Gender equality

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in gender equality, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your gender equality paper at affordable prices !GENDER EQUALITY

One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. No biological, psychological or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces the creature, intermediate between male and eunuch, which is described as feminine.

In the early years of her age a female child, like male children exists only for herself and is hardly aware of the fact that as an adult she would be sexually differentiated. It is not until when she grows up and is faced with occasional denial of some rights, she realizes that she is the disadvantaged sex, 'the woman' that men think is inferior to them both,intellectually and socially.

This attitude of men is liable to have two kinds of impacts, the extent of which highly depends on the economic and social development of the society a woman lives in. women living in the under-developed nations of Africa and Asia, generally accept the inferior status as the only option. On the contrary, women of the more developed countries like America, often fight for their rights and donot settle for low standards. It is the unwavering motivation of these women, that has successfully produced some prominent American activists like, Elizabeth BlackWell, Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone, who campaigned to expand opportunities for women like, the granting of equal rights and also to improve their lives in general.

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The demand for women's rights includes not only the assurance of equal rights (e.g , property, legal, political, marital, educational and employment), with men, but also the removal of all forms of discrimination against women on the basis of sex. The demand for them has been denied both by the custom and by the law and the struggle to gain them is one of the basic movements for human liberty.

In the modern world, the status of women varies widely from country to country and from one social class to another within countries. The traditional view of women, as intellectually and socially inferior to men, continues to prevail in certain areas. In rural part of some less developed nations, for example, women have little or no personal independence. They pass from the control of the father, to that of the husband, and function only as servant of the husband and bearer of his children.

In most countries women have the right to vote and certain other political and legal rights. Traditional attitudes, nonetheless, restrict women's activities to some extent, especially in business, industry, the professions, and higher education.Even in societies where women have been given broader responsibilities and power, men have normally dominated political life. The emergence of classes, states, and major religions has universally strengthened male dominance, and the rise of capitalism has furthered this tendency.

'EARLY HISTORY'

Preliterate cultures In both hunting and foraging and early settled agricultural societies, women contribute directly and indispensably to subsistence, frequently controlling and collecting the essentials for survival. No known societies have entrusted any technological activities specifically to women. Although such female activities as cooking and food preparation approximate technology, men monopolize hunting, butchering, and the processing of hard materials. KINSHIP provides the basic social organization in preliterate societies; work is allocated according to gender and generation and there is great sexual segregation. Women are responsible for child-bearing and homemaking and men belong in public world of employment and politics.

Western cultures the classical Greek civilization in keeping with its cultural hostility towards women, severely curtailed their political participation. Athens firmly relegated women, with slaves and children, to the household which male citizens dominated and represented in the polity.

Traditional Judaic societies also restricted women's social role and encouraged sexual segregation. Judaism also reflected a historic revolt against a pre-historic female-centered cosmology. Jewish monotheism is clearly found upon the worship of a male creator and lawgiver.

The roman state granted even fewer rights to women than the Greeks did, but permitted them greater personal freedom. Although a husband possessed the right of life and death over his wife, roman culture never expressed deep hostility toward female sexuality.

Though the majority of the early converts to Christianity were mainly women, the architects of Christian orthodoxy, notably Saint Paul, mistrusted sexuality in general and women in particular. Increasingly, Christianity stressed both Eve's responsibility for the fall of the human race from divine grace and Mary's virginity. Women were denied official religious roles until, eventually, a place was made for them in the religious orders.

Eastern cultures the dominant cultures of the Islamic countries, India, china, and Japan rested on sharp social distinctions and on the labor of peasants and tribal masses. Official ideologies and ruling elites saw the seclusion of women as essential to social and political order.

Islam confirmed and strengthened female subordination among the people it conquered and, by including women's status in holy law, or Sharia, made subsequent change difficult. Allowing polygamy, it restricted the number of wives to four and insisted on equal treatment. Declaring a woman worth half a man with respect to inheritance and testimony, it encouraged female INFANTICIDE. Islam veiled women and isolated them from all men, other than their own relatives. Yet Islamic women were entitled to full support for themselves and their children form their husbands.

In India, the caste ENDOGAMY stressed marriage as the central purpose of women's life. Marriage policies and a deep mistrust of female sexuality, especially among the Brahmans, resulted in pre-puberty marriage and SUTTEE, i.e. the wife burning herself to death on the husband's funeral pyre, which was an attempt to ban remarriage of widows. Hinduism emphasized the nature of women as benevolent wives.

Confucianism, originating in the 6th century B.C. emphasized that the duty of the wife was subject to her husband and to his parents. Although there was no polygamy, the husband could take concubines.

In eastern countries women lost most of their property rights and all political roles. Men practiced polygamy, kept concubines, and could repudiate their wives at will.

In the early years of civilization women, along with unequal rights in all spheres of life, were also subject to persecution and torture. In Egypt, beautiful women were slaughtered in the name of their god so as to please him.

Before the advent of Islam, that is to say about 1400 years ago, when there was no concept of education, knowledge and moral values, people used to bury new-born babies if they were females.

Even to this day in some rural counterparts of underdeveloped countries, women are married to dogs, to the HolyQuran and to men as old as 5 times their age. The concept of 'Hang' is highly prevalent in rural areas of developing countries like Pakistan, where if a man from tribe A murders a man in tribe B then to compensate, tribe A offers that, tribe B may choose a girl form tribe A to be married to a man or relative of the murdered from tribe B. Girls as old as 11 have known to have been offered to marry 70 year old men.

Early struggles for equal rights in the united states in the united states, widespread religious revivalism at the beginning of the 1th century inspired the early women's rights movement. Large numbers of middle class women joined societies whose efforts centered on religious conversion and on moral and social reform. The basic motivation was derived from the Anti-slavery convention in 1840 when women were barred from participating in the conference and were made to sit behind the curtains. This experience of discrimination inspired them to organize the first women's convention. For the convention Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott and many others wrote a declaration that stated that men and women were created equal and that, like men, women were born with certain natural rights. The document criticized men for denying women the right to vote, the right to hold property, equal terms in a divorce and custody of children. It also criticized men for blocking women's access to higher education, the professions and 'nearly all the profitable employments.'

Property rights in 1848 New York state passed law allowing women to acquire and retain assets independently of their husbands. This was the first law that established the idea of a woman having a legal status, independent of her husband, after marriage.

Right to vote women gained the right to vote in the 10's. The 14th amendment provided that all citizens were guaranteed equal protection under law and that no citizen could be denied process of law.

Equal pay act the equal pay act made it illegal to pay different wages to men and women who performed the same work. However, the new law had little effect on narrowing the gap between the sexes. Most female workers remained in jobs traditionally held by women, offering low wages and little prospect for advancement. In 16 female workers earned 58.% of average men's earnings and by 15 the earnings increased to 71.4%of the amount that men earned.

Reproductive rights abortions have been widely performed by doctors, midwives, and pregnant women throughout history. However, by the late 1800s the majority of U.S states made it a crime to perform and obtain an abortion, except when the life of the mother is in danger. These days, abortion is legal under specific circumstances. Some countries with severe population have the most liberal abortion policies. China for example places no restriction on abortion. However, in Canada, where there is no over-population problem, abortion is illegal unless the pregnant woman's life is in danger.

Protective labor legislation when increasing number of women began to enter the labor force, some social reformers grew concerned about the impact of long working hours on women's health. They made efforts to limit women's working hours and argued that women's role as mothers required that they be given special protection in workplace, flexible timings and also once or twice a maternal leave. But the opponents of this legislation argue that special rules for women would inhibit women's struggle for equality with men, even if the legislation was limited only to labor laws.

Women's rights today since World War II the position of women around the globe has begun to change at an accelerating rate. Women have gained most in politically progressive and economically developed nations. In highly developed countries, women account for about 0-40% of the total labor force, and 5-10% in less developed countries. However, female earnings have not improved to a very substantial extent. Throughout the world women continue to earn less than men for comparable work.Women's near exclusion to earn high incomes is closely related to their formal political and legal rights, and also to the persistence of traditional religious, cultural and family values.

Although, women have acquired the right to vote, they donot exercise power in proportion to their numbers. A few exceptional women have attained the highest political offices Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher.

Women have also failed to gain access to higher education. Women's illiteracy has declined dramatically in the past few decades, but only during the 170s and '80s have American women finally constituted 0% of those in professional trainingmedicine, law, business. In third world countries, preference is normally given to men for advanced economic and governmental sectors.Also in many countries, defenders of traditional and cultural values regard liberation of women as another manifestation of western domination.

Overall, while the needs of women in different countries vary, and the rate of progress is inconsistent, increasing numbers of women around the world are in a fair way to dethrone the myth of femininity; are beginning to affirm their independence in concrete ways and recognizing their need to be full and equal members of the society.

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"The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue."

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue.", therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue." paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Admitting the truth of this statement may be hard for many who class themselves above the 'soppy' romantic movie-goers, and wish to extol the seeming fact that Romance movies never change not the basic elements, and not the characters or dialogue. This statement "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and dialogue." may seem like a sweeping motion of defence for romantics. Yet displeasing as it is to admit as such, contains truth of a most solid nature. The basic elements of romance will never change. Two people who fall in love, overcoming obstacles, relying on fate, outrageous fortune and amazing coincidence to bring them together. Then there are the other love interests, spurned partners, great misfortunes, humour, and symbolism (often disguised as the work of 'fate') thrown around with ludicrous abundance. So, what draws people back again? Obviously the human patience can stand only so many of the same romance movies, therefore it must be the differing characters, dialogue due to setting, and of course the circumstance, which creates a continued interest in the Romance genre.

"An Affair to Remember" and "Sleepless in Seattle" both belong to this same popular genre Romance. So how is it that society hasn't yet tired of the 'same old stories'? Simple; the wide chance for change in the situation, characters, issues, and language, gives the director new story lines and topics to work with. So, although the basic elements of these two movies never change, the director creates interest for the viewer in the differing characters, and dialogue according to situation.

First of all, a Romance movie cannot be made without the two people to create a love interest. In both "An Affair to Remember" and "Sleepless in Seattle" it is a case of 'boy meets girl' romance. Now, say 'boy meets girl' to anyone, and they will reply with the inevitable continuation 'fall in love, have problems, then get married.' But, even though the inevitable plot line is the same (marriage may not be in the stars for all, but it is assumed), the characters change. In "An Affair to Remember", the man is a suave, popular womaniser who is soon to be married to a rich heiress. "Sleepless in Seattle" creates a man who is a widower with a son, hopelessly out of date with the modern rituals of dating, but relatively well off. The roles and character of the man change with the times and situation. The only reason people will watch both movies, although they are both romance movies, is because the different characters create a new interest in the situation. If there were no difference, no one would need to bother watching both. The female figures are also different. In "An Affair to Remember" 'she' is a beautiful, clever and witty woman from a poor background who has a 'patron' of sorts, who helped her to 'sort her life out' and who presumes that they will get married. In "Sleepless in Seattle" 'she' is an attractive, bright and happy person, relatively well off, engaged and obsessed with the idea of the 'magic' of love. Both are obviously distinguishable from each other and as such our interest in both movie's is caused through interest in different characters and their particular situation.

Another important element of the romance is the spurned love interests; put aside whether they like it or not because of this new, 'true love' their partner has found. The respective partners from each movie could not be more different. In "An Affair to Remember" 'her' partner is the man who loves her, 'reformed' her, and gave her the chance to live in high society. "Sleepless in Seattle" chooses for 'her' someone she is willing to marry, who loves her, and has numerous allergies. The difference in the slighted partners may be minimal, but as in both movies they have little screen time (apart from an appearance to inspire an obligatory built trip), the difference in their characters is great enough to cause interest in their different cases. The man in "An Affair to remember" is, or was until he met the 'her' of the movie, going to marry a rich heiress who is obviously much enamoured with him. In "Sleepless in Seattle" the man's first wife, who he very much loved, is dead. Then he gets a new love interest in the form of a woman with an annoying laugh, whose manner is overbearing, but at least she's trying. The difference is again, minimal (apart from the deceased wife to the living heiress), but both women are different enough in attitude and personality to create an interest in their individual situations.

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Yet, in every romance there is something that strives to keep the lovebirds apart, much to the cheer of every hard-hearted, romantic-movie-hating, self-made cinema-taste critic. Usually something which cannot be accounted for beforehand or predicted in anyway, called a 'tragic accident', comes between them and their happiness at a mutually appointed time of bliss. And perhaps as coincidence, perhaps as tradition, in both "An Affair to Remember" and "Sleepless in Seattle", it is the woman who runs into some misfortune (because of course, it would do no good to the man's image to end up in a weakened position). In "An Affair to Remember" the man waits at the top of the Empire State building for her, while she rushes to meet him. Then, in an unfortunate turn of events, a car hits her leaving her paralysed, and he leaves later that stormy night without ever knowing what had happened. In "Sleepless in Seattle" we are treated to much the same thing, because the woman in the movie uses "An Affair to Remember" as her inspiration, and wants to meet him at the top of the Empire State building. Of course, he gets there first and she runs into traffic problems with her taxi. The similarity between these two circumstances is amazing, but predictable, due to the fact that "An Affair to Remember" is the woman's inspiration in the movie. Yet, it is this similarity which serves to highlight the difference between the characters of each movie, and the way they react to the situation.

Every romantic movie must not, of course, ever be without it's very own mother-load of fate, fortune and coincidence to influence the characters in their quest for love, as well as symbols to help light the way. Co-incidence plays a large part in bringing the characters together in "An Affair to Remember"; a cigarette case stealing the spotlight for bringing the two together, accompanied by a chance sighting at a theatre, and connections concerning a painting. While an emotive shawl, the Empire State building, cigarette case and painting are just a few of the symbols used. "Sleepless in Seattle" features a chance hearing of a talk radio show and passing by within feet at a busy airport, while a ripped wedding dress, and a pilfered movie line fulfil the role of fate's symbols nicely. Difference in coincidence and character situations cause a continued interest in the movie of this case. And as modern movie-goers see coincidence as the results of fate's intervention, there will never be any lack of it in the romance genre. Especially when people like to believe that something is watching over us, and that there is the 'one true love' somewhere out there for every one of us.

Symbols crop up everywhere in romance movies, and in more modern ones, usually accompanied by a gasp and the line "It's a sign!" Yet because the characters, the time, and the setting are different in each romance movie, the symbols must be adjusted accordingly, and make sense in each of their different contexts. "An Affair to Remember" makes use of an engraved cigarette case to bring the two potential love birds into each others eye. Perfect for the situation and characters because the movie is set in a time when it is extremely fashionable to smoke and have a cigarette case. The fact that it is also engraved by another woman while he meets his 'new love' may also be a symbol of things to come. Now, this would never happen in a more modern movie. The offer of cigarette would most likely introduce the line "I don't smoke." And they would barely see each other again. Not a good start for a romance. Symbolism in any sort of movie is usually attributed to fate so when, in "Sleepless in Seattle", her wedding dress rips out comes the gasp, the line, and immediately her love for her current interest is jeopardised. The fact that fate may be warning her seems obvious to only her in the movie, yet also almost everyone in the movie cinema. The fact that she didn't believe in 'fate' until that very moment does no longer seems to matter. She now totally and utterly believes in it, and nothing will stop her from trying to reach her true love. This is totally and utterly also contrasted with the approach of the woman in "An Affair to Remember". She is organised and in control of her life, and although fate does intervene, she resumes her control after the accident, and sets about organising and helping again. The lack of faith in fate by one woman who comes to fully believe in it, and the assured acceptance of fate by the other who never acknowledges its existence, shows a contrast in character, which creates continued interest in their different situations, and thus, each separate movie.

Dialogue has always been something, which, without cease, has annoyed anyone going to see a romance movie. Their complaint is simply that the characters all say the same things. Yet, this certain genre must have a special consideration applied to it. Exactly how many ways are there that you can say the basic line "I love you", or "It's a sign", or even "I can't live without you". There are only so many variations you can have of each without getting into the ridiculously verbose stage of script writing, which sound awkward and unnatural. The complaint that all dialogue is the same, is a moot point when you take out all examples that are virtually impossible to change. Taking this into consideration, the dialogue widely varies between each and every movie in the romance genre, because each and every character's situation and personality is a unique creation. Humour is also a constant, because life cannot be lived without humour in everyday situations, and the average person likes something to be funny, and something to laugh at. Hence, the humour in a romance (and almost every other) movie.

So it is true. The basic elements of romance simply never change, nor will they ever change. Without them, in fact, the movie would cease in its existential romantic state. So it is also true, not just as a converse or 'therefore' but on its own proven fact contained within the words above, that the continued interest in romance is created through different characters and dialogues due to their situation and circumstance. How else could we explain away the people that will pay to watch, in essence, a movie that they've already seen? No other way than to state the plain and simple fact that those 'softies' and 'soppy' people often called the more proper 'romantics', are right. That is why there is continued interest. And it may be seen that as such, they may openly sneer upon the 'hard hearts' and 'masochists' as they delve into their own category; action.

Please note that this sample paper on "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue." is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue.", we are here to assist you.Your cheap college papers on "The basic elements of romance never change. We watch these movies because we are interested in the characters and the dialogue." will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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African American

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At times I often sit about on my front porch, in my car, or where ever I can a good thought. I think about the future of Americas youth. Especially our African American Youth, and young African American men to be more specific. I see neighborhoods being infested with drugs, and gangs with our young African American boys and men as the leaders and the targets of these so-called ¡§businesses¡¨. I angers me to think that one day out of all of the young African American men and young boys that I see everyday are more likely to go to jail than to go to college. As pointed out that African American males constitute more than 50% of the prison population and account for only .5% of the total enrollment of U.S Colleges and Universities(Allen, Epps, & Hannit, 11). Working in this field for almost 6 yr. as a child and adolescent mental health counselor, I have come across many African American young boys in treatment. Actually, almost 75% of my caseload is African American boys and young men. In this field there are not enough of African American male therapist around to provide for them a sense of common ground. Therefore, I will attempt to address some of the issues that affect African American's and in particular will attempt to develop a career counseling program for African American men.

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Statistics

The African American population is about 1.% of the U.S. population(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 001). Of the increase since 180, 16% was due to immigration. The poverty rate for African American remains nearlytimes higher than that of Whit American(.0% versus 1.%), and the unemployment rate twice as high(11% versus 5%, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 15). African Americans¡¦ disadvantaged status, as well as racism and poverty, contribute to the following statistics. About One third of African American men in their 0's are in jail, on probation, or in parole. This rate has increased by over one third during the past five years(Freeberg, 15). Over 0% of Black males are temporarily or permanently banned from voting in Texas, Florida, and Virginia because of felony convictions(Cose et al 000).

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Although these statistics are grim, Ford(17) pointed out that much of the literature is based in individuals of the lower social class who are on welfare or unemployed, and not enough is based on other segments of the African American population. This focus on one segment of African Americans masks the great diversity that exist among African Americans, who may be vary greatly from one another from factors of socioeconomic status, educational level, cultural identity, family structure and reaction to racism(Sue & Sue 00). It is also pointed out that more than one third ofAfrican Americans are now middle-class or higher. These individuals tend to be well educated, married homeowners. In 18 one out of seven African American families had an income of $50,000 or higher(Hildebrand, Phenice, Gray,& Hines, 17). However, Sue & Sue also mentions that middle class African Americans are also exposed to feelings of guilt for having ¡¨made it,¡¨ frustrations by the limitations imposed by the ¡§glass ceiling,¡¨ and feelings of isolation. Often, upward mobility can produce unintentional effects.

Family Characteristics

It is noted in Sue & Sue that increasingly larger percentages of African American families are headed by single parents. In 14, 47% of all African American families involved married couples, as compared to 68% in 170 and 56% in 180(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 15. It is also mentioned that African American family has been generally described as matriarchal and is blamed for many of the problems faces by Black Americans today. Dr. Merlin R. Langley a psychologist, wrote about conducting an African American men's support group in which this topic was discussed.As Dr. Langley mentions that during the a group discussion;

the African American men in group described how the absence of their parents in general and their fathers in particular during their childhood and adolescence had negatively affected their identity. The unavailability of their fathers as a function of consequences not choice negatively affected their self concepts and self esteem. For instance one group member with tears in his eyes and rage in his voice described hoe his father had emotionally neglected and abandoned him and as a result had failed to properly prepare him to cope with the challenges of life as a Black male in White America(001).

Dr. Langley goes on to mention that the above experience may not be unique to Black men. Nevertheless, the absence of a loving and strong Black family in general and Black father figure in particular is negatively affecting an increasing number of Black boys and girls. Resulting in many Black men and women as adults experiencing problems being able to form committed relationships, creating and maintaining stable families, and strong communities.

As mentioned, the self esteem and self concepts of African American men are affected. This could in turn result in the lack of motivation, and energy one may need to function in society. With this lack of motivation and energy one might lack interest in themselves and other things around them. They may be inclined to make other irrational, and possibly unlawful decisions that may result in them either getting fired from a job, in jail etc. Therefore, studies show that there is a need for a career counseling program that could possibly attempt to address the social and career issues of our young African American men.

I have attempted to develop a program that could address some of the prevalent career counseling issues of African American men. This program will be based on Krumboltz's Social Learning approach and the Social Cognitive theory as well. The program is Project A.A.I.M.E. A.A.I.M.E is an acronym for African American Initiative for Men's Employment. I have attempted to make an outline of the program and its purpose and goals.

In developing this program, I researched information about what elements of an effective career counseling program for African American men would be of value to include in a program such as this. It is said noted that In order for African American males to succeed they must be respected, understood, and valued¡KA bonding process must first take place, which results from love, respect, and understanding(Kunjufu, 186). This could also be known as a ritual. Dr. Langley also agrees that every significant event in South Africa begins with a ritual(story telling, song, music and dance) as a means for denoting that something or somebody is being transformed. Being changed. Being changed for the better. He goes on to mentions that Blacks in America should develop rites of passage programs for Black youth to instill a sense of connection to and responsibility for their family and community. Therefore, as part of the AAIME program, a rites of passage

will be put in place to acknowledge ones accomplishments in order to instill a sense of positive self concept and to motivate individuals to continue to strive toward their goals.

It is also pointed out that the need for leadership and mentorship is very important in developing a successful program. Dr. Lee an African American psychologist describes these strategies as Empowerment strategies. He mentions that these strategies should include competent Black male leaders.

Needs Assessment

It is said that need assessments are one of the most useful and effective means to help identify concerns and identification of issues and concerns because of the growing diversity of individuals, and their changing personal and career needs. Without needs assessments, decisions made on behalf of individuals may not accurately relate to their needs. And although there may be a common set of needs, these needs may shift with changes in age, experience and social trends(Gallgher, Golim Kekkehers, 1). A thorough assessment would need to be completed before the development of such a program to be better able to address relevant and important issues that the overall community expresses as being a problem.

Project A.A.I.M.E

Mission Statement

Empowering, and motivating African American men. To enhance social, and financial security, to build a community where African American men can maximize their personal growth and make a thorough and lasting contribution to the community and society.

Goals

To provide quality career counseling services to African American men and young boys To educate, enhance career skills and provide guidance and support to individuals having issues with career concerns.

Client Demographic Information

Clients will be African American men and young boys ranging in the ages of 6-106. Clients will live in the Chicago Metropolitan area and will come from all socioeconomic backgrounds.

Program Implementation

Offers workshops, seminars, activities, events and learning opportunities for African American men and boys in four areas Social Development, Leadership, Career/Vocational Enhancement, andMentoring.

Social Development

æ Annual Induction Celebration and Dinner where new members are welcomed and inducted into the program.

æ Field Trips to cultural events and social gatherings. To take place weekly and /or monthly.

æ Semi Annual Retreat team building activities to increase and maintain interest in participants

æ Guest Speakers to address and discuss relevant issues the African American community

æ Rites of Passage Ceremony and Awards to acknowledge achievements of members within the program.

Leadership

æ Internship opportunities through local regional and national venues and companies.

æ Speaking opportunities for members at High schools, colleges etc. to inform others about the program

Career/Vocational Enhancement

æ Provide needed assessments and career inventories to determine specific interest if needed.

æ Weekly information sessions that inform members about up to date trends In the job market.

æ Group discussion/counseling sharing ideas and communicating personal feelings and experiences about the careers and employment etc.

æ Skills Seminars on resume writing,appropriate interviewing tips and ways to enhance communication skills.

æ Job shadowing- opportunity to experience the world of work and career situations through day and week long excursions on the job with industry professionals.

æ Internships to develop and build skills through hands on practicum experience.

æ Networking social gatherings to encourage communication with other professionals to facilitate relationship building.

Mentoring

æ Mentoring program contacts with seasoned members and other professionals that provide a sense of guidance and support.

æ Outreach to reach out to new and interested potential members.

This is just an overview of a project that could be considered for African American men and young boys. Of course the younger children's and adolescent program will be set up in a similar fashion but activities will focus more on education and will include activities that are geared toward their age group and interests.

Project AAIME's program structure is based off of the African American Men of Arizona State's Organizational Program.

References

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 001. Report Employment Situation. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 000. Report Employment Situation. Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 15. Report Employment Situation. Washington, D.C.

Cose, E., Smith, V.E., Figueroa, A., Stefanakos, V.S, & Contreras, J. (001, November

1). America's Prison Generation. Newsweek, 4-4.

Ford, D.Y., 17. Counseling Middle Class African Americans. Alexandria, VA

American Counseling Association.

Freeburg, L. 15, October 5). ! ofBlacks in 0's has had trouble with the law.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer, pp. A1, A8.

Gallgher, Golem Kekkehers. 1.

Hilderbrand, V., Phenice, A., Gray, M.M., & Hines, R. P. 17. Knowing and ServingDiverse Families.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.

Kunjufu, J. 10. Motivating and Preparing Black Youth for Success. African American Images.

Kunjufu, J, 186. Countering the Conspiracy to Destroy Black Boys. 1st ed. African American Images.

Langley, R. M. 000. Ode to Black Men Be the Light in the Corner. Essay.

Lee, C. C. 17. Multicultural issues in Counseling. nd ed. Alexandria VA. American Counselor

Association Press.

Lee. C.C. 1. Empowering Young Black Males. Alexandria, VA. American Counselor Association

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Sue, D.W. & Sue, D. 00 Counseling the Culturally Diverse Theory and Practice. 4th ed. New York

Wiley.

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Vampires

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The Cultured Vampire

A dark figure stands concealed among the shadows of a young girl's room.He peers at the beautiful young woman lying there across the room so innocently, completely defenseless.Suddenly, he lunges forward with ease and stealth to the girl.He leans over the unsuspecting body and sinks his pearly white fangs into an artery in her exposed neck.This dramatization is the typical scene associated with vampires today.When we first got this assignment, I had no clue what I was going to choose for my topic.I decided to use Vampires as my topic because I already knew a little bit about them, but I was curious about their origin and history.Before I began I had no idea about where they came from and figured they were merely part of an exciting story made up to entertain and appeal to others.However, legends of vampirism and vampire-like creatures have been passed on through cultures around the world for centuries for various reasons.I was able to uncover the beliefs of different peoples across the globe and find out different theories about the vampire's origin.Yet, the ultimate question prevailed, whether vampires truly existed.Some sources said yes while others said know, but I looked deeper into vampire folklore to form my own opinion about the existence of vampires in our world.

At the start of the project, I already knew the basics concerning vampires.I knew that a stereotypical vampire was a creature that rose from the dead and drank blood.Also, they had two fangs and a pale complexion, not surprising considering they were dead.To my knowledge they had an aversion to garlic, crosses, holy water, and sunlight.I also knew that vampires had no reflection in mirrors, I didn't know why though.Count Dracula was the vampire's leader and creator, and he would travel to towns during the twilight and would attack young women, biting them and making them vampires.As far as I knew, the only way a vampire could be killed was by impalement through the heart with a wooden stake; this I found to be untrue.I also knew that vampires slept in their coffins and had the ability to transform into wolves, mist, and even bats.

Even though I probably knew more about vampires then the average person, I still didn't comprehend half of the truths concerning vampire folklore.As I researched, I discovered that there are three main theories on the origins of vampires in mythology.The first theory involves the one and only dark lord himself, Dracula.However, the Dracula that is known by most people is a fictional character created by Bram Stoker, an author of the early 100's.Stoker used ideas from European folklore about vampires and a fifteenth century prince of Wallachia to model his story of an evil dark lord named Dracula (Sterling 14).The prince's that he modeled his story after was Vlad Tepes, more commonly known as Dracula.

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Vlad Tepes was the prince of a province of modern day Romania called Wallachia.I had heard of Vlad previously, but I didn't comprehend what an evil man he was.He was born around 141 in Transylvania as the second son of his father Vlad Dracul.Dracul lead his country in hopes f keeping peace with both the Christian nations in the north and the Turks in the south.However, while conducting trade among the Christian nations he broke a treaty he had made with the Turks.In order to keep peace between them, Dracul was obligated to send two of his sons, Dracula and Radu, as hostages to the Turkish land.In captivity at the Turkish palace Vlad was kept in the dungeons where he experienced the harshness that would form his future cruelty.As time passed on, his father died, and Dracula and his brother Radu were released.Dracula joined the Turkish army and quickly grew in stature due to his obvious leadership skills.Soon he commanded his own group of followers and with them was able to fulfill his hunger for revenge against his elder brother who was allowed to stay behind while he was sent as a prisoner to the Turks.His brother had become the new crowned prince and Dracula and his army quickly overthrew him, and claimed the throne for his own.His power only lasted a few months, for he was overthrown by another nation only a couple months after he had taken control.Yet, he regrouped and with the help of his Turkish allies claimed the throne once again.His evil reign had begun.It was easy for me to see why Stoker had chosen Vlad Tepes Dracula as a model for his novel.Dracula was one of the most evil rulers that ever lived.Even though he was only in power a few years, he killed hundreds of thousands of people.In his kingdom, Vlad emphasized the honesty and loyalty of his people, and those who broke these laws paid dearly for it.No matter if they were nobility, men, women, or children Dracula would torture them mercilessly.He earned himself the nickname Vlad the Impaler due to his favorite way of punishing those who defied him.By impalement, a long wooden stake about 15 feet long and sharpened on one end was inserted usually between the buttocks.Then, the pole was set upright so that the victim slid down slowly until the stake finally protruded from the victim's mouth or chest.During such executions, Vlad would sit at a table and feast while watching the suffering of his victims.When I read this, I could hardly believe how cruel and evil Vlad Tepes actually was.I even read that he would impale entire villages at a time in order to strike fear into the hearts of his enemies (McNally 150-17).I thought that such an evil man could have easily given birth to a race of vampires, but the vampiric Dracula was merely a story made up by an author so I decided that this could not be the origin of vampires in folklore.

The second theory of the origin of vampires came from Hebrew mythology.In some Hebrew texts a woman named Lillith was spoken of as the first woman of earth.She was supposedly Adam's first wife, and was a rebellious woman who fought over the dominant position in their sex life.I know it sounds crazy, but that's what the books said.Anyway, when God heard this he cast her out of Eden.She fled to the Red Sea where she became more and more evil.Time passed and Cain, the biblical character who killed his brother Able, wandered to the Red Sea in his exile.There he met Lillith and together gave birth to evil, demonic children who would form the vampire race.However, nothing of a Lillith is spoken of in the Bible and if there was such a woman, it would contradict the teachings of it; this lead me to realize that this myth was unreasonable as well.

The final and most believable of the theories of the origin of vampires, in my opinion, involved Judas Iscariot.Judas Iscariot was one of Jesus Christ's twelve disciples.However, he betrayed his master to the Roman's for 0 silver pieces.Afterward, he was overwhelmed with guilt and tried to return the money he had received for his deeds.However, they would not accept the silver so he cast it away and committed suicide.The story of Judas lead the Greeks to believe that Judas began vampirism for a number of reasons.Since vampires fear crucifixes, holy water, and other relics related to Christianity it relates to how Judas feared what he had done to Jesus Christ.Also, because Judas' hatred for the silver pieces he received for his betrayal, it was believed that this may have caused the vampires aversion to silver.The last reason that Judas Iscariot is suggested as the creator of the vampire race is because he committed suicide, and suicide was a very common attribute to vampirism (www.angelfire.com/tn/vampires/).Even though this seemed the most believable of the theories, I still was not convince and decided that all the theories were about as realistic as vampires themselves.So far, my research told me that vampires were but mere made up fantasies.

As I researched more, I found that myths and legends about vampires existed all over the world.From Asian countries like China and Japan to European nations like Romania and Greece there is folklore concerning creatures of the night that feast upon human blood.In order to get a better understanding of how the vampire existed in these different cultures I researched a few of the countries who held strong beliefs in vampires.In countries like Africa and Australia, vampire-like creatures existed in mythology merely as tales to pass from one generation to the next.For example, in Africa, the Ashanti people told stories of a creature called the Asasabunsam, a humanoid creature that had a set of iron teeth.It would sit on treetops with its legs dangling downward and use its hook shaped feet to scoop up unsuspecting children.The Ashanti people used this tale to warn children not to travel in the jungle alone.If I lived in that area I'd be sure to always look at the tree tops while I walked under the canopy of trees.In Australia s similar tale was present among the aboriginal tribes involving a creature called the yara-ma-yha-who.The yara-ma-yha-who was described as a little red man about four feet tall that had a large head and mouth.It had no teeth and would swallow its victims whole and drain them of their blood.Children were warned not to travel by streams and rivers alone, for the yara-ma-yha-who may be lurking near by, ready to pick off lone travelers (Melton ).

Unlike the vampires of African and Australian folklore, I discovered that vampires in European beliefs were much more popular.Vampires were believed to often be the results of immoral behavior and any problems surrounding childbirth.In many Slavic countries vampires were of what I had pictured them as with their pale complexions and fangs. The vampire was the product of an irregularity in the community life, usually a problem with the process of either death, burial, or of birth (Summers 7).Also, those who had a very violent death which cut their life shorter then the normal completion were also likely to become vampires.These beliefs were very much the same in Romania and Greece as well.In Bulgaria, if I child died before it was baptized, it was likely for it to become an ustrel, a vampire that would attack and drink the blood of cows and sheep.In many cases, it was likely for vampires to attack family, neighbors, friends, and any people that it had unfinished business with during its lifetime (Auerbach 8).It became clear to me that in European folklore vampires were often used as a warning, a sort of consequence that is presented to those who do not follow the teachings of the society, as shown by how those who committed crimes were likely to become vampires.

Chinese mythology was very similar to that of Europe's.The Chinese vampire, the chiang-shih, was an evil soul called a p'o that would animate the corpse of a deceased person in order to fulfill its own ends.During the evening when it searched for prey, it became a fluorescent green color and grew serrated teeth and talons.As with European vampires, they originated as a means of explaining problems surrounding death (Summers 185).I began to see a pattern regarding what kind of people were likely candidates for becoming vampires and came up with a theory of my own on why cultures created myths about vampires.It seemed to me that those who committed evil deeds, died an untimely death, or had problems at childbirth were likely to be explained as the work of vampires.I was able to find a text that supported my ideas.In The Vampire Book by J. Melton, it's said that vampires were used as an answer to otherwise unsolvable problems within culture.It was seen as the cause of certain unexplainable evils including the death of a loved one, suicide, and the end product of an immoral behavior.I was able to conclude that vampires were used as a sort of blame and punishment for those things that happened in life that are hard to bear.

In conclusion, I think that vampires were merely created as a blame for all the cruelty and evil in the world.From my research and hard work I was able to uncover the many different aspects of vampires including their origin, history, purpose, and characteristics.This kind of research may be hard work and time consuming, but it was a great way for me to increase my knowledge and expand my learning experience.If I ever wanted to research something again, I would do it using these techniques.Vampire folklore has been around for centuries, and I believe it will continue to be researched and questioned until one day the truth is uncovered.

Auerbach, Nina.Our Vampires, Ourselves.The University of Chicago PressChicago, 14.

Florescu, Radu."http//www.opa.com/vampire/Dracula.html" 16 April 00.

"http// www.sacred-texts.com/goth/vkk/."Montague Summers.4 April 00.

Jobes, Getabe."Vampires."Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols.Scarecrow PressNew York, 16.

McNally, Raymond.DraculaA Biography of Vlad the Impaler.Hawthorn PublishersNew York, 17.

Melton, J.The Vampire BookThe Encyclopedia of the Dead.Visible Inc. Press Michigan, 14.

Moshie, Keri."http//www.angelfire.com/tn/vampires."Vampires.15 April 00

Sterling, Mandy.The Dracula Book.Dark PublishersMassachusetts 184.

Summers, Montague.The VampireHis Kith and Kin.London, K. Paul Trench, Trubner18.

Summers, Montague.The Vampire in Europe.University Books, Inc.New York.

"Vampires."Man, Myth, and Magic, 185 ed.

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An obese generation of children

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An Obese Generation of Children

About one in five American kids is overweight enough to be considered obese (Parr 45). Obesity being 0% or more overweight, is considered a disease because it is associated with so many health problems, like heart disease and diabetes. Being obese as a child usually leads into being obese through adulthood. "One third of adults are obese, and a third of these got that way in childhood" (Parr 5). That is why it is so important to keep kids from becoming overweight and to help obese kids lose weight. The increasing number of obeseparents, technology, children having no supervision after school, and the unhealthy content of school lunches are to blame for the increasing number of overweight kids in the United States. A majority of the information used in writing this paper came from obesity source books, magazine articles, and websites devoted to helping children lose weight.

Decades ago children would play tag, ride bikes, and participate in other outdoor after school activities following a nutritious snack prepared for them by one oftheir parents. Today, most children come home to an empty house, snack on any junk they can find, and watch television or play video games until their parents get home hours later.With no supervision, who can blame them? The foods offered at schools have changed as well. Candy, chips, and soda are a favorite of most children when eating their school lunch. Vending machines are now in most cafeterias today too, making it even easier for children to snack before and after lunch. America is one of the most overweight populations in the world, and we all wonder why. The following paper examines the root causes of this public health problem, answers the question of "why", and offers possible solutions, to this crisis.

Society as a whole is more overweight than ever before, causing their poor eating and exercising habits to be passed down onto their children. Of course genetics plays a part in some cases of obesity children, but for the most part, it is really more an issue of the habits that kids pick up from their parents. "If both parents are obese, their child has an 80% chance of being obese, if one parent is obese, their child has a 40% chance of being obese, and if neither parent is obese, their child has only a 5% chance of being obese" (Bray 68).Shared family behaviors such as eating and activity habits influence a childs body weight. When a child sees their mom or dad eating unhealthy foods all the time, and snacking throughout the day, that child will get used to that eating pattern and follow in the footsteps of their parents. Overweight parents also tend to cook high calorie foods and order out more than thinner parents. This is bad because not only does that child eat foods high in fat throughout their whole childhood, but they also pick up the high-fat style of cooking as well.If a parent is overweight, it might not be ashuge of a priority for them to get their child into shape. Even if it is, the extent to which they can exercise with them is limited. Order custom research paper on An obese generation of children

It is a key factor when your child is overweight to get them active as well as to cut down the amount of fat in their diet. But you must carefully cut down the fat in their diet. Reducing fat is a good way to cut calories without depriving your child of nutrients. Simple ways to cut the fat in your family's diet include eating low-fat or even better, non-fat dairy products, poultry without the skin, and lean meats, and low-fat or fat-free breads and cereals. Making small changes to your family's diet is a good, healthy way to help your child lose weight. It is also good to involve your child in food shopping and preparing meals. This teaches children about nutrition, and gives them a feeling of accomplishment.

Physical education is only part of the solution. "Just as parents reinforce good reading habits, they also should encourage their children to incorporate physical activity into their daily lives" according to Judy Young, executive director of NASPE.The national Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) in Reston, Va., recently issued guidelines recommending that children ages six to eleven exercise a minimum of thirty to sixty minutes per day.The problem with this is that in today's lifestyle, it is the norm for both parents to have careersand work full time. This means that they're children will come home to an empty house after school.

Our society consists of households where both parents work and their children are left to fend for and feed themselves after school. According to a new Urban Institute report, "An estimated four million grade-school age children are regularly without adult supervision." Another shocking fact is that in California, six percent of 6- year olds and thirty two percent of 10 - 1 year olds average five hours unsupervised each week, or with a sibling under the age of 1. Research shows that children who spend a lot of time alone are more likely tohave social and academic problems (HHS Press Office). When children come home from school the first thing on their agenda is food. What does the normal everyday child reach for when mom and dad aren't around? A nutritious snack, or the cookie jar and a bag of Doritos. Marvin Moss, Capital-Journalcolumnist, states that "To many of you, This may not seem like a major event, but put yourself in a kid's shoes." "I know when mine come home from school, the first thing they want is food." "I call their after school eating habit pre-dinner." "If one of us parents wasn't home when they arrived home from school, how would they be made to eat a healthy pre-diner snack?" Snacks take up most of the calories in children's diets and lead to them becoming overweight. "Total daily intake from snacks among children has risen from an average of 450 to 600 in the last two decades" ,according to researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While some snacks are healthy for children and give them nutrients and energy, most snacks are usually a source of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods like soda, potato chips, and cookies.

After they have picked out their snack, they go for the television and sit on the couch while all of their favorite shows come on. Its either the television or the computer or multiple video games. There are so many alternative choices for kids nowadaysother than physical activities. There is always a new video game or an upgraded computer toy, and not to mention all of the new shows that come out every season. Along with the hundreds of shows that kids watch after school come the numerous food commercials advertising pizza, soda, and candy making kids minds turn to food yet again. Technology has advanced so much in the last few decades coming out with many new high-tech, entertainingthings for kids to play with. All of the new technology is fascinating, but is it a coincidence that America's weight problem is expanding along side all the new technology coming out?NO. It is no coincidence. "In America, kids spend an average of 1 hours per week in front of the television, and if a child adds 5 hours to that per week, he or she is ten percent more likely to become obese" (Parr 7). Children are larger because American life has changed. More children sit in front of video monitors than on bicycles or playing sports. According to a Nielsen Media Research Report, "Aside from the time kids spend watching television ,they spend another three to four hours daily with the internet and video games" (Karas 47). According to The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Center for Health Statistics, in 1 overmillion --or 15 percent-- of American children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 18 were overweight, or triple what the percentage was in 10" (Parenting Today ). This problem is going to continue to rise over the years if our country doesn't put more effort into stopping it. Leaving your child unattended after school and during the summer is a factor not as harmless as everyone thought. Lois Salsbury, president of Children Now, states that "While the United States has restructured its economy, analysis of the impact on working families is still in its infancy." "Hundreds of thousands of children are spending time alone." "Is this what we want in terms of safety and developing our children?" Our nation is developing as our parenting skills are deteriorating. We want so much to be wealthy and powerful that we neglect to realize what it is doing to our children. Parents need to realize what is happening to their children and gain control over what their kids eat and how much time they spend sitting around if this problem is going to be reversed. Another area that needs focusing on is the food available for kids to buy while at school.

U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona, has declared childhood obesity a national epidemic (Mayer ). The Oakland School District banned the sale of sugary drinks and candy in vending machines. The Los Angeles Unified School District, the second largest in the country, followed several weeks later (7).School lunches are not meeting up to the nutritious standards that they should. Vending machines are in almost every elementary school offering kids the opportunity to eat candy, chips, and soda at any time of the school day. The lunches offered usually have one healthy meal and the rest consist of things like pizza, cheese steaks, and mozzarella sticks. Is this what we want our kids eating all day? Legislators introduced several bills aimed at beefing up physical education requirements and fixing up school lunch programs. Gov. Gray Davis signed a bill in October that prohibits the sale of junk food in elementary schools and bans soda at middle schools ().

This needs to be done everywhere. There is no questions that school meal programs have a powerful influence on children's future food choices." More than half of youth in the United States eat one to three major meals in school" (Owl 7). Adequate nutrition throughout the day plays an important performance at school and enables children to make wise choices when eating. Kids who go hungry or are only allowed a hurried meal through the morning or afternoon are likely to arrive at home after school extremely hungry. This can lead to overeating particularly high-fat, easy to prepare snack foods. This pattern of behavior is difficult to change and can lead to obesity. "Providing healthy meals at a pleasant environment at school is an important part of obesity prevention" (). Many school lunch programs offerfast food as an alternative. Limit your childs participation in unhealthy school lunch programs. Parents should ban together and speak with their school boards about improving school lunch programs. School districts should remove the vending machines from their schools and make the lunches offered healthier. So much money is spent every year on obesity programs for children and all that money could be saved if schools would just do their part in solving the problem. "There is no more compelling reminder of the health implications than the $17 million spent each year in hospital costs related to childhood obesity", according to the Centers for Disease control and Prevention. Some things are being done to start solving the problem but not enough.

There is a conference on childhood obesity next month in San Diego. The country's largest state conference ever conducted on the issue will unite nearly 1,000 health professionals, educators, doctors, and social service experts from around the world. So this is one of the first steps into correcting the problem. Some experts don't agree that this issue can be solved with a few changes though such as Kathy Love, a nutritioist at Children's Hospital. "What we're trying to do now is the Band-Aid approach." "We're trying to change behavior, but the older the kid, the harder it gets to do that. It isn't changing one or two things, it's trying to change an entire way of life." The solution lies in a collective approach involving everyone from parents and teachers to park planners, lawmakers, fast-food operators and even advertisers. The reason children are making unhealthy choices is often the environment they are living in. "Everywhere are pressures promoting the consumption of large portions of high-fat, high-sugar foods," said Harold Golstein, director of the California Center for Public Health Advocacy." " That, coupled with less physical activity, especially in schools where physical education classes have been cut to the bone, makes the problem larger than just a family issue" (Murphy 17).

If everyone works together this battle can be overcome. The increasing number of obese parents, technology, unsupervised children after school, and unhealthy school lunches are to blame for the increasing number of overweight kids in the United States. These factors can all be helped and prevented. This problem must be fixed before it gets worse.Our nation must united and work together for the sake and well being of our children.

Please note that this sample paper on An obese generation of children is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on An obese generation of children, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on An obese generation of children will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Minimum Wage in Brazil

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The Minimum Wage in Brazil

Brazil has a population of 16 million people - is the country with the highest inequality index in the world, according to the 1 Human Development Report of UNDP. About 80 percent of the population in the world have an average income below the average income of Brazil. Nevertheless, the richest 10% of Brazils population receive 48% of the total income and the poorest 40% have a share of only 7% of the total income. This means that the average income of the rich is more than 0 times the average income of the poor. In most Latin American countries this factor remains around 10, whereas in the highly industrialised European countries it does not even reach 4. In Brazil, there are therefore a lot of very poor people surrounded by sufficient resources to eliminate their poverty. According to the governmental Institute of Applied Research (IPEA),percent of the Brazilian population is considered poor, that is 50.1 million people. The big pockets of poverty in Brazil are the children. 46 percent of the persons below 16 years of age are poor, againstpercent of the total population. Another pocket of poverty is the informal sector. About 56 percent of the poor are members of families headed by a person working in the informal sector. Moreover, poverty affects women in particular Even though women receive more schooling than men, their income is on average 60% of the male income.

In such a context the State has to urgently meet its obligation to fulfil the right to an adequate standard of living for the population by using the maximum of available resources.Never in the Brazilian history was there any national plan aiming at the eradication of poverty and hunger. Development has always been geared more to economic growth than to the sharing of income. The consolidation of democratic mechanisms, however, led to an increasing debate about the need for action by the State and the whole Brazilian society to secure the sharing of income. This debate develops along three lines of action Traditional social policies to combat poverty, a guaranteed minimum wage, and the minimum income programmes. This paper will focus on the effect of the minimum wage since there are many controversies regarding this topic.

In Brazil, as in other countries, the purpose of the minimum wage legislation is to redistribute earning to low- paid workers in order to assure the satisfaction of their basic needs.Determining the level of the minimum wage that best accomplishes this goal is not, however, an easy task, as there are a number of trade offs and indirect effects involved.

The necessity of ensuring that all workers receive a satisfactory living wage was first accepted by the 14 Constitution in Brazil.In 16, the legislation adopted a law establishing a national minimum wage system, and in 140 this law was introduced.Since then the minimum wage system has been modified several times, but its main objective has remained unchanged to provide protection for almost all workers against improperly low wages.

The 14 Constitution referred to the minimum wage as a level of earnings which is sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers, taking into account the cost-of-living in the respective regions. To determine minimum wage levels, the Government set up regional Minimum Wage Commissions in 18, one for each of the 0 states andterritories. The commissions consisted of an equal number of employer members and worker members, and they were headed by government representatives. The commissions developed their proposals on the basis of empirical studies, including a household budget survey of low-income families and the analysis of the wage levels of low-paid workers in different sectors. The criteria used to calculate the needs of workers was a basket of goods and services, including food, clothing and transportation. The proposals of the commissions served as reference for fixing initial minimum wages.

Since the introduction of minimum wage regulation, the notion of basic needs has been reconsidered twice. First in 146 when, instead of the individual worker, the household became the new reference for considering basic needs so that the minimum wage should be sufficient to enable household heads to provide for the entire needs of their families. Then in 188, the new Constitution defined a wider coverage of goods and services considered essential for meeting worker needs. However, both modifications in the concept of basic needs have remained on paper and have not affected minimum wage fixing.

In 188 the federal constitution in Brazil established new parameters to define a new political definition to the minimum wage salary.In one hand the economy at the time had to revise the minimum wage salary as well as its value.It was created the "basic basket, which is a added benefit to the minimum wage worker in Brazil.The " basic basket it was a way that the federal government and the employers could add a value gain to the worker and not translate that into fiscal gain, meaning that the employer could assist their worker sin giving them another benefit that would translate directly into their basic need and not have to add new expenses in the form of taxes, social security and insurance benefits.

The " basic basket" was just that, a basket with the basic foods of the typical Brazilian worker with some variation of some local and regional tastes, the basket included a bag of beans, rice, spices and a starch flour which is a delicatessen in Brazil to accompany the rice and beans meal.That was a clever way that an employer could help itself, meaning the bottom line of the company and not compromise with a higher payment of taxes and employee benefits, and also have a added value in the relationship they had with their employees and their family therefore creating an image and straighten the relationship between boss and employees.

Ironically the creation of this "basic basket" has become the symbol of charity in Brazil; an easier way that a person could make a donation to any institution that deals with poverty and the poor.The Brazilian society adopted this benefit that was created specially for the worker and brought it to the Brazilian social scene.Today is very common that any donation to charitable institutions be made in the form of a b" basic basket" even though is not directly for a worker, but in most of the cases is for a family of a family of a minimum wage worker.

The creativity of the Brazilian employer and the necessity of the big companies to create a way to augment the life and earrings of the minimum wage worker, translated into the " basic basket" and the gains form that were directly felt in the economy, the employers need not to expend more of their bottom line gains and have to pay more taxes with employees.The results of the creation of the " basic basket" is still felt today in the economy and it has become a success in assisting mainly the minimum wage worker and their families.

The value of the goods in the " basic basket, were directly related to the economy, meaning that the basic foods needed to create this basket, was derived from costs of goods and how these goods were priced, therefore somehow keep a tab on the whole process of cultivation, industrialization, handling, transport and the final stage of commercialization the foods included in this basket, this was an added benefit not foreseen in the creation of the this benefit, but that was very welcomed by the both sectors the government and private sector.

The new constitution of 188 had a new article 5 of the article number 15, that assured the minimum wage worker a guarantee of a preservation of living standards and to also preserve the buying power of the minimum wage, and the direct affect that any increase can have in the preservation of the benefits of this class of workers.

This article has been the pillar of the negotiations between the workers and employers as in how to fixate the minimum wage amount, and how this amount directly affects the poverty and the unemployment numbers in Brazil.

Since it was introduced by a federal article of law, the minimum wage in Brazil has had many oscillations in relation of the inflation and standards of living for the Brazilian workers, President Vargas vision of the minimum wage for Brazil has been transformed in a political tool that is used to contain, control and direct the economy in Brazil and that affect is most felt in presidential elections years.

The minimum wage has had a few adjusts and most in a sensible amount on percentage of growth, but even though these adjustments has translated in somewhat high numbers with an average of 5 % a year, the direct affect in the pocket of the minimum wage worker has not been felt, and as mentioned as an editorial I believe that these increases have been mostly been a result of political tactics and bargain between political parties in Brazil.

The real gains in increases of the minimum wage, no pun intended, was really felt and observed after the introduction of "The Real Plan" or the new money in Brazil.This was a result of the lower and more estable economy.The lower inflation is the primary reason of the real gains received in the minimum wage adjustments, the government was able to analyze two months with low inflation and then be able to analyze an average of that inflation and therefore stabilize and correct any adjustments necessary to comply with wage negotiations and really have an positive affect in the fixation and adjustments necessary.

I have read that a very interesting data gathered form many studies on the minimum wage in Brazil, is that the most beneficial and actual result of the fixation and stabilization of the minimum wage were not even for the traditional worker, and to the informal sector.The informal sector is the poorest of the segments in the Brazilian economy, these workers have used and set parameters for the their labor in the minimum wage.The informal sector before this stabilization could have any type of bargain chip to charge for the services. And even though is an economy totally formed of unregulated workers, it has a tremendous affect in the economy, especially in the poorest fractions of the Brazilian war against poverty.

Another very strong unperceived and unforeseen result of the fixation of economic parameters and the adjustments made to the minimum wage is that many sectors of the economy, starting with public sector and government, have set the standards for living and the method of compensation of the Brazilian workers in the number of minimum wage salaries received.

The creation of this scale directly related to the minimum wage have brought the attention form the poor worker to the low and mid level economic class, any worker that have their salary directly connected with the minimum wage have paid a lot more attention to the negotiations and to the adjustments made by the government.

Most of the federal and state workers have their salaries and bonuses directly tied to the minimum wage, they receive their salaries and in numbers of minimum wage, meaning that the set minimum wage is the multiplied by the number of minimum wage salaries they receive, therefore those who a great numbers and those with minimum number ofsalaries to receive have a great interest in what that number is set, and all the benefits and bonuses are also set by that index..

The direct benefit of minimum wage in Brazil is felt in 65% of the Brazilian homes, it is a huge impact in the economy as it fluctuates.

The present situation of the Brazilian economy is one to be watched closely, the new ruling party the Party of workers have always proposed a much higher minimum wage that the one now.The new political scene is one to be very well observed, the power struggle between the right and left wing will in no doubt result in a extreme change of the minimum wage, the new president Lula and his party that have always asked for wages reform and a policy to be directed to the Brazilian workers, will now feel the pressures related to the necessary changes.

The private sector will definitely pressure the president and the congress to maintain the status quo, and the supportive voters of the many workers unions will definitely ask the new president to reform and increase the minimum wage.

The events that will follow the negotiations between the public and private sectors and the government will certainly shake the economy in Brazil.The negotiations will certainly involve a power struggle and all the dealings and concessions will have a direct affect on the economy and the workers, this is a long waiting campaign that the Brazilian worker has been waiting for, to have a president that in their eyes will give them the redemption of many years of suffering.

The new president has in his hand a huge challenge, one that will take a while to be resolved and one that can certainly divide his political party, the new negotiations about the minimum wage will have the eyes of the country and most Brazilian are in one way of another affected by any changes made to the actual minimum wage.

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Marketing research on ice cream

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Marketing Research

Introduction

Ice Cream is one of the most popular deserts anywhere in the world. A lot of people favor ice cream particularly on a hot summer day. People from all ages and from all walks of life indulge in this delightful and delectable snack. Even health-conscious individuals prefer to eat ice cream because of its nutritious, calcium-rich content.

In Assumption College school cafeteria, ice cream is one of the few deserts they offer to students. Although students buy it, it is not as 'saleable' as expected. Probably, one of the reasons is because there are only a few options for the consumers to choose from. There are only two brands sold in the school canteen, namely Magnolia and Selecta. This is a matter that led to the topic of this research study.

Help with essay on marketing research on ice cream

The significance of this study is to make suggestions to the school cafeteria head on how they can better serve the students, faculty and other school personnel as their consumers. Likewise, the consumers demand to be provided of their wants and needs in terms of the food being served, particularly of their favored ice cream desert. On the other hand, this research only covers a study on what brands of ice cream most Assumption students prefer, as well as their opinions and recommendations about their satisfaction and needs from the cafeteria service.

Marketing Research Process

I.Marketing Problems and Research Objectives

The marketing problem of this study is the inadequate sales of ice cream sold in the school cafeteria. This problem results from the infrequent consumption of ice cream in the cafeteria. An observation that not many Assumptionists purchase ice cream in the school led the researchers to come up with their research objective, which is to determine what brands of ice cream are most preferred by the Assumption students.

In conducting the research, a research plan was organized and devised in order to determine the respondents' opinion regarding the marketing problem. These opinions will serve as the researchers' guide to discern the answer to their marketing problem.

II.Research Design

1. Types/Sources of Data

The type of data that was used in this research is primary data. A data in the form of a questionnaire was presented to 57 Sophomore Business students.

The researchers found it a little difficult to obtain response from the respondents but after a thorough survey and inquiry cooperation was acquired.

Secondary data was also used in reference to the statistical treatment of the study.

.Research Approach

On the other hand, the researchers employed an approach through a survey. Fifty-seven (57) survey forms were given to fifty-seven (57) Assumption Sophomore Business students. They were asked to answer the questionnaire with their honest opinions so as to enable the researchers to know what brands of ice cream most Assumption students prefer, as well as the reasons that make them choose said brands.

.Research Instruments

In this study, the research instrument used is a questionnaire. A set of questions was handed out to respondents for their answers. The types of questions were both closed-end and open-end questions in order to obtain the information needed and thus better comprehend their viewpoint and recommendations.

4. Sample Plan

a.Sampling Units

The researchers conducted a survey with sophomore BSC students of Assumption College as respondents.

b.Sample Size

The researchers asked the opinions of fifty-seven (57) respondents regarding the survey. Using the Sloven Formula, the total number of respondents was derived

______N______

1 + Ne

= _____15______

1 + (15) (10%)

= 57

where

nsample size

N- total number of sophomore BSC students

emargin of error

c.Sampling Procedure

The researchers used a probability sampling procedure in order to have equal samples and to avoid biases. Under probability sampling, cluster random sample was used. The survey was taken by year level and by majors.

5.Contact Method

The research was conducted through personal distribution of the survey form to the respondents.

III.Gathering of Data

In gathering the needed information, a method of 'Do it Yourself' was done. The researchers, as a pair, relied on themselves in conducting the study. Since a primary data was needed, the researchers personally presented the questionnaires to the respondents, tabulated survey results and analyzed research findings. However, it is important to note that this research study is limited only to the school cafeteria of Assumption College.

IV.Interpretation of Data

•Tabulation

•Statistical Treatment

Table 1 Number of Students who like and who don't like to eat Ice Cream

MajorsNumber of Students who eat Ice CreamFrequencyPercentage (%)Number of Students who don't eat Ice CreamFrequencyPercentage

AgesAges

18 1 0

18 1 0

Marketing7 4 111.40 0 000

International Business6 7 11450 0 000

Entrepreneurship 5 1814.0 0 000

Accountancy 0 05.41 0 01100

Management Information Systems 1 158.0 0 000

Management7 6 11450 0 000

TOTAL85561000 0 01100

TableHow frequently respondents buy and eat Ice Cream

MajorsAlways%Often%Sometimes%Occasionally%Rarely%

Marketing46.750.8111.1.00

International Business5.416.7444.4116.700

Entrepreneurship16.71.5.116.7150

Accountancy008.00116.700

Management Information System1.8.111.10000

Management08.111.1116.7150

TOTAL1510041001006100100

Table A Brands of Ice Cream respondents prefer

MajorsSelecta%Magnolia%Arce%Dirty Ice Cream%Dryers%

Marketing18718.1.4414.5

International Business1610748.668.65.4

Entrepreneurship714718.1.414.17.6

Accountancy65.4000000

Management Information System488.117.1414.00

Management14881.61.45.85.4

TOTAL50100710014100110017100

Table B Brands of Ice Cream respondents prefer

MajorsDippin-Dots%Haagen Daaz%Dairy Queen%Baskin Robbins%Others%

Marketing5550.876.1.666.7

International Business4065415.467.1.

Entrepreneurship15416.7415.467.00

Accountancy00001.814.500

Management Information System158.11.51.600

Management757.76.1.600

TOTAL010041006100100100

Table 4A Product Attributes

MajorsTaste%Quality%Texture%Price%Packaging%

Marketing11.475.8.714.0

International Business145518.566.148.60

Entrepreneurship814.518.5417.414.00

Accountancy5.40014.1.4110

Management Information System58.11.1417.414.0

Management14575.66.117.10

TOTAL5610071001001410010100

Table 4B Product Attributes

MajorsNutritional Facts%Advertisement%Word of Mouth%

Marketing116.78.6150

International Business.114.00

Entrepreneurship116.7114.00

Accountancy116.70000

Management Information System116.78.6150

Management00114.00

TOTAL61007100100

Table 5 Place where respondents usually buy Ice Cream

MajorsSupermarket%Sari-Sari Store%Ice Cream Vendor%Others%

Marketing81.6007.51.1

International Business1070011.57.

Entrepreneurship410.8000046.4

Accountancy8.1000000

Management Information System1.70011.57.

Management11.7007.500

TOTAL710000810011100

Table 6 Time of the day respondents often buy or eat ice cream

MajorsBreakfast%Lunch%Dinner%Snack%Others%

Marketing000000844.441.8

International Business0060504.517.

Entrepreneurship00100 11.1517.

Accountancy00001515.61.4

Management Information System00000 0 517.

Management00101516.71

TOTAL005100410018100100

Table 7 Price range respondents are willing to spend in buying ice cream

MajorsP8-P15%P16-P5%P6-P50%Others%

Marketing1.4.516.150

International Business0057.885.815

Entrepreneurship0016.741.15

Accountancy0016.70000

Management Information System0015.641.00

Management66.711.110.00

TOTAL1001810011004100

Table 8 Ice Cream size respondents prefer most

MajorsCone%½ Gallon%Pint%Ice Drop%Cup%

Marketing11.157.87.50018.

International Business78.57.8000018.

Entrepreneurship11.115.600110046.4

Accountancy11.115.6000000

Management Information System15.611.150000

Management4.4.7.5007.

TOTAL18100181008100110011100

TableSatisfaction of respondents with the brands of Ice Cream that are sold in the canteen

MajorsYes%No%Not Applicable%

Marketing158.150

International Business608500

Entrepreneurship556.15

Accountancy101.100

Management Information System156.00

Management15101.15

TOTAL01001004100

Table 10 Respondents' opinion if there is a need for the school cafeteria to acquire more brands of Ice Cream

MajorsYes%No%No Comment%

Marketing10.000

International Business18.11000

Entrepreneurship511.1000

Accountancy1.000

Management Information System511.10000

Management114.401100

TOTAL45100101001100

Table 11 Whether to agree to pay a higher price if suggested brands will be available in the cafeteria

MajorsYes%No%No Comment%

Marketing75.415.41.

International Business1140.711.500

Entrepreneurship7.46.100

Accountancy0011.500

Management Information System7.411.500

Management518.76.66.7

TOTAL71006100100

V. Presentation of Research Findings

In this research study, the researchers have gathered several responses from the opinions and suggestions of Assumption Sophomore Business students regarding the marketing problem. The researchers found out that Assumption students, particularly the sampling units (Sophomore Business students), are not satisfied with the brands of ice cream sold in the cafeteria. As a result, there is an inadequate sale of ice cream in the school cafeteria.

Out of 57 respondents, 56 students have answered 'yes' to the question whether they like ice cream or not, while only 1 answered 'no'. In the Business course, Marketing, there were 1 respondents who like to buy and eat ice cream often. The Management course, with 14 respondents and Entrepreneurship students likewise often consume ice cream, while the International Business students, which comprised of 14 respondents, always buy and eat ice cream. On one hand, the 5 respondents from the Management Information System course resulted to a tie of 'always' and 'often' in terms of frequent buying of ice cream. However, the 4 Accounting respondents withice cream lovers (1 has terminated the survey), had chosen 'often' in purchasing ice cream.

In the survey conducted, the 5 leading brands most respondents prefer are the following

•Selecta, which gained 50 responses from the sample size

•Magnolia, gained 7 responses

•Dairy Queen, with 6 responses

•Haagen Daaz, obtained 4 responses

•Baskin Robbins, withresponses

In spite of themost favored brands that resulted in the survey, and are also sold in the cafeteria, doesn't mean that the cafeteria satisfies the needs and wants of the students.

The topproduct attributes of ice cream looked for by the respondents

oTaste, which obtained 56 responses

oQuality, with 7 responses

oTexture,responses

The students buy ice cream based on their personal choice. They consider the

contents of an ice cream more than the influence of advertisements, nutritional facts and other similar factors.

In the aspect of the place where the respondents usually buy ice cream other than at the school canteen is the supermarket which had 7 answers. In fact, some don't even buy ice cream in the school cafeteria since the choice of brands is too limited.

On the other hand, it really doesn't matter on what time of the day the respondents buy or eat ice cream since most have answered that they only do so when they feel like eating or craving for ice cream.

With regards to the price, the amount the respondents are willing to spend in buying ice cream is ranging from P6.00-P50.00. Moreover, there are those who disregard the price as long as they are satisfied with the product. In fact, the study showed that if suggested brands would be available in the cafeteria, they would agree to pay a higher price.

The ice cream sizes that the students prefer most are ½ gallon and ice cream cone. This is a factor that the cafeteria should consider in order to improve their sales since it is the consumers' choice.

Basically, majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the brands of ice cream sold in the canteen. To enumerate some reasons why they are not satisfied are

•"What I prefer is not sold"

•"I need more choices"; "limited/few choices"

•"Few choices & too expensive"; "costs too much"

•"they only acquire a certain brand of ice cream"

•"it all tastes the same, they should add more"

Respondents have suggested different brands of ice cream to be sold in the cafeteria such as Haagen Daaz, Dairy Queen, Baskin Robbins and Arce.

Lastly, the comments respondents have about ice cream are

•"Ice Cream adds to my bulges"

•"" ; "Sarap"

•"Ice Cream, I like"; "I love Ice Cream & besides I love Dess & Mel"---julie

•"It's a good source of calcium so it's a healthy alternative for milk"

•"Ice cream, though it is a desert, is high in nutrients because it contains milk. And milk is a good source of calcium. I think that ice cream is the healthiest snack." 

Respondents also feel that locally made ice creams compared to imported ones are cheaper, less authentic and innovative. Although local ice cream could be as competent and delicious because it almost reaches the same quality and taste. 

Bibliography

Lehmann, Donald R. (18). Market Research & Analysis.rd Ed. USA R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.

Please note that this sample paper on marketing research on ice cream is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on marketing research on ice cream, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on marketing research on ice cream will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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