitting the rabid dog calls for him to stand as a defender of all the people, not just blacks or whites. While he holds the gun, the fate of the entire community rests upon his shoulders, a role which will be discussed more in Chapter 4, where Miss Maudie points out that the town depends upon Atticus to uphold truth for them all. Atticus dislikes handling a gun because it makes him feel like he has an unfair advantage over all living things, that is, nature is fair in what it has given all beings, and using a tool like a gun to kill with allows him special privileges which nature never intended for him to use. Nature seems to have its own law which states that humans should not take advantage of their knowledge of machines and weapons in order to shoot animals, who have no such advantage. In the name of public safety, however, Atticus is willing to put this moral aside in the name of a higher goal the protection of human life. Again, this shows how a law, such as natures law or even a personal law such as Atticuss avoidance of guns, must sometime be bent toward a higher aim.

Atticus is not the only important figure in the crisis Calpurnia is the one to recognize the serious nature of the situation, make the right phone calls, and run out to warn the neighbors. She spares many people from death, yet she gets no credit for it when compared to Atticus who actually shoots the gun to kill the dog. Though Atticuss skill with a gun is remarkable, Calpurnias swift action and knowledge are invaluable. This is an example of how the black community in Maycomb helps the white community in ways that may not always be realized, and despite the amount of prejudice and discrimination that they suffer, they make many unsung contributions to the community.

Atticuss warning about shooting a mockingbird is the first mention of the mockingbird theme. The idea coincides with his distaste for hunting Atticus doesnt want his children to inflict cruelty upon the innocent mockingbirds just because they have the power of the air guns, just as he doesnt like to shoot. His warning serves to emphasize the responsibilities that come with power. Those who have power must be careful not to use it cruelly upon beings who are innocent and harmless. If an animal provokes harm, such as a bluebird, then one may exercise power against it, but the powerful must be careful in choosing whom they target. In the trial of the harmless Tom Robinson, the white people in the jury have power over the black man, and they choose to exercise their power poorly, declaring him guilty simply because he is black. The mockingbird theme will also appear at the end of the book regarding Boos rescue of Jem and Scout. Atticuss preference for not shooting shows that he would like to remove himself from situations of unfair power. Like the gun, the situation of white supremacy is a creation of society that contradicts all that is natural to mankind; it separates men into groups and places one ahead of the other. Atticus wishes to do away with these categories and power discrepancies.

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A Comparison of the Hierarchical, Network, and Relational, Database Models

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Database models continue to evolve as the information management needs of organizations become more complex. From flat files to relational databases, the growing demands on data integrity, reliability and performance of database management systems (DBMS), has shaped the design of databases and their underlying models. In this document, three database models are discussed comparing and contrasting their major features. The three models in order of discussion are Hierarchical, Network and Relational database models.

Hierarchical Database Model

The hierarchical model is the oldest of the three models discussed here. This model is an improvement of the flat-file database system since it employs a simple data relationship scheme. The relationships in the hierarchical model are child/parent relationships. The name "hierarchical" is derived from one major restriction on the child/parent relationships, that is, although a parent entity can have several child entities, a child entity can only have one and only one parent. For this reason all the relationships form a hierarchy that traces back to one root. In fact, this model is often visualized as an upside down tree, where the entity at the top is seen as a root and as such all other entities sprout from the root.A simple example is shown in Figure 1 below

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"Products" in Figure 1 above is the root entity of the hierarchical model in the example.

As shown in the diagram, one major problem with the hierarchical model is the increased risk of data inconsistency. In the case above, a separate "Customers" table must exist for every product line due to the fact that a child entity cannot have more than one parent. However, there is a great chance that there are many customers who purchased more than one type of product. Consequently, information about those customers must exist in more than one table causing data redundancy. Another problem with the hierarchical model is the inflexibility of the model. For example, in the diagram above, the database is restricted to three product lines. Adding a new product line would require redesigning the database since all the relationships must be predefined. Finally, another problem with the hierarchical model is in the child/parent relationship restriction. Every child must have a parent. Therefore, in the example above, it is impossible to add new customers who have not bought any new products yet. To overcome some of the limitations of the hierarchical model, the network model was created.

Network Database Model

The network model is an improvement to its predecessor, the hierarchical model. In the network model, a child entity can have more than one parent. Therefore, the design can be visualized as several inverted trees interconnected by branches as opposed to the single inverted tree characteristic of the hierarchical model. Figurebelow illustrates the network database model of the hierarchical database discussed previously.

As shown above, the network database model eliminates the need to maintain several "Customers" tables. Data in the network model can be accessed from an entity as opposed to the hierarchical model that requires access from the root entity. The relationships between entities occur through unique set structures. Therefore, although the entities are not duplicated, a unique set structure is required to facilitate each of the one-to-many relationships.

Like the hierarchical model, the network model is also navigational. This poses a big problem in complex designs since the user has to understand the database structure in order to us the database. Furthermore, with a predefined structure like in the hierarchical model, modifying the structure of the database becomes a difficult task. The relational model eliminates many of the problems presented in the network and hierarchical models.

Relational Database Model

The relational model is based on the mathematical set theory. In this model, "data is stored in relations which are perceived by the user as relations" (Hernandez, 17).Relations are made up of tuples (also referred to as records or rows) and attributes (also known as fields or columns). Each record is identified by a column with a unique value. The order of the rows and columns is of importance. Therefore, the relational model is independent of physical implementation, a quality that makes this model more preferable to the hierarchical and database models. Relationships in this model can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Regardless of the type of relationship, the model is transparent to the user, that is, the user does not need to understand the physical structure of the database in order to use it.

Relational databases also have their share of problems. The flexibility of the relational model comes with the price of performance speed since the relationships are not predefined like in the case of hierarchical and network databases. Flexibility, also introduces the complexity of enforcing integrity constraints. However, the existence of scientific rules for imposing integrity guarantees that database integrity can be ensured.

Summary

To sum it up, Table 1 below provides a concise analysis of the major differences between the hierarchical, network and relational database models. It is important to note that although the relational model is superior to its predecessors, there are situations that would warrant the use of the older models, especially where the application is simple and not likely to change.

Table 1 Major differences of the hierarchical, network and relational database models

Hierarchical ModelNetwork ModelRelational Model

Data accessNavigational. Usually accessed from the root. User is required to understand database structure.Navigational. However, data access can start from an entity. User is required to understand database structure.Non-navigational. Database structure is completely transparent to the user.

PerformanceFaster because structure is predefined.Faster because structure is predefined.Slower because of the flexible arbitrary structure.

DBMSNot compatible with the other two models. Changes to the database structure must be reflected in the application as well.Compatible with the other two models. However, changes to database structure usually require changes in the application.Compatible with the other two models. The database structure is transparent.

QueriesNo query language unless it is predefined in to application.User needs to know the structure in order to query information.Versatile query language. Includes ability to run ad hoc queries.

Data integrityPlagued with redundancy due to the child/parent limitationsLess redundancy than the hierarchical model. Since the network model is navigational it becomes harder to maintain integrity as the database's complexity increases.Logical rules guarantee imposition of integrity constraints.

ChangesChanges to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes are easy to implement since the structure is transparent to the user and the application.

References

Hernandez, M. (17). What is a relational database? Database design for mere mortals A hands-on guide to relational database design, Chapter 1. Retrieved July , 00 from Safari Tech Books Online on the World Wide Web http//safari.bvdep.com/

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The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

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The Book Report of ¡° The Joy Luck Club¡±

¡°The Joy Luck Club¡± is a book of describing the relationships between the Chinese mothers and their American- born daughters. In this book, it explores the different attitudes of two generations with different backgrounds and experiences towards respect, love and marriage. Also it reveals the difference of culture and tradition crossing the both sides of the Pacific. It was published by Ivy Book, New York, 18, written by Amy Tan, who is also a Chinese- American, who was born in Oakland, California in 15 and grew up in the San Francisco bay area. Amy Tan has a very keen insight on the trifles happen in the Chinese-American families and most of her works are based on this topic.

In this book The Joy Luck Club, it has eight main characters, four mothers( Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St.Clair) and 4 daughters (Jing-mei ¡°June¡± Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong and Lena St.Clair). These mothers all left China to America before 14 when China was still a very old feudal society. Women had no rights, no social status and no respect at that time in China. Women had to follow the willingness of their parents at any case, such as their marriage. They did not have the right to choose their own husbands, which should be decided by their parents. In the chapter named The Red Candle of The Joy Luck Club, it described how Lindo Jong¡¯s husband was decided by her parents when she was only two-years old. Well, when they got married, Chinese women must follow the orders of their husbands and their parents-in-law. The lucky one would have a husband who treated her like a person and the unlucky one would had a husband who treated her just like a dog, even worse. Each of the mothers of this book The Joy Luck Club had a very painful history. Therefore, when they stepped on the free land, America, they had lots of expectations to a new life and they gave their best wishes to their dearest daughter. They hoped that everything they could not gain in China their daughter could own in America. So, in the beginning of the book, Suyuan Woo made her promise to herself that ¡° In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband¡¯s belch. Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow and sorrow!¡± (P) Unfortunately, their American-born daughters could not understand their mothers¡¯ ideas. They were born in a very wealthy and open-minded country and they took everything for granted. They evaluated their mothers in their American-style way of thinking. They refused to speak Chinese and they even teased their mothers¡¯ English speaking. They despised the culture and traditions from their ancestors, however, no matter how hard they wanted, they still could not turn these heritages of China all away because they still had yellow skin and black hair just like the other Chinese. They argued with their parents all the time and they thought their mothers¡¯ advices were all out-of-date and worthless, but sometimes in the deep of their hearts, they had to accept their mothers had a more profound understanding to the life. Help with essay on The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

The Joy Luck Club is composed of four parts, and each one had four chapters. In the first and last parts, it separately described the stories of these mothers¡¯ history life in China and their perspectives when they were in America, while, in the second and the third parts, it mainly talked about these daughters¡¯ experiences of their growing-up and how their mothers affected them in their education, marriage, career and family. With a very good connection, the book unravels the stories of every character progressively, which are very vivid and real. When I read this book, my mood followed the tides of the stories up and down. They give me a very deep touching. I remember in the chapter named ¡°Scar¡±, it told the story of An-Mei Hsu when she was a kid watched her mother how to honor her grandmother. ¡° My mother took her flesh and put it in the soup. She cooked magic in the ancient tradition to try to cure her mother this one last time. She opened Popo (grandma)¡¯s mouth, already too tight from trying to keep her spirit in. She fed her this soup, but the night Popo flew away with her illness. Even though I was young, I could see the pain of the flesh and the worth of the pain. This is how a daughter honors her mother. It is ¡°shou¡± so deep it is in your bone. The pain of the flesh is nothing. The pain you must forget. Because sometimes that is the only way to remember what is in your bones. You must peel off your skin, and that of your mother, and her mother before her. Until there is nothing. No scar, no skin, no flesh.¡±(P41) This word ¡°shou¡± simply can be understood as ¡° respecting the parents¡±, but in a more deep level, I think that it means the younger generation should sacrifice themselves to repay their parents no matter it is the flesh, the blood or others, because it is your parents who give you the most important thing, your life.

The characters¡¯ creation of The Joy Luck Club is incredible. I really like Lindo Jong, a very smart woman, who found a good way to escape from her arranged marriage without breaking up her promise to her mother and without bringing a shame on her family. She was a very strong woman with the merits of diligence, braveness and endurance. Also, I can feel the deep pain of Jing-mei Woo who thought herself would never meet the standards of her parents¡¯ expectations and she thought her mother never understand her and love you. . There was an argument between Jing-mei Woo and her mother that expressed her pain clearly. ¡° ¡°You want me to be someone that I¡¯m not!¡± I sobbed. ¡° I will never be the kind of daughter you want me to be!¡± ¡°Only two kinds of daughters,¡± she shouted in Chinese. ¡° Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter!¡± ¡°Then I wish I wasn¡¯t your daughter. I wish you weren¡¯t my mother.¡±¡± I really sympathize Jing-mei Woo, who had the best personality among the 4 daughters. In The Joy Luck Club, these Chinese mothers put too much pressure on their daughters¡¯ growing, even though which all came from love. They wanted their children to go the roads they paved for them because they thought it would be most beneficial. They hoped their children could be developed into the best they could be. The love and the expectations of them brought their children a lot of pain. I thought the author Amy Tan wrote truly about those mothers¡¯ and daughters¡¯ inner-thinking.I can imagine though those mothers were living at the land of America, they still kept parts of their old, feudal and conservative ideas with them. It was what they learned when they were young and they could not just throw them away.

Although quarrels and small conflicts between mothers and daughters were almost everywhere in this book, but the ending of the story was satisfactory. Daughters and mothers both learned to understand each other. Jing-mei Woo, the daughter of Suyuan Woo, brought her mother¡¯s last unfinished wish with her to China to visit her twin sisters and she would talk with them all the things she knew about their mother. Also, she would try to understand the place where her root was. In my opinion, the author, Amy Tan wrote this story to reflect her strong feeling as being a American-born Chinese, who was not totally an American and also was not a Chinese, who was educated from both-sides. She tried to tell us that as a Chinese-American you may be Americanized, but you should still have a deep respect for the Chinese culture of your ancestors.

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Lord of the Flies

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Side by side the two girls entered the lunchroom. As usual, the typical commotion and persistent conversations were already in progress.Full of giggles and eager to join their friends, the two girls quickly scurried to reach their particular seats.The aroma of the lunchroom circled in the air above, as the daily talk hung from the mouths of the teenagers.As the girls took their seats, a familiar face approached them.

"Did you hear about Angela?" the girl questioned as she reached the table with a concerned look upon her face.

"Yeah, can you believe that?" another replied

"How embarrassing."

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As the talk spread from table to table, exaggeration was added, along with opinions, lies and twists of the truth.In minutes, the rumor had spread not only throughout the lunchroom, but throughout the entire school. A joke between Angela's friends that had started with delight had now turned into a nightmare-a cruel and embarrassing lie.It seemed almost impossible that days earlier the amusement which had kept the girls up all night laughing at a sleepover, had now so harshly turned to horrendous mortification.Just as the rumor swiftly twisted from humor to humiliation, the established unity on the island in Lord of the Flies quickly turns to disarray.The order, organization, and integrity once apparent on the isle, quickly fades as evil grows in its place. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrates that good can quickly turn to evil using characterization, scenery, and plot.

Throughout the novel, Golding expresses the persistent development of malevolence each boy secretly possesses within himself.The purity and immeasurable restrictions of the island allow the boys to cease their polite, tame behavior and transform into savages.At the beginning of the novel Jack appears as a harmless choirboy though it's obvious he desires power. As the characters continue to develop and their personalities evolve, it becomes evident that Jack swiftly grows savagely immoral.He leads the boys to participate in violent, intolerable behavior and contributes to the collapse of unity amongst the islanders "Jack ignored them for the moment, turned his mast down to the seated boys and pointed at them with a spear" (150). Jack forces the boys to choose between the civilized society and the savage tribe. Jack says aggressively, still pointing the spear, "Who's going to join my tribe?" (150).The alteration from civilized to savage in Jack's character becomes dreadfully evident and defines him as one the most evil characters in the novel.Roger's disposition also severely alters throughout the time spent on the island.At first, Roger entertainingly throws stones at the surrounding boys, yet deliberately misses the target "Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw" (6).Soon after, Roger's character takes a drastic turn for the worse; partaking in the transformation of temperament, Roger deliberately thrusts an enormous boulder at Piggy "Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever" (180). Roger's pursuit results in Piggy's death. The corruption of unity and lack of authority on the island allow Jack and Roger to harshly influence others.Maurice, friendly and innocent, feels pressure to partake in stealing Piggy's glasses.While planning the brutal attack, Jack says, "The rest of you can go to sleep as soon as the sun sets.But us three, Maurice, Roger, and me, we've got work to do" (161). Maurice allows himself to shred his virtue and contribute to the vile act of stealing from a member of this island.The quest to maintain innocence and a civilized society rapidly alters as the characters unleash their uncultivated behavior and destroy their surroundings.

To also emphasize the theme, Golding uses the setting to depict how the collapse of a civilized society can immensely affect the environment.With expressive words and vocabulary, the island is first described as haven, and unknown paradise "Beyond the platform there was more enchantment.Some act of God-a typhoon perhaps, or the storm that had accompanied his own arrival-had bank sand inside the lagoon so that there was a long, deep pool in the beach with a high ledge of pink granite at the further end" (1).As time passes and the boys become more destructive and careless, the island swiftly turns into an unhealthy place to live.During an assembly, Ralph discusses how filthy the island has become and how the boys need to help preserve its cleanliness.Frustrated, Ralph declares, "we chose those rocks right along beyond the bathing pool as a lavatory…Now people seem to use anywhere" (80).Once occupied by the boys, the purity and exquisiteness of this isolated island almost immediately revolves into filth and disgust. The uncharted waters surrounding the island also alter from a cherished necessity to a symbol of death. Throughout the novel, the serene water supplies the boys with life. Yet, as the plot intensifies the water plays a major role in the deaths that occur on this island.The water swallows the innocence, murdered bodies and leaves the island with nothing but evil "Then the sea breathed again in a long, slow sigh, the water boiled white and pink over the rock; and when it was sucking back again, the body of Piggy was gone" (181). As the malevolence grows within the island, the scenery weakens into the most devastating sight.The dramatic change from good to evil, in both the characters and setting alters the story line itself.

A drastic change in the story line shifts the plot from innocent fun and games to primitive violence and fear.At the beginning of the novel, hunting is made a main priority.To survive, the boys feel hunting is a necessity.As the boys continue to hunt, the quest for meat soon becomes an uncontrollable desire. No longer do the boys kill pigs for survival, but for the sight of blood and death "The afternoon wore on, hazy and dreadful with damp hear; the sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hungers followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood" (15). The boys effortlessly twist hunting, a means to survive, into a cruel an vile act of death as their undomesticated actions unfold. The "pig dance" also shifts to violence.At first, the boys dance and sing out of excitement and their accomplishments of hunting, yet as the novel continues, the dance turns to wild and becomes dangerous. The boys mistake Simon of the beast and instinctively lash out and murder him during this untamed dance "The sticks fell and the mouth of the circle crunched and screamed.The beast was on its knees in the corner, its arms folded over its face.It was crying out against the abominable noise…" (15). Brutally, Simon dies during the pig dance as the boys impel their evil upon his innocence.The alter from good to evil on the island swiftly shifts the prevailing tone of the entire book.

The novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, profoundly incorporates the theme good can quickly turn to evil. With descriptive details, the characters, scenery, and story line express the theme in a powerful tone. The characters Jack, Roger, and Maurice transpire into the three most obvious characters that impose evil.Their civil customs swiftly convert to indecent actions and violent mentalities.As a result, the breathtaking scenery vanishes when the boys arrive. The boys' actions also guide the path of the story line and consequently cause the plot to demise of evil.Hunting swiftly turns into a repulsive obsession and the pig dance abruptly develops into a murder. The boys on the island quickly lose sight of their innocence and evil cultivates in its place, just as a simple joke rapidly spreads into hurtful rumors. As a society, it is important that each member evaluate situations to prevent evil from taking hold and tarnishing the established innocence. Live as the bible states, "Be very careful, then, how you livenot as unwise but as wise, making the most of every opportunity, because the days are evil."

Please note that this sample paper on Lord of the Flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lord of the Flies, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Lord of the Flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The anzac spirit

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Many heroes emerged from the disaster. These heroes were the men who saved mates, animals and themselves, and demonstrated incredible bravery. Les Marshall and Michael Page pulled workers and mates from the fire and threw them into empty dams and smothered them in mud as the main fire wall passed over and burnt their ute which left them to walk back to the farm house, where Les worker, Gary Briggs was airlifted to Royal Perth Hospital by the fantastic crew from RFDS (Royal Flying Doctors Service) who that day had made three trips to Perth and from Perth to Pingelly. Lynsey Corkes worker and fireman was thrown from the ute into fire, burning his hands in the fire, now has lost the use of his left hand from severe bums.

The Anzac Spirit was born at Gallipoli in 115. Since then it has been demonstrated not only by Australians in war but also by those whose contribution has been in other fields.

The Gallipoli Campaign, during the First World War (114-118), was the first time that men and women served as Australians in a war situation. The campaign was part of a plan to expel the Turks from the war and thereby weaken Turkeys ally Germany. At first the Australians were considered by some to be untried soldiers, second raters and six-bob-a-day tourists. By the end of the Gallipoli campaign Australian troops had demonstrated some remarkable characteristics and were respected soldiers acknowledged around the world. An Anzac tradition of bravery and service was clearly established from 5 April 115 onward.

The Anzac tradition was established on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli from 5 April 115 to the evacuation of the beaches in December 115. This tradition has continued through other military conflicts in which Australians have been involved. The Anzac Spirit defines Australias military past. No other name so represents the idea of unity in Australia. It was born in a terrible military defeat; a time marked by great bravery, by common soldiers and great acts of arrogance and stupidity by their commanders and political leaders. At the height of the campaign, for almost six weeks, Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick put others before himself and saved many lives on the frontlines of the Gallipoli battlefield until he was shot down by a sniper at close range while serving others in the frontline. This was typical of the spirit of the beaches of Gallipoli. This spirit has lived on ever since as a part of the Australian way of life.

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John Simpson Kirkpatrick was born in South Shields in Yorkshire in England on 6 July 18. He had illegally immigrated to Australia prior to the war in 110. His formal education was slight, but when writing letters to his mum, he wrote of his pleasure, as a committed socialist, in discovering an egalitarian society. He hung around the bush for a while carrying a swag and writing home every month. Kirkpatrick was known as Simpson to most, and was in Western Australia when the war broke out in August 114. Like many migrants Simpson was among the first to enlist joining up under the name Simpson and volunteered medical corps (Third Field Ambulance). He went ashore at Gallipoli on the very first day and became distressed by the agonies of the hurt and the lack of medical attention. Finding a group of stray donkeys in a hidden valley, he asked an officer if he could use one to aid the wounded from the frontline to the hospital on the beach under the cliff. He soon became popular at Anzac Cove; Simpson named his faithful donkey Duffy and gave it a Red Cross hatband. He was said to have lived a charmed life, but was killed tragically by a snipers bullet in Shrapnel Gully on 1 May 115.

Simpson and his donkey have now been known as Australian legends; the pairs story, known to all who served on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli, have promoted three talented biographies of Simpson as a parable of Christian compassion and an example of the famous Anzac Cove.

Not just one person, but the group of people I have chosen to write about that have displayed the same spirit and self-sacrifice are the townspeople of Pingelly. They demonstrated this spirit and self-sacrifice when the entire town pulled together at a time crisis, a time when a 0 000 acre bushfire with a 17 km front traveling up to 60 km/h with 70 foot high flames.

During the fire hospital staff was stretched to the limit and with the help of Dr Gogna, flown in from Beverley, treated in excess of 70 patients throughout the day and into the night, with some of the nurses working up to 40-hour shifts. With the help of Lee Steal working the phones, two ways and radio for the hospital and the shire offices from the base at the hospital, all the patients got a bed or mattress on the floor and some returned to the frontline into the night. No one went untreated or was turned away.

In the aftermath of the fires the railway line, the Great Southern Highway and all the electricity were down and unable to operate. 0 000 sheep had to be cleaned up and more had to be shot to end the suffering. All the farmers helped to draft and shoot sheep the next day, giving up their own time to help others before working on their own farms while the guys from Western Power worked into the night to restore the power to the area within four days with temporary poles and stays. The workers from Main Roads and the Shire workers worked 1-hour days to reopen the Great Southern Highway with detours in three days. Within two days the Rail workers had the train lines up and running after working 1-hour days.

Some farmers suffered terribly, some having no insurance what so ever and found it so hard to keep going through the hard times. Thanks to the counselors provided by the Court government to assist with the crisis, also it was all helped by the group of ladies who made over 000 sandwiches between them and would prefer to stay anonymous. In 18 in the face of crisis an entire town pulled together, as did Simpson and displayed an amazing level of Anzac Spirit. Many people made great sacrifices to help their neighbors before thinking of themselves and the horrifying consequences. This example displays that the Anzac Spirit is still alive in todays society.

Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in the early 150s and began a

movement which he called Scientology. This was later registered as a

religion and stands as such today in a number of countries. In the mid

150s he regained the rights to Dianetics and incorporated its techniques

into his Scientology processes. He said Dianetics addresses the body.

Scientology addresses the spirit. (Ref HCOBApril 16)

The fundamental concept behind both Dianetics and Scientology processing is

that the mind stores incidents (as images) in a series of related chains.

If something is troubling a person it is because a similar upsetting

incident has previously occurred to that person. If you find the earlier

incident (which has been lost to the conscious mind) and get the person to

look at it, then this can eliminate the problem. If this doesnt work then

there is an earlier incident and so on. The earliest incident is called

`basic on the chain. The End Phenomenon would be that the person is no

longer troubled by the incident.

The EP of Dianetics is the `Clear. The person has no more incidents in the

past to affect him or her in the present. This is supposed to produce a

completely rational human being. Scientology goes on past this point

(although there are many Scientology processes before the clear state is

reached) and deals with the liberation of the spirit (called the OT

levels). It is after clear that the entire concept changes and the

processes bear no resemblance to the principle explained above.

In 167, supposedly to develop and deliver the OT levels, Hubbard set up

the Sea Organisation (S.O.). This is a branch of Scientology run along U.S.

navy lines with officers and other ranks who sign a billion year contract

to serve Hubbard and Scientology. Here lies the real power and wealth of

the `church and it is commanded at present by its CEO David Miscavige who

holds the Scientology rank of Captain.

Hubbard, who gave himself the rank of Commodore, was born in 111, married

three times and officially died on January 4, 186.

Please note that this sample paper on The anzac spirit is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The anzac spirit, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The anzac spirit will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discrimination against people with Multiple Sclerosis

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Do Americans Discriminate Against

People with Multiple Sclerosis?

Kevin is a quiet man who has known he has multiple sclerosis (MS) for six years. He hasnt told anyone.[Kevin explains] "I went to a doctor because I had a serious fall. He decided to run some tests and a week later he told me that I have MS. No one can tell when they look at me. Ive learned how to cover losing my balance. Im only thirty-two. Im not going to tell anyone because they might think I cant do my job. Im sure not going to tell any woman I want to date. Whats she going to thinkIm a cripple?" (qtd. in "Disclosure")This story is a prime example of what people who have MS live with every day of their lives.Kevin's initial reactionwas not concern for his health or well-being, but the kind of discrimination he would now have to face because of this devastating disease.People with MS are discriminated against in several aspects of life.

According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Web page, MS is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord.When a person has MS the tissue called myelin which protects the nerves are damaged.The damage to the myelin is called "sclerosis," commonly known as scar tissue, and "multiple" means many.These scars impair the activity of the nerves, by making it difficult for commands to reach and leave the brain.This causes the different symptoms of MS ("What is MS").According to the NMSS approximately one third of a million Americans acknowledge having MS ("About MS").

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MS is a disabling disease. It is common practice that people who suffer from the disease end up in a wheel chair. One way people who suffer from MS are discriminated against is in public accommodations.In the article, "A Ruling on Co-op and Disability," Jay Romano tells a story about a woman who as a result of having MS had to be in a wheel chair.Romano explains that the building she was living in didn't have a ramp so that she could easily get in and out of the building.Romano states she made several attempts to rectify the problem with the co-op board of the building but has not been accommodated.Further Romano informs us the woman sought out a lawyer and took the board to court.Romano reports that she won the court case, not only where they ordered to build her a ramp but the court also awarded her monetary damages.Most MS suffers are forced to become aware of their disability rights.As maintained by the NMSS, "Every individual should be able to lead a full, productive life and participate in community activities.For people with multiple sclerosis and other disabilities, there are many obstacles to full participation in transportation… [and] recreation." As stated by the NMSS, recently their Long Island Chapter has taken steps to make all pools in Nassau County, New York, accessible to wheel chairs by making waterproof wheelchair ramps.This seems like a small matter.However, when was the last time a person not in a wheel chair had a hard time getting into a pool?This is part of our everyday lives that we take for granted.These types of average aspects of public accommodations are ways in which people who suffer from MS are discriminated against.

People who suffer from MS are people who can not afford health benefits for many reasons.Many of them are facing the need to been on some sort of disability.Another way in which people with MS are discriminated against is in healthcare.The NMSS informs us that "many members of Congress believe that the current budget deficit requires limitation of prescription drug coverage to low-incomebeneficiaries… others believe a universal benefit is needed and that incremental steps to limit drug coverage to low-income beneficiaries will reduce the likelihood that Congress will enact a universal Medicare benefit in the future." However, in most cases disability benefits are not granted immediately creating monetary hardship (Shaw)."Of MS patients who were diagnosed with the disease more than five years ago, 4 percent are not taking drugs…the Harris poll interviewed 56 MS patients and 51 neurologists who treat MS patients.In addition to the patients who weren't taking drugs because they didn't have physical symptoms of the disease,percent said they couldn't afford the medicine"(Neenan). This is a continuous problem for suffers of MS.According to the NMSS Congress is unlikely to pass any form of Medicare prescription coverage in the coming year ("Advocacy").Unfortunate for many MS suffers discrimination in healthcare will be an on-going battle that does not seem to be ending in the near future.

Further people with MS are discriminated against in the workplace.There are many different forms of this discrimination.They range from inappropriate treatment at the workplace to monetary troubles because of the disease.For example, in the article "When Disease Conflicts with Police Duty," written by Ralph Ranalli, he relates the story of a police officer who is reduced to a desk job in a storage closet because of his disease.Ranalli explains this officer had an outstanding record and was a very productive member of the police department before being diagnosed with the disease.Ranalli goes on to inform us that the humiliation does not end there.Ranalli tells us about the standing order from the Police Chief is that when this officer has occasion leave the station in a car, he must use his personal vehicle and he must wear his civilian jacket over his uniform so that the public does not mistake him for an officer who might be able to help in an emergency situation. While this type of discrimination is mostly damaging to the character of the MS sufferer.There is also the kind of discrimination that is damaging to their pocket.For instance, in the article "Shrewd moves…State & Local Government Employees, Take Note!" written by Laura Cooper, we are told how new legislation has given new rights to employers against people with disabilities.Cooper informs us that because of this new legislation if you work for a state or local government you may or may not be eligible for social security disability insurance (SSDI).Cooper explains that the qualifications for SSDI are very difficult.This is another way in which discrimination takes place in the work force primarily in that people who thought they have or had good paying jobs with some sort of financial security are now in jeopardy of losing benefits.

In summary, discrimination against people with MS is a regrettable problem that people who suffer from the disease have to live with on a daily basis.The discrimination exists in many forms of life that individuals can easily help change and some that are going to be more difficult for the people who suffer from MS.Hopefully as a society those of us who do not suffer from MS are enlightened to the presence of discrimination and can look to ourselves to help eradicate it from our society.

"About MS." National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

"Advocacy." National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

Cooper, Laura."Shrewd Moves…State & Local Government Employees, Take Note!" Inside MS.001 Fall. National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

"Disclosure."National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

Neenan, Julia."What MS Patients are Missing."Health Scout Reporter.11 May 000.http//www.Nmss.orgDec. 00

Ranalli, Ralph."When Disease Conflicts with Police Duty."Boston Globe 7 Nov. 1A1.ProQuest.Orange County Community College Library.1 Nov.00

Romano, Jay."A Ruling on Co-Ops and Disability."New York TimesMay 1, late ed..ProQuest.Orange County Community College Library.1 Nov.00

Shaw, Katherine."A Place in the Work Force."Inside MS.Fall 001. http//www.msfocus.org Dec.00

"What is MS?"National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

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Piracy a silent terrorist

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Piracy is the process of the illegal copying and distributing the work of art of a certain person who has his or her intellectual property rights. As obviously seen, the selling of pirated CD's and VCDs are known on almost everywhere. People tend to patronize these products to meet their demands and give themselves satisfaction of needs for entertainment. Piracy is not a new issue today. Even though incessant fight against this matter has been established, people tend to use these products because of lower price and almost the same quality they offer. Furthermore patronization of people with piracy only enhances the indirect stealing and keeping this silent terrorist alive.

Piracy is known over the world. Even here in the Philippines piracy is the most unrestrained act other than drugs. It is clearly seen all over the country that indeed piracy is dominating the market. We can see these stuffs sold in Quiapo, Greenhills and many other parts of the country. As a counterstrike, many drives had been instigated by the Videogram Regulatory board just to wipe out this tremendous issue. The country is even recognized internationally for its determination to permanently erase the face of piracy in the society. But still these this drives remains to be a drive with no proper implementation. Even though continuous raids had been done and even though they had presented tons of pirated items that are burned and crashed, still piracy is still alive.So, the proliferation of pirated CDs and VCDs continue to rule the market not just they offer the kind of entertainment people wanted but also it is being sold for a very low price. Even though media had exposed the confiscation of thousand pirated paraphernalia, still, the selling of these items are somewhat not to be affected by the drives imposed by the government. They say that as long as there are people who are willing to buy these products and as long as benefactor exist to produce these materials piracy will not disappear in the market.

There are thousands of reason why is the presence of the continuous proliferation of pirated CDs and VCDs in the market. One major reason is poverty because society today is currently under poverty. With no money on hand, people are also on scarce with their wants making them crave for something that they cannot afford. As a result, they to tend to patronize pirated CDs rather than the original ones because it satisfy their wants without spending money for entertainment. Another reason is that, in the wide variety or in the mass production of CDs and VCDs, the availability of products that are not sold in the market are made possible by piracy. They can find lots of selections to choose from, from old, new and sometimes for items that are not yet out in the market are now sold from every corners of the Philippines. Thanks to piracy because it made the production of new and amazing items for the consumer. People are now satisfied with entertainment given by the pirated materials but totally different in amount. People loved piracy because they don't have to buy that super expensive materials sold in the malls and other legitimate producers of CDs and VCDs. based on the response of the people who consider themselves as a patron of piracy, told that they tend to patronize these products because of practicality in choosing what you want without spending lots of money. Now, they can experience the entertainment at its fullest without knowing that in that little thing they have done, they are stealing the rights of the people concerned in this issue.

Another reason why there is an outbreak of the production of these materials is that benefactors are continuously providing the distributors the supply of such materials even though number of raids and confiscations had been done. They say that until there are patrons that are satisfied with their products, the production will not end. The presence of big time financiers behind this issue is not yet unveiled because of political and social intensions. Having them behind the production will not end the issue of piracy. Producers tend to produce these materials because they wanted to earn big income at the shortest possible time without knowing that they are violating the intellectual property rights of the legitimate producers of these items. Furthermore, piracy is seen to be a slowly dominating the entertainment industry because the perpetrators themselves who help in the drive against piracy are also patronizing these materials. Policemen, Politicians and other of the governments are sometimes seen tolerating these materials. So, how can piracy be abolished if there are some people who instead help in the drive against it are patronizing pirated items. The toleration seen in every local government is one proof that there is an outbreak of these materials in every part of the country.

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As a result of the continuous dissemination of pirated items in the country, artist and producers are the main victims of these unlawful acts. They suffer from great bankruptcy because pirated items do not have the full authorization of the law to be sold and propagate in the market. As an effect to them, they are now only producing less talents because stealing of their rights as a talent is obviously seen everywhere. Moreover, people who tend to patronize these materials are not aware that they are already stealing the right of ownership of other people. Buying pirated items just made stealing a better look because it made stealing almost a legal process. People are not aware that they had committed the indirect stealing of rights and even the means of living of other people because they are being robbed out by these parasites without even knowing. On the other hand, as the issue on piracy burgeons, the impact of this in our economy is severe for economists who tend invest their ventures in the country are now afraid because of the threat of sabotage with their products. The image of the country both in the economy and people will be affected because of the stigma that will be attached to the Philippines as the center of piracy in the world. Not only the people will suffer from the impairment done by piracy but also the country as a whole as well.

Indeed, piracy is a never-ending issue. For as long as people still continue in the patronization of this materials continues. As they achieved the satisfaction of their wants, it has never reached their minds that they look like parasites because they had performed the indirect stealing of goods, talent and living of other people. It is not merely practicing practicality or merely saying that piracy is the best policy because as people get satisfied in these pirated items, there are also people who are harmed not physically but emotionally and financially. As long as there are financiers and benefactors that are not exposed and put behind bars, the promulgation of pirated items will not be stopped and still continue to attract the eyes of consumer regardless of their personality or status in life. In addition to, drives can be really very helpful for as long as the perpetrator themselves are really serious to do their jobs. Expos and other press releases are not enough to prove that they are continuously fighting this terrorist that dwells in our community but by means of continuous perseverance and little by little exposing those people behind this illegal business and not accepting any bribe just to save their reputation. And for as long as there are people who patronize pirated CDs and VCDs, the production of these items will not be stopped because they serve as the basis of the manufacturers to produce more items for it satisfy the needs of the customer and their needs as well. As long as people don't cooperate in the drive against piracy, it will remain untouched and indestructible. Cooperation among the people is the only thing to solve this tremendous problem that is striking every country in the world. If this is not done, the government and the society will only continue to tolerate the indirect stealing of living and in some way only keeping this terrorist a part of everyday life.

Please note that this sample paper on Piracy a silent terrorist is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Piracy a silent terrorist, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on Piracy a silent terrorist will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Marijuana Prohibition

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"The greatest service which can be rendered any country is to add a useful plant to its culture."-Thomas Jefferson. One of the biggest controversies that currently plague the U.S. is the debate over the legalization of marijuana. There are numerous factors to be considered in the debate, the drug's effects, how it affects crime, and it's medicinal uses. Federal law has prohibited marijuana since 1937. It is currently illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana in the U.S.

Marijuana goes by more than 200 names, the most common being weed, pot, and herb (Ravage 6). Marijuana is made from the dried leaves of the cannabis sativa plant. The active ingredient is THC and when smoked it produces a "high" (Ravage 7). Marijuana is considered a mind-altering drug (Monroe 16).

The effects that marijuana has on its user varies from person to person. It depends on how it is taken, other drugs involved, and the expectations of the user (Monroe 17). The "high" consists of a dreamy relaxed state (Dupont 1). Other effects include an increased appetite, paranoia, tiredness, short-term memory loss, loss of coordination and balance, trouble with thinking and problem solving, and distorted perception of sight, sound, time, and touch (Monroe 17-18). Marijuana causes the heart to beat rapidly and blood pressure to rise (Monroe 18). Because the drug is stored in fat cells and slowly released its effects can last up to 24 hours after use (Ravage 8). The long-term effects of marijuana use are not entirely known. It may cause damage to the immune and reproductive systems (Dudley 6).

One of the arguments against the legalization of marijuana is the high potential for abuse associated with it. Many people develop a dependence on the high, which causes stunted emotional and social maturity. It also causes many people to lose interest in school, job, and social activities (Dudley 6). The other standpoint to this is the fact that marijuana is about as addictive as caffeine. It's far less addictive than alcohol, nicotine, heroin, and cocaine (Fortang 101). 9 out of 10 people who have tried marijuana have since quit (Dudley 7).

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Marijuana is relatively harmless. Used in moderation, it is less harmful than tobacco or alcohol (Dudley 7). There is no known case of a person dying from an overdose of marijuana. According to Susan Terkel, "To cause death, a person would have to smoke 1,500 pounds of marijuana- 720,000 joints- in fifteen minutes."(75). No one has ever died from an overdose of marijuana, while hundreds of thousands of people are killed by tobacco and alcohol every year.

The current drug laws are causing more harm than good. Many crimes are committed in order to pay for a drug habit (Terkel 98). 600,000 marijuana-related arrests were made in 1995, 80% of which were for possession alone (Dudley 6). People are being arrested for having marijuana and being thrown in jail for a crime in which there was no victim. Many of these people are in jail for many years because of mandatory prison sentences. This presents a new problem of jail overcrowding. The U.S currently has 1.6 million people in prisons, more than any other industrial nation. Drug offenders make up 60% of the federal prison population (Terkel 51). In order to make more room for these drug offenders, violent offender are being released early (Terkel 51). If marijuana were decriminalized, meaning there would be no possibility of arrest- only a fine, there would be 500,000 less arrests per year (Terkel 51). Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter supports the idea of decriminalization, "Penalties against possession of a drug should not be more damaging to an individual than the use of the drug itself."

The other crime aspect of legalizing marijuana would be that of organized crime. Marijuana makes up most of the international drug trade (Ravage 9). Only about 25% of marijuana available in the U.S. is grown here, majority of it comes from other countries including Mexico and Colombia (Ravage 9). Because marijuana is illegal, drug cartels can make an enormous amount of money from growing and selling it. This is similar to the effects of alcohol prohibition in the U.S. in the 1920's. After alcohol became illegal speakeasies sprang up all over the place. Organized crime grew rapidly. The famous gangster Al Capone had a bootlegging empire that netted over $60 million a year (Danzer 615).If marijuana was legalized it would drive these drug cartels out of business (Terkel 99). It would no longer be economical for them to try to sell expensive marijuana to a country that can grow it cheaply.

The U.S. has spent $16 billion on the "war on drugs" (Terkel 102). If marijuana was legalized the government could collect $4-6 billion in taxes on the marijuana (Terkel 105). This money could go into educating people about drugs. "The goal of legalizing drugs is to bring them under effective legal control. If it were legal to produce and distribute drugs, legitimate businessmen would enter the business. There would be less need for violence and corruption since the industry would have access to the courts. And, instead of absorbing tax dollars as targets of expensive enforcement efforts, the drug sellers might begin to pay taxes. So, legalization might well solve the organized crime aspects of the drug trafficking problem. On average, drug use under legalization might not be as destructive to users and to society as under current prohibition, because drugs would be less expensive, purer, and more conveniently available"-National Institute Of Justice.

The strongest argument for the legalization of marijuana is for its medicinal use. 73 % of Americans support seriously ill patients having access to marijuana ("Medicinal Marijuana"). Marijuana is an effective treatment for something as mild as a headache to cancer and AIDS patients. Marijuana can help glaucoma patients. 2-8 million people have glaucoma, a disease where pressure on the eyes and optical nerve can cause blindness. Marijuana can lessen the pressure on the eyes thus avoiding blindness. For 10-20% of glaucoma patients, marijuana is their only hope of keeping their eyesight. For the 1 million people who have epilepsy, marijuana can reduce the amount of antiseizure medicine needed or even eliminate the need for antiseizure medicine. For AIDS patients marijuana can help deal with the side effects of AZT, a drug used to treat HIV and AIDS. It can also help combat extreme weight loss, nausea, and vomiting associated with both AIDS and cancer treatments (Terkel 71-73). One solution developed by scientists is a pill by the name of Marinol. This is a pill of THC- the active ingredient in marijuana. Marinol does not effectively take the place of marijuana because Marinol takes up to 4 hours to take effect. If a patient is trying to combat vomiting, they have no hope of trying to get a pill down. Marinol can cause hallucinations, dizziness, anxiety, and it can last up to 10 hours (Terkel 76). Marinol is expensive it cost around $200 a month, more than actual marijuana (Thompson 149).

If marijuana was legalized the purity of it would be controlled by the FDA. There would be fewer crimes committed to support an expensive habit. The government would save money on enforcement of drug laws and collect more money from tax revenue. Sick patients would be able to receive effective treatment. Drug cartels would slowly fade out of existence. People would be happier.

Works Cited

Danzer, Gerald. The Americans. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 1998.

Dudley, William. Marijuana. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999.

DuPont, Robert L. "Marijuana," World Book Online Americas Edition, http://www. worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/344500, April 12, 2002.

Fortang, Erika. "Is Pot Bad For You?" Rolling Stone 4 Mar. 1999:101.

"Medicinal Marijuana." Drug Policy Alliance, http://www.lindesmith.org/library/

focal12.html, April 12, 2002.

Monroe, Judy. "Marijuana- A Mind Altering Drug." Current Health 2 23 Feb. 1998: 16-19.

Terkel, Susan N. The Drug Laws. Danbury: Franklin Watts, 1997.

Thompson, Stephen. The War on Drugs. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998.

Ravage, Barbara. "Marijuana Update." Current Health 2 28 Sept. 1994: 6-12.

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