Marie-Léonie

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Marie-Lonie Paradis, The Legacy Lives on

Throughout Marie-Lonie's life, she accomplished many grand things, including miracles and life-turning events. Although she isn't as well-known as other holy figures, she always lived with the faith that led her into a life of sanctity, from her birth in L'Acadie to her death right here in Sherbrooke. She pushed herself to extremes trying to help others, thus leading a fulfilling and righteous life. The day she was sent to the convent of the Notre-Dame congregation in Laprairie, where she had her first contact with the life of the sisterhood, she knew that she wanted to do the same with her life. She then travelled across America, teaching French to young Americans. After gaining the respect from the Christian community, she was awarded with her own community Les Petites-Soeurs de la Sainte-Famille. It's through this congregation that she achieved many of her great accomplishments and forged a legacy that is highly regarded amongst the people of the city. Marie-Lonie; the life, the legacy, the accomplishments, the miracles, the path to sanctity.

The city of Sherbrooke was greatly influenced by the life and times of Mother Marie-Lonie Paradis. Who would jave thought that this little girl from the town of L'Acadie would revolutionize the Sherbrookian Christian community? From a very younbg age, she knew that her place in life would be beside the God in whom she had unlimited faith. After being a minor sister and, thanks to her bilinguism, teaching French to young Americans throughout northern United States, particularly in Michigan. After coming back to the province of Quebec, she continued in her life of piety. After doing that, she gained respect from everyone and she finally accomplished one of her lifelong dream founding her own religious community les Petites-Soeurs de la Sainte-Famille. As the head of that congregation, she made many miracles, launching her to the stardom of sanctity. Even after her death in 11, she continued to heal people, mainly their eyes, putting her closer and closer to her actually having the title of a saint, which is a very difficult process by the way . And so her adventure begins.

Chapter 1

Buy cheap Marie-Léonie term paper

The life of Mother Marie-Lonie Paradis

The village of l'Acadie is but a small dot on the map, but it has been almost perfectly preserved throughout its history. It is in a rural region, with as many farms as there are houses. It was in this small village on the twelfth of May 1840, that Alodie-Virginie Paradis (who was always called Élodie) was born. Her father was Joseph Paradis and her mother, Émilie Grgoire. (Cimichella, p 10-11)Her family moved for the first time in her life when she was five years of age. She started becoming more and more religious over time, mostly because every time her mother felt she needed help from the Heavens, she would ask little Élodie to pray for her. Through this devotion, she learned to respect and love her religion. Because of this faith, Élodie's mother decided to send her to the convent of the Notre-Dame congregation in Laprairie. (Cimichella, p 1-14 ) Once there, Élodie had a hard time trying to adapt to life without her family. Her father also had trouble getting used to her absence, so to remedy this, he would often bring her back home until his daughter grew tiresome of always having to leave her family over and over again. She asked her father to stop visiting her if he was to do it all the time. (Cimichella, p 15-16 )She had to leave the convent the very year she had entered it (184) because her father left for California and her family was moving to Napierville. It was there that she began her life of sacrifice. During lunch, she would often share, even give her food to less fortunate people. (Cimichella, p 17-18)In 1850, she returned to Laprairie, where her relation with God became much deeper. Long after she had left the congregation of Notre-Dame, she would still talk about the devotion of the sisterhood there. (Cimichella, p 1 )In 185, the mother of Élodie went on a pilgrimage with her oldest son and a neighbour named Camille Lefebvre. Returning form this trip, Camille decided to leave home and devote himself to God.For the Paradis family, this voyage was also a source of good news; when they returned home they found a letter from Joseph Paradis, who was gold digging in California, enclosed with a generous amount of money. The news greatly influenced the life of Élodie, and showed her the path she wanted to follow. (Cimichella, p 0-1 )In 1855, the fourteen years-old Élodie became Sister Marie-de-Sainte-Lonie. She would make her first holy vows only two years later. In 1857, her father returned from California and felt that his daughter would only be sad in her present life. He went to get her back home and he acted as if there was no other way he would leave but for her to come with him. In despair, Sister Marie-de-Sainte-Lonie prayed to Mary, telling her that if she could not stay then she should die. Upon the end of this prayer, she suffered a pulmonary haemorrhage and her father eventually left. It is believed that it was an act of God. (Cimichella, p 6-8 ) After her vows, she lived in many different congregations, in places like New York, Indiana and Michigan and also in Memramcook, where she first thought up the concept of her own congregation, an idea that made way to the Sisters of the Sainte-Famille. Foryears, she made many attempts to create it, from 1871 until its inception in 18. She sacrificed a good amount of her health and lost both her parents during this time period. In 185, father Lefebvre, who was part of the pilgrimage in 185 and also played an important role in the birth of the Sister of Sainte-Famille congregation, died in his sleep. When she heard the news, Sister Lonie found strength in prayer. (Cimichella, p 58-5 ) During the discussions on where she would establish her vision, circumstances lead her to choose Sherbrooke. This is where, in October of 185, Sister Lonie arrived with her future congregation. Once established, they lived a humble life,relying only on the bare necessities. (Cimichella, p 60 and 66-67 ) In 104, Sister Lonie, now called Mother Lonie, had to part the her robe in which she had lived almost fifty years to make the uniforms of the congregation. It was a very hard thing for her to do because of the memories she had associated with it. When she removed it for the last time, it was a very sad night for her. (Cimichella, p 7-74 ) From then on, her life became simpler, and she still gained more and more faith in God until her death, in 11. In the final days of her life, she acted like she knew her time was coming. On the morning ofMay rd, 11, she took her last breath peacefully. (Cimichella, p 1- )She was later beatified for her life of generosity and sacrifice.

Chapter

Her Accomplishments

Mother Lonie was not just a simple sister, she was a leader, a builder and she accomplished a lot for the people around her. (Goyette, 108)From L'Acadie to Sherbrooke, she distinguished herself amongst her peers. (Perras, 0)Being a nun since the age of 17, she was sent in Montreal until 186 to work as an educator. There she was responsible for the upbringing of young orphans. In spite of her desire to be at the service of the pastor and then to be able to create her own community, she was sent to Indiana to work as a French teacher. During her twelve years spent in the United States, she was also responsible for the teaching of manual skills like sewing. She would soon become an important figure in education here because of her experience in a foreign country.She was one of the rare sisters to master speaking and writing in both English and French.Her experience combined with her bilingualism pushed her superiors to send her to New-Brunswick to be in charge of a sister at the Collège Saint-Joseph. (Gendron) She quickly proved to be a very charismatic leader and her fellow nuns started regrouping around her and calling her "Mother". (Gendron) In 1880, after her propositions to reverend Father Lefebvre, she was given the permission to build her own religious community that would be known as "Les Petites-Soeurs de la Sainte-Famille".This permission was given to her as a reward for her undying leadership and caring for those around her.

Chapter

The Legacy of Marie-Lonie

Mother Lonie has left a heritage of great value. The biggest of her many accomplishments is, of course, the creation of the community "Les Petites-Soeurs de la Sainte-Famille", in Sherbrooke. The congregation's role today in society is to pray for those in need of favours, as well as welcoming various visitors to its site. Situated in the heart of southern Quebec, Sherbrooke was an ideal city for the growth of the congregation because its location made it easily accessible to many Canadian and American dioceses (Nadeau, p.). In the beginning, the congregation was located on Marquette street in downtown Sherbrooke, adjacent to the Saint-Michael cathedral (Nadeau, p.44). As the years went by, it grew in number and had to be relocated to another building. The construction of the new parent company started in 18, and ended two years later. The result was an impressive looking building erected on the top of a hill, making it easily visible from far away. It is still there today, and the site is just as peaceful with its trees and the large rockery. Behind the building, and located near the upper frontier of the domain is a statue of St-Michael. A statue of Mother Leonie is standing in front of it today. The congregation also has a private cemetery, where the late members of the congregation who passed away now rest in peace. During winter, members of the congregation can skate on an ice rink kept in shape by municipal maintenance workers. The main building, built in light grey stone, contains accommodations for all members of the congregation, as well as working areas, kitchens, cafeterias, a chapel and rooms meant for different uses. The mass is celebrated many times during the day in the chapel and is open to the public. This beautiful place of worship has a high ceiling, stained-glass windows, a pipe-organ and many religious paintings. It also features a row of six of the original wooden benches carried from the first emplacement on Marquette street. Part of the congregation's role is to welcome visitors everyday; people who want to learn about the life of Mother Lonie can do so by visiting the Centre Marie-Lonie Paradis where a member of the congregation guides visitors, telling them about the life of the woman who founded the congregation. It gives them an idea of what it was like to live in the late 1th century, thanks to a reconstitution of Marie-Lonie's Sherbrooke apartment that displays the original wooden floor, furniture and clothing used during this time period. Visitors are able to look closely at pieces of embroidery that she made as well as letters she wrote, souvenirs that she kept and photographs of her that were taken. The visit of the museum is followed by a visit of the chapel and a look at Mather Leonie's reliquary where her heart is kept inside a glass full of formalin. The congregation continues the work of its founder by welcoming people and praying for them. Marie-Leonie continues to reach people beyond her life, and the many letters that are sent to the congregation to thank her are proof that her legacy lives on.

Chapter 4

A Nature Beyond

Many miracles were performed in the name of Mother Marie Lonie Paradis. She is not a saint yet, however (she was beatified by the Pope in 105).One interesting fact about those miracles, which doctors and scientists often refer to as "scientifically unexplained phenomenon", is that they started happening during the life of Mother Lonie, which is a strong sign of sanctity. (Le bureau de la cause, 8)The first miracle that is recognized as one of hers occurred in 10 when she was 6 years old.These reported miracles or favours of Mother Lonie were compiled through the years by different Catholic organisations and were classified in three major categories corporal, material and spiritual.The first miracle that happened in her name was a corporal one.It was the recovery of a little girl that had been blind from birth and who could unexplainably see after being ordered to be seen by Mother Lonie. (Le bureau de la cause, 15)Her series of miracles started from that point and went through and beyond her lifespan. Many miracles were performed by Mother Lonie but not all of them were done directly by her as in the case of the little blind girl.Actually, a lot of miracles were done indirectly with objects of any kind or material that was put in contact with Mother Lonie.Today, many relics and different objects like Marie Lonie's clothes, coffin pieces, pictures and images are kept as souvenirs and as holy material. (interview)Even her heart was kept and removed from her dead body. It has been conserved at the "Petites Soeurs de la Sainte Famille" conventsince 11.

Picture of the heart of mother Marie-Lonie

Those are often the cause of preternatural event. (interview)Moreover, a simple tactile or visual contact with those objects was often reported to be the direct cause of an unexpected healing or any good fortune incident.(Le bureau de la cause, )No less than 180 miracles of Mother Lonie were reported between 10 and 16.Most of her miracles are corporal.However, she performed miracles classified in the material and spiritual category.As an example, a lot of people found jobs, companies were successful and thriving, old neighbour quarrels came to sudden ends, "Universit de Sherbrooke" was successfully built, acceptance of cancer-related deaths became easier, many converted to Catholicism, etc.Nevertheless, corporal favours seem to occur more often than any other type.Especially the healing of eyes and recovery of vision.It seems that people care to pray Mother Lonie more than ever when they need some eye healing or when they are blind and want this calamity to be removed from their body.And it looks like it happens most of the time because several of her holy favours are related with eye diseases. This simple fact could become very significant if she is to be sanctified one day.Because every saint has what we would call a certain speciality or a specific "field of holy effectiveness".Those are called patron saints. (Lovasik, 1)As an example, Saint Jeanne d'Arc is known to be the patron saint of France and soldiers.It basically mean that France is under the protection of Saint Jeanne d'Arc and that anybody who exercises his or her function as a soldier of any nation can recommend is prayers to her because she is known to protect them particularly and to accord them holy favours.When somebody is elevated at the state of saint, this "patronship" is chosen according to the type of miracles that the person performed in the name of God and their recurrence.So for example, if Mother Marie Lonie Paradis should one day be canonized by the Pope, her "patronship" would probably be related to eye-healing.But then again, she performed so many miracles that she could be called the patron saint of everything.

Picture of the altar under which Mother Marie-Lonie was exposed after her death.

Chapter 5

How does someone become a saint?

Earning the title of saint is by no means an easy task, because most of the time the requirements are arbitrary; if some believe that a person did wonderful deeds, not everyone would agree with this view, because not everyone could have been in contact with the good-natured candidate. For example, an African priest probably never heard about a particular Canadian preacher… how can he be assured that the person deserves the title?The first step in the path of sanctification is the beatification of the religious character. This can only happen five years after the death of the candidate. After this delay, the bishop of the dioceses in which the he or she lived has to receive a postulate from the promoting group. Once the "nulla osta" of the Holy See is received, the bishop assembles a diocesan hearing to discuss the matter. As in a real hearing, witnesses are heard and a judgement is made after an examination of every fact and document by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. A summary is made by the postulator, and is sent to a group of nine theologians that vote on its acceptability. If they decide it is acceptable, they release a decree that is used in conjunction with a miracle that was performed and verified after the candidate's death. After examining these facts, the Pope determines whether or not the candidate can be beatified. To become a saint, the beatified one must accomplish another miracle that can be proven and confirmed. The process is very similar, and afterwards, he or she can become a saint with the approval of the Holy Father.

References

Books

Cimichella, Mgr Andr-M. Marie-Lonie Paradis. MontralLes Éditions Jsus-Marie et Notre Temps, 180.

Goyette, Arsène. Une Grande Âmeet Une Grande uvre, France. Tours, 16.

Nadeau, Eugène. Montre-moi tes cheminsLes routes imprvues de Mère Lonie fondatrice des Petites-Surs de la Sainte Famille (1840-11). SherbrookeÉditions Mont-Sainte-Famille, 174.

Perras, Marie-Gabriel. Message de Mère Marie-Lonie Paradis. SherbrookeApostolat de la presse, 15.

Morabito, Joseph. Articles. Sherbrooke Couvent des dominicains. No publication date given, publisher unmentioned.

Dugas, Alphonse-Charles. Une fleur acadienneMère Marie-Lonie et le père Camille Lefebevre. Ed. Rjean Olivier. Sherbrooke Secrtariat du Collège de L'Assomption. Oct. 18th, 184.

Le bureau de la Cause. Gerbes de faveurs merveilleuses obtenues par l'intercession de Mère Marie-Lonie. SherbrookeImprimerie Saint-Paul. 16.

Lovasik, Lawrence. Livre des saints en image. New YorkCatholic Book Publishing Co. 180.

Articles

Les Petites-Soeurs de la Sainte-Famille Bndiction d'une chapelle et noces d'or à SherbrookeLe moniteur Acadien July 5th, 107 (No page number.)

Mort de la Rvrande Mère Marie-Lonie Suprieure gnrale des Petites surs de la Sainte-Famille.Le Moniteur Acadien. May 4th, 11.

Internet

Gendron, Thrèse. Mère Marie-LonieFondatrice des Petites Surs de la Sainte-Famille. Oct.18th, 001.http//www.diocese-edmonton.ca/putrimoine-et-tourisme- religieux/les.saints.de.chez.nous. .

Congregation for the Causes of Saints, http//www.catholicpages.com/vatican/curia.asp

Sanctification process,http//www.catholic-pages.com/saints/process.asp

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Policy-Based Networking

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Table of Contents

Abstract

Policy Based Network Management

Policy-Based Management Framework4

Advanced Directory5

Policy Server5

Policy Clients5

Policy Enabled Network Elements6

Key Enabling Technologies7

Directory Enabled Networks (DEN)7

IEEE 80.1p Priority Classes7

The X.500 Directory Project and LDAP8

Policy Transaction Protocols8

PBN in Action

Shortcomings of Policy Based Networking10

The Future of PBN Technology11

Glossary of Acronyms14

References15

Abstract

Today's business requirements have driven the development of new mission-critical applications.Policy-based networking (PBN) technology enables network managers to reliably optimize the performance of any application, traffic type, or bandwidth.The need for policy-based networking is growing rapidly as organizations build complex intranets and extranets and open their networks to more users and applications.PBN is an emerging technology and many vendors are involved in developing hardware and software to facilitate its implementation. This paper focuses on a basic description of PBN technology, its functional elements, its shortcomings and current and future potential.

Policy Based Network Management

Networks are expanding at an unprecedented rate, and with the increased use of the Internet, companies are experiencing the need to interconnect all of their isolated LANs into unified intranets and/or extranets.As businesses decide to exploit new e-commerce and e-business applications, network managers are under increasing pressure to make information available across multiple platforms. The diversity of technologies requires that network managers find a way to connect these different technologies both physically and logically.Then, network managers have the problem of balancing the conflicting bandwidth demands between the various applications."The enterprise needs a mechanism of mixing and matching global needs of all enterprise applications so the appropriate service is maintained consistently while minimizing the cost of providing those services." (Enterasys, 001).In other words, the challenge is to balance various claims on network resources, and to satisfy demands by users, network managers, and application developers for higher levels of network security, predictability and availability.

Policy-based networking (PBN) is a way of solving the various claims on network resources.It is a set of automated rules that controls network congestion.It governs which users and applications receive specified network bandwidth at any given time (Walker, 1).PBN can

§Deliver tiered bandwidth and differentiated services according to customer needs and service level agreements (SLAs)

§Determine user access and bandwidth requirements for access to the Internet

§Prioritize mission-critical applications

§Manage voice, video and data demands on Service Provider and corporate networks, and

§Manage the overall traffic flow through internal and external networks (NetPolicy).

How PBN enables companies to satisfy these business needs is the subject of this discussion.

Policy-Based Management Framework

Policy management is the implementation of a set of rules or policies which dictate the access and use of resources on a per user, application, or company-wide basis to meet established business objectives.It is focused on providing end-to-end quality of service (QoS) by addressing bandwidth, latency and priority, and implementing security authentication, authorization and auditing.

There are four major components to a policy based management system.

Advanced Directory

An advanced directory consolidates and links disparate directories that have emerged over time, into a single, global directory.Policies, user information, network configuration data and network addresses all become part of this "central" logical directory or policy database.

Several vendors have introduced directory products designed to enable policy based networking.Some of them are Netscape's Directory Server, Novell's Directory Service, and Microsoft's Active Directory (Rybczynski, 1).

Policy Server

This is the center of a policy management system.The policy server gathers all of the relevant information, makes a decision based on the administrator's policies and then communicates that decision to the network via a policy transaction protocol. "The goal of the policy server is to develop responses consistent with the policy, retrieving other data such as network availability or utilization, time-of-day, or service level agreement (SLA) information as appropriate" (Rybczynski, 1).Then the response is transmitted to a policy enforcement device such as a switch/router.

Policy Clients

Policy enabled clients interact with policy servers.Policy clients in edge devices recognize only IP addresses, so policy management is closely tied to IP address management.An example that Tony Rybczynski uses states "an IP address management tool can be used to bind a user to an IP address and, through support of the Dynamic Host Connection Protocol (DHCP), keep this address dynamically updated" (1).This way, administrators can define policies by user or application, and the information is translated to an IP address that the edge device will recognize.

Policy Enabled Network Elements

A policy-based network consists of switches and routers that provide transport of traffic at the required priority level and enforce the policy for that traffic.Each device along the path ensures that the policy is enforced, relying on a policy server to coordinate the end-to-end policy.

Simply said, once rules are defined using the advanced directory, they are stored in a central repository (the policy server). The policy server receives traffic requests from switches, firewalls and important applications (policy enabled network elements).The server then culls policy information from the directory and dynamically configures the network based on the defined policies through policy clients (Walker, 1). See figure below from www.entrasys.com/products/whitepapers/den.

These policy-based networking concepts evolved because of the enabling technologies defined by various work groups.

Key Enabling Technologies

Directory Enabled Networks (DEN)

The Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) sponsored the DEN initiative.The DEN specification, completed in August 18, sets standards for improving network management by using a directory service to consistently apply policies for accessing network resources (Connolly, 000).DEN correlates all LAN directories and integrates them into a single centralized logical entity.They facilitate network management based on the business processes of the organization and/or the application demands, not on the physical details of the hardware.

DEN allows prioritization of network resources for specific applications or users.This could, for example, allow payroll data or an urgent customer order to be prioritized over an employee accessing a Web site.

IEEE 80.1p Priority Classes

At the core of policy-based network management is the 80.1p specification in the IEEE's 80.1Q virtual LAN (VLAN) standard.The standard, defined in 18, describes a tag that Layerswitches, Layerswitches (routers), and hosts can add to data packets for identifying packet priority.The 80.1p specification defines eight priority classes.Traffic on a policy-managed network will be routed according the priority tag attached to it.

The X.500 Directory Project and LDAP

X.500 is a series of standard-based protocols defining a model for connecting multiple directory services to form one distributed global directory.However, the X.500 standard is so massive and resource intensive that a stripped down version called Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was developed.According to an Enterasys white paper, LDAP is fully compatible with standard X.500 and has been adopted by all major directory vendors, forming the infrastructure for true directory interoperability (pg. 5).

Policy Transaction Protocols

Policies are defined and deployed from the policy server to the policy-decision point (PDP).They are further translated and downloaded to various network devices or policy-enforcement points (PEPs).This process also works in reverse.

Two Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard protocols facilitate policy communication.LDAP grants access to X.500 style directory trees.LDAP communicates between the policy server and the PDP.Common Open Policy Service(COPS) is a simple query-response protocol for exchanging policy information between the PDP and PEP. COPS is the standard that lets the policy server control and receive feedback from network devices.Using the COPS protocol, network devices can be automatically reconfigured by remote processes to implement new network services, enforce updated administrative policies or handle customer requests for network services on the fly (Durham, 001).

See figure below from www.magazine.fujitsu/us/vol6-/paper04.pdf.

To summarize the technology, policy management refers to the dynamic allocation of necessary bandwidth and network resources based on predetermined criteria.Such policies can give priority to designated users, groups, or applications based upon the state of the network and available bandwidth at a given time.Policies are determined by a combination of users and network managers and are maintained in directories.These directories are accessed through a standard access protocol, LDAP. Policy enabled networking makes use of policy managers or decision points in the network that communicate policy information to network devices.Communication between the policy manager and enforcement points (routers, switches, etc.) is done via bidirectional protocols, the most popular of which is COPS (Racioppi, 1).

PBN in Action

The enterprise needs a way of providing network resources in the most efficient and economical way possible.For example, consider the problem that the Widget Corporation is facing.Widget is an international organization that has monthly meetings of its eighteen branch vice presidents. Since the cost of air travel is high and it is difficult for executives to travel around the world for these meetings, another solution is needed.The IT department has just finished testing a PC-based videoconferencing system that can run over the company's existing global network.However, because of the high bandwidth requirement of video, data packets have to be given top priority.Widget needs to find a way to give the senior executives' traffic top priority around the world, through many parts of their network, once per month on an arbitrarily scheduled basis, just for the duration of the teleconference, the length of which cannot be predicted.The solution? Policy-based networking enables the enterprise network to give the highest priority to this single application on the dates and times specified.When the conference is over, the global network reverts to its normal operation.

Widget's finance department also requires priority network usage at the end of each month when financial statements are being generated.Again, policy-based networking facilitates this need by giving accounting department users priority access to network resources for the time they require at month-end.

However, while policy based networking offers companies cost and performance advantages, there are some drawbacks that are being addressed as the technology evolves.

Shortcomings of Policy Based Networking

The main obstacle facing true policy-based networking is interoperability.Although most switching vendors have policy applications, most of them only work with those vendors' equipment. Few existing networks are composed of one vendor's gear making acceptance of policy-enabled networking a slow process.

However, according to a comparison of 1 vendors by the University of Wisconsin in November, 1, "Cisco's solution, based on the COPS protocol, builds a foundation that will let the vendor integrate not only its own products, but also most other products on the network" (pg. 1).

A related problem with policy-based networking is the lack of standards in the industry.According to David Drucker's article in InternetWeek, "standards such as the Distributed Management Task Force's Directory Enabled Networks initiative as well as other interoperability measures are still far off".Christy Walker agrees, "Once the standards are in place, it will be easier to integrate several vendors' products, but the implementations of such standards will continue to be significantly different"(pg. ).

In addition, the process of defining and implementing policies across a network can be daunting.Rules are based on business priorities that are set by business managers.In addition to business managers, network administrators and applications managers must be involved in the implementation of a policy-based network.There are no simple rules for defining network management policies and the problem is in the complexity of the process.

The Future of PBN Technology

Despite these drawbacks, the future of policy-based network management is bright.Some vendors are meeting the policy management challenge by developing integrated frameworks to allocate resources across multi-vendor networks.Others like Allot Communications are developing solutions that allow both the enterprise and service providers to coordinate end-to-end policies.Using NetEnforcer, network managers can define policies and allocate network resources according to the needs of the organization. The NetEnforcer can interpret traffic flows and "signal" a service provider of the priority and resource demands of an application and the service provider can deliver the bandwidth the customer needs, billing accordingly (Policy, 001).Using Allot's products, the service provider has a complete system for providing service level agreements (SLAs); the IS manager can offer customers guarantees for specific traffic types and applications; and network managers can guarantee mission critical applications and limit the flow of non-critical traffic.

As for the future of PBN, Intel Corporation's article "Managing Enhanced Network Services A Pragmatic View of Policy-Based Management" sums up the issues that will not be resolved until policy-based management matures industry wide. "Industry standards (primarily IETF and DMTF) in the areas of policy-based directory schemas, QoS technologies (e.g., DiffServ, RSVP, MPLS), and policy and directory communication protocols (e.g., COPS, LDAP) are still under development and may delay full vendor adoption. …Additionally, policy scalability, QoS and security conflict resolution, and interoperability will further influence IT strategies and the adoption of PBM" (pp. 11-1).

In summary, policy-based networking makes providing quality of service and other network resources a dynamic process.It allows IP intranets and extranets to meet the demands of converged voice, video and data.By developing and implementing a policy-enabled network, users and businesses can feel confident that their mission-critical applications and voice-based traffic will be managed in the most bandwidth-efficient and cost-effective manner.Moreover, according to John Vincente of Intel, "We anticipate continued convergence in the directory arena, as this technology should serve as the foundation for the success of PBM.A widely deployed solution will depend on the eventual integration of alternative technology.The move to e-Business and Internet-based computing will force organizations as well as ISP's to focus on and speed the delivery of a policy-driven approach to managing Internet-based IT infrastructure and enhanced network services" (p. 1).

Glossary of Acronyms

COPSCommon Open Policy Service

DENDirectory Enabled Network

DHCPDynamic Host Connection Protocol

DMTFDistributed Management Task Force

IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETFInternet Engineering Task Force

LDAPLightweight Directory Access Protocol

MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching

PBMPolicy-Based Management

PBNPolicy-Based Network

PDPPolicy Decision Point

PEPPolicy Enforcement Point

QoSQuality of Service

RSVPResource Reservation Protocol

SLAService Level Agreement

VLANVirtual Local Area Network

References

Connolly, P.J. (000, Mar. 7). Boost your bandwidth efficiencyDirectory-enabled networking reduces your LAN management costs.InfoWorld [Online]. http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0IFW/1_/6080571/print.jhtml. [001, Oct. 8].

Conover, Joel. (1, Nov. ). Policy-based network management. Network Computing [Online]. http//www.networkcomputing.com/shared/printArticle?article=nc/104/104fl.html&pub=nwc. [001, Dec. 4].

Drucker, David. (1 Dec. 1). Lucent enters policy networking fray. InternetWeek [Online]. http//www.internetwk.com/story/INW1101S000. [001, Nov. 8].

Durham, David. (001, Nov.). A new paradigm for policy-based network control. Intel Developer Update Magazine [Online]. http//developer.intel.com/update/departments/netcomm/nc11011.pdf. [001, Dec. 5].

Enterasys Networks. (001). Directory enabled networking A technology guide. White paper[Online].http//www.enterasys.com/products/whitepapers/den/. [001, Oct. 6].

Harvey, David and Santalesa, Rich. (1, Sept. ). Policy-based networking. Enterprise [Online]. http//www.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,1417,8167,00.html. [001, Nov. 7].

NetPolicy Data Sheet.(No date). Policy-based management system. Products Specifications[Online]. http//www.allot.com/html/products_netpolicy.shtm. [001, Nov. 8].

Policy Based Networking Solution. (001). Whitepaper [Online]. http//www.allot.com/html/company_pbn_solution.shtm. [001, Dec. 5].

Walker, Christy. (1, May 4). Policy-based networking. ComputerWorld [Online].http//www.computerworld.com/cwi. [001, Nov. 7].

Racioppi, Elizabeth. (1, Jan).Quality of service Traffic management on the IP network. CTI Magazine [Online].http//www.ctimag.com/articles/ctimag/01/01nortel.htm. [001, Nov. 7].

Rybczynski, Tony.(1, Jan.).Policy-enabled networking What's it all about?CTI Magazine [Online].http//www.tmcnet.com/articles/ctimag/01/01inside.htm. [001, Nov. 7].

Vincente, John, et al. (000, Mar). Managing enhanced network services A pragmatic view of policy-based management. Intel Technology Journal [Online]. http//developer.intel.com/technology/itj/q100/pdf/policybased.pdf. [001, Dec. 5].

Please note that this sample paper on Policy-Based Networking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Policy-Based Networking, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Policy-Based Networking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Power of Persuasion

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Power of Persuasion, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Power of Persuasion paper at affordable prices !All propaganda has to be popular and has to adapt its spiritual level to the perception of the intelligent-

-Hitler

Persuasion is a very powerful instrument.Adolf Hitler knew that.The definition of the word "persuade" means "to induce or undertake a course of action or embrace a point of view by means of argument, reasoning, or entreaty."Hitler also used propaganda to persuade the masses.The definition of "propagate" is "1) to reproduce or cause to reproduce; breed, and ) to make known, publicize."Propaganda was Hitler's most effective way of conveying messages to the masses.Whether slandering America, promoting the seizure of France, or displaying how grotesque the Jews are, propaganda always came through in getting the point across.

One may ask how could the atrocities of World War II happen.One may ask how Hitler could pull of such a horrible scheme.It took a great many things working together in a unique combination to create the monstrous disaster of Hitler.It was not just Hitler, it was not just Germany, it was not just the mishandling of the aftermath of the first World War, it was all of that and it was the economic disasters in the US, it was the fear of communism, it was the desperation of a people over a runaway inflation, etc.Hitler used many devices and played many games to get his agenda across.His 'persuasion' was fitting for that age in that time in that situation.It's not as if he was charming, because he wasn't.It's not as if he was warm and compassionate, because he wasn't.It's not as if he could extend himself as a benefit to others, because he couldn't.He had a sick and tormented mind that suffered numerous psychological distortions.But he was able to put into words the feelings of so many people who had suffered numerous ways and played upon their fears, hatreds, prejudices in just the right way so as to make his perverted vision of the future a legitimate hope.Even though he terribly misused his powers of persuasion, he certainly had a 'genius' (though a demonic form) for influence, political intelligence, and effectiveness.

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One has to ask how a man like this could come to power.There were many factors as to why the masses followed him with such enthusiasm.The results of the Treaty of Versailles almost crippled the economy in Germany.England and France enforced this treaty upon them as a form of punishment for World War I.War reparations they had to pay back were ridiculous and were beyond their resources.The country was in a great depression due to World War I and from the Great Depression America was in.The unemployment rate in the country was enormous, an estimated 6 million were out of work at this time for a country as small as Germany.Many people were starving and on the streets.Inflation had skyrocketed because of the Depression.Truly there had to be a messiah-like figure who would lead their country into the Promised Land.Hitler did a lot of things that made the German people think he was this messiah.He gave the country economic relief from the Depression, he claimed that Germany was no longer bound by the Treaty of Versailles and they were no longer bound by the WWI reparations and responsibility of the 'guilt clause.'The unemployment problem was effectively resolved by the institution of Hitler's Public Works program in which millions of Germans found employment in constructing highway systems, government offices and public housing, as well as in the rearmament factories and military service, and the list goes on.

Aside from those things, the biggest and most effective way Hitler gained so much popularity was because of his persuasive abilities in that he could persuade the masses.Looking back, one can see just how persuasive and manipulative he was, even from the beginning on how he came to power.Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic was established.It was democratic in nature, but had so many political parties that nothing could ever get accomplished.Among these were the socialists, the Army (it had its own political party), the National Socialist German Workers' Party (the Nazis), and many others.As many as 8 different political groups convened in the Reichstag.The Weimar Republic was tormented with conflicting agendas, poor leadership, and a failing economy due to war reparations to be paid and an overall gloomy future.In many ways the Depression was the most important reason Hitler came to power in 1.The Depression derived from the Wall Street Crash, when people rushed to sell their shares because they realized the companies were doing badly.Thousands of businesses and people were ruined.This affected Germany because America withdrew its loans and the German economy collapsed.Millions were left unemployed. The Weimar Republic broke down and people were ready to listen to groups like Hitler's Nazis, who promised a strong government and a better way of life.People who had never been interested in politics before found themselves listening to extremist groups because the government had collapsed.The Depression was a tremendous good luck charm for the Nazis, because it enabled them to get the majority vote in Germany, which resulted in 4.%.

Aside from the brief historical aspect of this already demonstrated, let us move on to the techniques and tactics Hitler used in his "gift" of the ability to be able to persuade.Hitler had a tremendous lust for power, and in that lust for power he played many games to fulfill that weakness.Hitler played his games extremely well.He used his huge Nazi rallies and his gift of remarkable speech to play these games.There were five types of games he played in his power of persuasion the blame and hate games, the moralistic and injustice games, the persuasion and propaganda games, the opportunist or "desperate times call for desperate actions" games, the strength and power games, and the "bigger than life guru" games.

The first listed game Hitler played was the blame and hate game.The biggest thing Hitler stressed in this issue was blood purity.He hated and treated with contempt the inferior races.The backside of this intense hatred of the black races, the Jews, and others was his fanatical passion of the Aryan race.And anybody, Germans or non-Germans who interfered with his world-changing and history-molding plans were exterminated.

"The crown of the folkish state's entire work of education and training must be to

the racial sense and racial feeling into the instinct and the intellect, the heart and

brain of the youth entrusted to it.No boy or no girl must leave school without

having been led to ultimate realization of the necessity and essence of blood

purity.Thus the groundwork is created by preserving the racial foundation of our

nation and through them in turn securing the basis for its future cultural

development."(Hitler 47-48).

Hitler looked at the "Jewish problem" as a menace that threatened the very existence of Germany.Hitler grew up in Vienna, one of the biggest anti-Semitic cities in all of Europe at that time.Hatred is a very powerful emotion and Hitler used it to the max.He did so by blaming the Jews and others for the national defeat and all the problems (economic, social, moral, and political) in the nation.He led them to hate and argue against the democratic idea of equality (which the Jews were for).He went on to say that the mixing of the races was a sin against the Creator.Hitler used all this propaganda to convince the masses and they believed him.

Hitler played the moralistic and injustice game.His whole life he tended to blame all of his problems on everybody else but himself.He tended to never take responsibility for his own actions.Even his own autobiography, "Mein Kampf," means "my struggles."

He seemed to have never taken personal responsibility for looking as himself, reexamining his skills, knowledge, and applying himself.

So it's not too astounding when Hitler acted the same way in front of the masses when it came to blaming injustice done on Germany.He proclaimed that the Treaty of Versailles was one of the "most shameful acts of rape in the world."This was his theme.He would send forth how that the Treaty and the treatment of Germany was one of total injustice, that this was shameless and monstrous.Here's what he wrote

"I contrasted the two peace treaties, compared them point for point, showed the

actual boundless humanity of the one treaty compared to the inhuman cruelty of

the second, and the result was telling.At that time I spoke on this theme at

meetings of two thousand people, and often I was struck by the glances of three

thousand six hundred hostile eyes.After three hours later, I had before me a

surging mass full of the holiest indignation and boundless wrath.And a great lie

had been torn out of the hearts and brains of the crowd numbering thousands and

at truth implanted in its place."(Hitler 41-4)

Hitler would not tolerate anybody that did not do things his way.He had the attitude to where if you disagree with me, you are wrong, depraved, morally corrupt, and deserved to die.Hitler enforced these views on the German people.

The next game on the list is the propaganda or persuasion game.Hitler, being a soldier in World War I and having to fight in the trenches knew that the ultimate battle is always the battle for the mind and hearts of people.He knew that the ultimate game was the power of persuasion.Back then, the word "persuasion" went by the term "propaganda."Hitler studied how the British trained their soldiers through propaganda.He called it a "true art."It was the 'seduction' of the enemies' propaganda that defeated them, until finally, "the army gradually learned to think as the enemy wanted it to."For him, this was the main problem.The soldiers were thinking.But in the end, Hitler convinced the Germans that the English people were basically cowards and would not stake their own blood for economic policy.

Hitler was very focused on results.His main focus was on arousing the emotions and forgetting the intellect.Having very little faith in the intellectual capacity of the masses, he discounted any attempt to "reason" with them.His was no a persuasion of the mind first, but of the emotions.He seemed to have an intuitive knowledge that once people were in a certain passionate state, they would find or invent the reasons to justify the feelings.He would rather "harp on" his basic ideas until they became slogans in the mind, and he knew that if he could do that he would have them.He used a persuasion that rested on absolutism.That would cradle more energy, more power, more focus. Today we know that we increase our persuasiveness through persistence, repetition, and focus, for persuasion ultimately aims as engaging attention in such a way that it captures and holds attention.Hitler used simplicity so that those who heard would not think, would not question, would not doubt, and he used submissive fanatics to carry out his plans, not those who would think or question.He framed things in his rallies, parades, and party organization so that there was as little discussion as possible.Hitler himself listed the techniques needed to win the masses in his "War Propaganda" chapter out his Mein Kampf book.He listed them as follows

1.Keep the dogma simple make only a few points.

.Be forthright and powerfully direct.Speak in the telling or ordering mode.

.Hold forth an extreme either-or, black-and-white a call to action.

4.Make it emotional direct your words to the emotions and stir them vigorously.

5.Use lots of repetition persistently repeat your point over and over.

6.Forget beauty, literary criteria, scientific reasoning, balance, and novelty.

7.Focus solely on convincing people and creating zealots.

8.Find slogans that you can use to drive the movement forward.

The persuasion that he learned and developed in handling crowds, even large crowds

of thousands, involved pacing the objections he knew he would have against his argument and using them in the service of persuasion.He did that by pacing and leading.Hitler knew that if he took the ideas that people would operate from and if he answered them during the presentation, he could use pre-frames to take them away from his audience as "objections."This gave him an attitude of wanting to know objections so that he could make them irrelevant from the beginning.

The next game Hitler played was the Opportunist or "Desperate times call for desperate actions" game.Part of Hitler's genius involved playing with the times and using the opportunity that came along for his benefit.After WWI, Hitler found himself in a nation suffering from tremendous political instability, economic crisis, and social polarization.Without this backdrop to his own personal failures, he would not have had an audience, but he did.And that's what made his narrow minded, intolerance opinions attractive in the beer halls.To that audience in that day his fanaticism and populist style were absolutely compelling.Over the months and years from 118 at the end of the lost war to 11 when he took over the National Socialist Party he slowly discovered simple slogans that kindled the angers, resentments, hatreds, and fears of people.He outlined a road to national rebirth, stimulated the emotions of attraction to a better future, and gave them hope.As the economic and political crisis mounted in the early years of the 10's, most people joined the party out of protest, anger, and bitterness.In those years, inflation became hyper-inflation.Currency lost all of its value in the hyper-inflation of 1.On the eve of WWI, it was 4.0 marks to the dollar.By 1, it was 18,000 marks to the dollar. And that continued to inflate to 5,000,000 in September 1.This put the nation in a state of extreme emergency as lifetime savings were rapidly wiped out and unemployment led to hunger and poverty.One can see now why people were angry, scared, stressed, and in a mood to blame. The Hitler was arrested in 1 for the infamous "Beer hall Putsch" in Munich.During his trial, he turned the courtroom into a stage for his own propaganda.He called witnesses and presented his case, not to win freedom, but to promote his case and to be recognized as the leader of the Nazi Party.Then during his 1 months in prison, he was nearly deified.In late December of 14, when he was released, he was the very soul of the movement.Then on October 4, 1 came the Wall Street Crash.This was the crisis Hitler was looking for, and he used it.Within this game, Hitler used "the end justifies the means game."Anything is permissible as long as his ends get accomplished according to his plans.The rule of this game is that the end justifies the means so don't worry about the morality of the action.The end justifies it.

It is no surprise to find that Hitler used the strength and power games.He used games of intimidation, bullying, threatening, posturing of strength, and anything and everything that increased his sense of power.This is clearly seen in the way he conducted the rallies, parades, the big meetings, his use of the Storm Troopers, and even the way he talked.He had a "power" addiction and it was clearly seen in his dogmatics.He wrote, "Creative achievements can only arise when ability and knowledge are wedded."Then this was a matter of calling the people to turn the ideas into practice.This is called the Mind-to-Muscle principle.To make knowledge living rather than dead, one needs willpower and determination, that puts it into muscle.Hitler loved the Roman Catholic idea of"infallibility."He recognized that by using infallibility he could create more power for himself.He tried to model himself after this.He wanted the cultish role of being a pope to the Nazi movement.

The last game listed that Hitler played was the "be bigger than life" guru game.To play this game, he first of all presented an extremely big vision.It was a vision to restore the lost dignity of Germany.This was a vision to gain new lands for Germany, to change the entire culture, and to liquidate those who were not German.He set forth his plan as a plan for the very survival and freedom of the Aryan race.He believed that it would take such a vision to create the necessary enthusiasm.He knew he would not be able to persuade the thinking populace, so he concentrated on the masses.He painted them a brood vision of the future.He linked national survival, safety and security, wealth and economic well-being, etc, as dependant upon developing a new national pride.For this he could then call upon a fanaticism and ruthlessness for the fatherland with no "half measures."This involved sacrifice.He argued that the German worker must clearly realize that economic sacrifices are no importance whatsoever in comparison to national independence.It was in this way that he played on the emotions of the masses.He aroused them in order to call them to action.Hitler stressed the concept of idealism, not just ideas, but idealism, something that goes way further.He offered something to the masses that was bigger than life.The idealism that grew in the hearts of the people was that of a bold new future for the Reich, the beauty of the Germans, their courage, willpower, discipline, determination, and the preservation of their race.At this, he played the guru.Part of his strategy to put himself in the role of the guru was his unavailability.As the years passed, he became less and less available to any except his inner circle.He would appear at rallies 0 minutes to two hours late, leaving the crowds waiting in anticipation.He would use the emotional symbols from bands, to soldiers, to vast numbers of people.All of this was to demonstrate the illusion and the myth of the Fuhrer as being other-than-human, more than human, super-human.But all of these tactics Hitler used, demonstrate, in this entire research, that there was definitely power, of and in, Hitler's persuasion.

Bibliography

Hitler, Adolf. (Translated by Ralph Manheim).Mein Kampf.Houghton Mifflin Co

New York, 10.

Shirer, William.The Rise and Fall of The Third Reich.MJF BooksNew York, 10.

Cook, John.Hitler's Calculated Deception. Online.11 Nov 00.

http//ol.scc.spokane.cc.wa.us/jstrever/essays/persuasive/cook.htm.

Fishbaugher, Kim.Why Did The Germanic Peoples Follow Hitler?Online.

11 Nov 00.

http//ol.scc.spokane.cc.wa.us/jstrever/essays/persuasive/fishbaugher.htm.

Hall, Michael L., Ph.D.Games Hitler Played.Online. 11 Nov 00.

www.neurosemantics.com/Articles/hitler_games.htm.

Protasova, Evelina.The Power of Persuasion or Why Did Germanic People Follow

Hitler and His Devices.Online.11 Nov 00.

http//ol.spokane.cc.wa.us/jstrever/essays/persuasive/protasova.htm.

Please note that this sample paper on The Power of Persuasion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Power of Persuasion, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on The Power of Persuasion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Black fiction

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on black fiction. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality black fiction paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in black fiction, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your black fiction paper at affordable prices

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Example of a Protocol Protocol Prompt from Kurt Vonneguts Harrison Bergeron What is the ambiguity of Harrisons heroic rebellion against his society?

Anonymous

Custom writing service can write essays on black fiction

D.K. Peterson

English 10

February , 1

Harrison Bergeron

Harrison Bergeron by author Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. tells the story of a town in the twenty-first century where everyone is equal. Equal by any means necessary. The individuals who are above average in any capacity are given artificial handicaps from the Handicapper-General so that their individual talents are not above anyone elses.

It is the exceptional, intelligent, and handsome Harrison Bergeron who is put in jail for the extraordinary qualities he possesses. Harrison is a genius, and outgrows handicaps faster than they can put them on him. Harrison escapes from jail and goes to the news studio and announces to the town his intentions.

Vonnegut uses Harrisons rebellious act as a tool in the last scene to give the story its open-ended conclusion. In the last scene of Harrison Bergeron, Harrison claims, I am the Emperor! Cried Harrison. Do you hear? I am the Emperor! Everybody must do what I say at once! He stamped his foot and the studio shook (15). It is in this scene Harrison is demanding that the people listen and do what he says immediately. Even as Harrison is screaming, the people are bowing down before him at his mercy, thinking they will die if they do not follow his orders.

Vonnegut is showing the audience that Harrison is powerful and above all those in his community and that he is going to exercise his power. This act of rebellion allows the audience to think Harrison wants to be ruler of the people, and shows that the people in town feel Harrison has authority over them, an example of exactly what a ruler is. It is in the following scene that Vonnegut gives his audience unsure feelings about the storys end. Harrison says, Even as I stand here-he bellowed, crippled, hobbled, and sickened- I am a greater ruler than any man who ever lived! Now watch me become what I can become!(15). In this scene Harrison speaks in a rage, but also in somewhat of a desperate manner towards the people. The authors careful choosing of words illustrates the ambiguity of the last scene. The author states that Harrison bellowed, which means he cried or uttered in a loud voice. The audience is left to wonder whether Harrison was forceful, or pleading. However, Harrison expresses to the people that he is physically torn down, but even with this, he still is mentally powerful.

It is when Vonnegut ends the story with Harrison tearing off his handicaps that leaves the ending of the story open to interpretation as to what Harrisons true intentions are. Does Harrison really desire to be the ruler of the people? Or does Harrison just want to be the ruler for the moment so that he can persuade the people to rid themselves of their handicaps, in order for them to see what they can become? By ending the story like this, the audience can only know what truly happens. Otherwise, the audience must use its own interpretation and provide their own ending.

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Research Writing & the Revision/Rethinking Process

Example of an Anonymous Proposal/Research Paper/Revision on Zora Neale Hurston

Example of a Research Proposal

Anonymous

Professor D.K. Peterson

English 10

March ,1

Word Count 46

Zora Neale Hurston was a very controversial writer. My interest in Hurstons writings concerns her use of strong female characters and the language they used. My research paper will analyze Hurstons reasoning for using such strong female characters during a time when females were not supposed to be outspoken. I also intend to explain why Hurston used the dialect she used in her stories and why it became controversial. The language of Hurstons characters is a mixture of slang and southern accent. I will discuss how although language of this type ordinarily labels one as illiterate and weak, Hurstons female characters, despite using this language, are portrayed as strong.

Throughout my research paper I will discuss the many questions surrounding Hurstons writings. I will do this by focusing on two female characters, language, and the setting. I believe that using these three areas of analysis will allow me to successfully answer questions about Hurstons writing style. In my approach, I plan to use two of Hurstons works, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and her short story, Sweat. These two works will allow me to explore the female aspect of my project. Through two of the women characters in these works, I will explore linguistics, dialect, word choice, pacing, syntax and moments of long speech. Observing these areas of language will allow me to see how and why Hurston has such strong female characters. I will briefly touch upon the setting within these works, to bring out social and historical factors, which may have contributed to Hurstons deliberate choice of characters and language. In my research paper I will use the two works previously stated, along with a Website dedicated to Hurston. There are at least four other scholarly secondary sources I plan to use for my research.

I suspect that my research of Hurstons writing approach will reveal that it was racial and gender discrimination that inspired Hurstons style of writing. It is important to know that Hurstons writing was not socially accepted until years after her death. Nevertheless, Hurstons works make a great contribution to female literature and black history. My research will cover every aspect mentioned, as well as help one understand why an author would choose such an unpopular writing approach at that time.

Works Cited

Hurston, Zora Neale. Sweat. The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short

Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford St. Martins, 1. (678-687).

Hurston, Zora Neale. Conjured Into Being Zora Neale Hurston. Tim Gallaher, USC E texts. Online. Internet. 8 October 17. Available

http 11 www. ñ hsc. usc.edu/ ~ gallaher/ hurston/ hurston. html.

Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Philadelphia Lippincott, 17.

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Example of a Research Paper on Zora Neale Hurstons Work Using a Feminist and Semiotic Approach

Anonymous

Professor D.K. Peterson

English 10

March 0, 1

Word Count

The Cultural Voice

The author, Zora Neale Hurston, was a very controversial writer. During Hurstons life-time, she chose to use southern black dialect as the primary language for her works. In addition to this literary style, Hurston voiced southern black dialect through black women. It was the use of this dialect, as opposed to standard English, and Hurstons choice to allow women to have a more affirmative role in her stories, that made Hurston so controversial among both whites and blacks. Hurstons writings were not accepted among whites because she declared her first novel a manifesto against the arrogance of whites assuming that black lives are only defensive reactions to white actions (Gates 18). Black authors did not embrace Hurstons writings because they were not written in the protest tradition, not bitter enough, and did not depict the harsher side of black life in the south (Washington vii-viii).

Hurstons use of southern black dialect is no reflection of her own literacy of the English language. Hurston achieved several academic accomplishments by obtaining her degree, teaching, and later studying linguistics overseas. Hurston also had famous acquaintances, such as Fannie Hurst and Robert Hemenway, who were also writers. It was this flourishing background that enabled Hurston the opportunity to produce published works that are considered successful today, however the success of her works were not recognized until after her death.

Hurstons accomplishments would, however, be enjoyed and benefited by a new generation of new black female writers, such as Gloria Naylor, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker. Alice Walker has stated that Their Eyes Were Watching God had a profound effect upon her writing and that if she were marooned on a desert island with only ten books, Hurstons masterpiece would be among those she would choose to take with her (Johnson 501). These writers have continued Hurstons tradition by writing and publishing works in southern black dialect. It was Hurston who pioneered the movement to keep black dialect alive. As Karla F.C. Holloway expressed, Hurston understood that the language of a people is as important an indication of their culture as are other behavioral manifestations (Holloway ).

In Hurstons works the use of black dialect is very prevalent, and it appears Hurston was trying to involve the reader in the African-American Culture. For example, in Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God and her short story Sweat, each story took place in an African-American community. In both works, the black race politically and socially ran a community of their own during a time when freedom was only slowly coming about. To the scholarly reader, it was difficult to imagine blacks in such affluent positions while at the same time speaking broken English. How could blacks have power yet, could not even speak standard English? In Hurstons world it was possible. Hurston even went a step further and developed within these stories two strong black women, Janie Starks and Delia Jones. These women had strong opinions and Hurston would allow them to voice them one way or another. How was Hurston able to create such strong female characters, who spoke a language not widely accepted, during a time when women were not allowed to voice themselves at all? Hurston was so talented she used a combination of writing styles, involving word choice, pacing, and silent and explosive speech to develop the characters voice. These styles of writing allowed Hurston to show readers that voice can be represented in several varieties and still be powerful.

Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God opens with Janie telling her best friend, Pheoby, about the events of her dramatic life. The reason Hurston frames the story in this manner is to indirectly provide Janie with voice. As analyst Karla Kaplan explained, Like Jane in Jane Eyre, Janie wants to narrate her own story, exercise her voice, and participate in what Jane calls the joyous conversational murmur (Kaplan 101). By allowing Janie to tell her story with minimal narrative intrusion, Janies character is put into an authoritative position. Although the scene begins with Janie ending her story, it is only at this point that Janie can tell her story effectively and show the audience the strong black female she has become.

In Janies early years, she decides to do what is pleasing to her grandmother and becomes married at age 15 to a much older man, Logan Killicks. All along, Janie has not felt the blissful love she had dreamed of so many times and Janie decides less than a year into the marriage that Logan is not for her. Janies recent offer to leave and marry a new comer, Joe Starks, opens the doors for Janie to leave. Janie does not leave solely to be with Joe Starks, however. Janie leaves because she realizes there was nothing in her marriage for her. Janie is maturing and making decisions that are in her best interest. Hurston says, What was she losing so much time for? A feeling of sudden newness and change came over her. Janie hurried out of the front gate and turned south. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good (Hurston, Eyes 1). In this scene Janie is silent in her decision making. Janies silent voice is so boisterous because the action she has taken is very bold. Janies choice says her leaving will take place, whatever the consequences may be.

Janies decision proved favorable for her after she married Joe Starks, a man with big dreams and determination. However, when Joe Starks becomes Mayor, Janie realizes that Joe intends for her to be silent at all times and beautiful in the publics eye. When Janie is asked by the towns people to make a speech on behalf of Joes victory as Mayor, Joe speaks for Janie saying, Thank yuh fuh yo compliments, but mah wife dont know nothin bout no speech-makin. Ah never married her for nothin lak dat. Shes uh woman and her place is in da home (Hurston Eyes 41). This leaves a restless feeling inside Janie and it begins to open her eyes to many things she never thought of doing.

After several times of being publicly demeaned by Joes insults about her weight and age, Janie decides she will no longer be the target of Joes abuse. Janies reaction to this humiliation is to voice her deepest feelings about Joe. On one occasion, Janie takes the center of the floor to talk right-into Joes face (Hurston, Eyes 74 Eyes), and loudly insults Joe in front of all the community. Janie subconsciously knew there would be a price to pay for this act, but nonetheless, voicing her opinion seemed more important. As a result, Joe struck Janie fiercely and for years to come the couples conversation comes to a cease.

Soon after, Joe would suffer a premature death due to a failed liver. After Joes death, Tea Cake comes to town and Janies dream of a blissful marriage begins to resurface. Tea Cake is much younger, and loves Janie unconditionally. The two soon wed and Janie experiences the marriage that she so often dreamed of.

The voice Janie acquires in her relationship with Tea Cake is not controlled, it is free, spontaneous and loving. However, a few years into the marriage Tea Cake is poisoned by a rabid dog and in his delirious state, attempts to kill Janie. Janie is forced to kill Tea Cake and save her own life and has to stand trial for his death. In the scene of the trial, Janies voice develops in three forms language, silence and speech. Janie is aware that her trial will be held in front of her community, as well as white people and it would be the white folk who would decide her outcome. Janie knew her language was different than the white folks language and her testimony could be misinterpreted to mean that she meant to kill Tea Cake. As Hurston says, It was not death she feared. It was misunderstanding (Hurston, Eyes 17).

In this scene, it is Janies speech in her own defense, the choice of words and language she uses and the silence she expresses while waiting for the verdict, that show Hurstons overall development of Janies true voice. While Janie tells such a lengthy story in her own language, Hurstons point of Janie being a strong black woman with voice is given a fuller meaning. As Evelyn Thomas stated, With her gift for capturing authentic sounds and syntax, she can write long passages in dialect without wearying her reader (Helmick 58). The talent Hurston possessed was very important when writing about her culture because it allowed any reader to be culturally involved. Hurstons other works operate with the same premise and writing style, in particular her short work Sweat. Sweat tells the story of Delia Jones struggle to escape the torture of her violent husband, Sykes, without Delia compromising what she has worked so hard for. Unlike Janie in Eyes, Delia is outspoken in the beginning of her story, but as the story progresses, she speaks only to herself.

Delias first confrontation involves her defending herself against her husband regarding her livelihood, washing white folks clothes. Hurston combines black and white races in this town to show a higher level of authority. This is important to the story because as another quarrel occurs between the two, Delia threatens ahm goin tuh de white folks bout you, mah young man, de very nex time you lay yo hans on me (Hurston, Sweat 684). Hurston allowed Delia to voice her refusal to be abused anymore and at the same time strip Sykes of his power.

During this period of time, the men were the leaders and the women had no say so. Furthermore, the black man was just coming into his own freedom and he definitely did not want a white man involved in his affairs. When Hurston allowed Delia to voice herself by this method, it was the most potent speech Delias character voiced. Thereafter, Delia is portrayed as one who speaks silently to herself, with such strong words and actions that they would have profound outcomes. For example, when Sykes left the house after an argument with Delia, Somehow, before sleep came, she found herself saying aloud Oh well, whatever goes over the Devils back, is got to come under his belly. Sometime or ruther, Sykes, like everybody else, is gointer reap his sowing. After that she was able to build a spiritual earthworks against her husband. His shells could no longer reach her. Amen (Hurston, Sweat 680). The purpose of Delias silence is to show that there were other avenues women could call upon, a higher Being that could hear their silent voice in time of need. Delias role would be to silence herself and wait patiently for the ultimate power.

In the closure of this story Delia is almost killed by a snake her husband placed in the home to kill her. After Delias courageous escape and fleeing to the barn, Finally she grew quiet, and after that came coherent thought. With this stalked through her a cold, bloody rage. Hours of this. A period of introspection, a space of retrospection, then a mixture of both. Out of this an awful calm (Hurston, Sweat 685-86). Delia goes on to say, Well, ah done de bes Ah could. If things aint right, Gawd knows taint mah fault (Hurston, Sweat 685-86). When Delia speaks these words, the audience is aware Sykes will die. Hurston purposely did this to build Delias character of strength and perseverance. Delias character of a true black woman is illustrated through the language she speaks as well as her unspoken words of conviction.

Although Hurston crafted both characters in an opposite manner, Janie more verbal than Delia, Hurston gave the women similar qualities such as enduring violence, speaking out when seemingly defeated, and the strength and the energy to keep on going until their silent voices came into fruition. Within these two works Hurston has kept black literature alive and opened the eyes of black females everywhere who not only face racial discrimination, but gender discrimination as well. As Henry Louis Gates, Jr. stated, Their attention to Hurston signifies a novel sophistication in black literature they read Hurston not only for the spiritual kinship inherent in such relations but because she used black vernacular speech and rituals in ways subtle and various, to chart the coming to consciousness of black women, so glaringly absent in other(Gates 186-87).

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Development Psychology

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Development Psychology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Development Psychology paper at affordable prices! Several learning theories and are going to be looked making connections to illustrate some of the points made. The theories looked at are; Classical Conditioning, Behaviourism, Social Learning and Constructivism.

Classical Conditioning

The main theorist who has looked at Classical Conditioning is Ivan Pavlov. Classical Conditioning is all about learning through association.

Most of Pavlovs experiments were carried out using dogs. Pavlov recognised that dogs that were hungry would salivate at the sight of food, but if a bell was rung before it would have no relevance. Pavlov conducted an experiment in which he rang a bell just before he fed the dogs. After several trials the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with being fed. They then began to salivate just at the sound of the bell because they knew that they were going to be fed straight after.

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The bell is known as the conditioned stimulus because it is conditional when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The food in the mouth is known as the unconditioned stimulus because salivating is a natural unconditioned reflex to food. This reflex is known as an unconditioned response because it occurs naturally and cant be controlled. Salivating at the sound of a bell is known as a conditioned response because it can be controlled, as the dogs have learnt to associate the bell with the food and, therefore, would be expecting to be fed.

The Process of Classical Conditioning

ProcedureResponse

Before Conditioned

Food (UCS)Salivation (UCR)

Bell (CS)No relevant response

During Conditioning

Food + Bell

(UCS) (CS)Salivation

(UCR)

After Conditioning

Bell (CS)Salivation (CR)

(Source Malim, Birch and Haywood 16)

Ref. Birch 17 Developmental Psychology page 18

This process can also be used to what is known as discriminate. For example using a bell and a buzzer and only feeding the dogs when one of them is sounded. The dogs would soon learn the sound that they associated with feeding and would only salivate to that particular sound.

Theoretically, the process can reversed by starting to sound the bell without presenting the food. Eventually the dogs would no longer salivate at the sound of a bell.

Studies have also been conducted by Watson who took Pavlovs idea of conditioning and did his own studies on infants. Through his studies he was able to condition children to be afraid of white rats and other fury things. He did this by presenting the rats to children followed by a loud noise. Repeating this several times resulted in the children becoming afraid of the rat because they associated it with receiving a loud noise, which they did not like. The children also became afraid of other fury things that resembled the rat.

The process was then reversed by presenting the rat to the children without the loud noise. After repeating this several times, the children no longer became afraid of the rat. Phobias and fears can be the result of conditioning. For example, if a child has been bitten by a dog then they may associate dogs with pain.

Behaviourism

Behaviourism is the theory that children can be trained to behave in certain ways. This theory focuses on positive and negative reinforcement and shaping behaviour.

Marquis (11) concluded that systematic training of the human….can be started at birth. This can be applied to children through positive and negative reinforcement. For example, if a child behaves in a good way and we reward them through a smile or praise then they are more likely to repeat this behaviour hoping to receive the reward again.

This is also true with language development. For example, if a child says mummy or daddy etc, and the parents praise the child and show the child affection, then the child will keep repeating the word to receive similar treatment. Similarly, this can apply to negative language and behaviour. For example, if a child uses incorrect vocabulary, the parents may choose to ignore this and the child is less likely to repeat this language. They may choose to correct the child but in a subtle way that doesnt knock the childs confidence.

Repetition can also work because if the parents/carer repeats (reinforces) good behaviour and language then the child is more likely to continue repeating their actions.

The main theorist who looks at behaviourism is Watson. Watson focuses on the fact that behaviour will change depending on whether children receive punishment or reward. Watson was only concerned with observable activities and believed that thoughts and feelings have little relevance to learning. Behaviourism concentrates on the fact that all babies are born with biological reflexes and all other responses are learned.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner was a major theorist who looked at behaviourism and Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is behaviour that relies on the environment and is reinforcement of a random response. Skinner invented a box, which contained only a lever and a food tray. He placed a rat into the box and whenever the lever was pressed, food was immediately released into the tray.

At first the rat would only press the lever by accident and food would appear. After a while the rat began to learn that in order to receive food, the lever needed to be pressed, this is known as behaviour shaping.

Skinner believed that behaviour could be shaped to learn that certain actions equal a reward. Skinner was also another theorist who believed in positive and negative reinforcement. He believed that intellectual development is through a long process of shaped behaviour, which occurs through positive and negative reinforcement. If behaviour and learning were not reinforced, then the behaviour would not occur as frequent and would eventually disappear.

Skinner believed that when any sounds that resembled speech are reinforced, they would eventually go on to become words and any that were not reinforced would become extinct. By reinforcing a childs first word, such as mummy and showing a child attention, they are been encouraged to repeat the word again. As soon as this word is stopped being reinforced, then the child would move onto something else as they are eager to impress. Behaviour can also be reinforced through rewarding any good behaviour, through a smile or occasional treat and punishing or ignoring any bad.

A child learns their first few words through imitation and the parents help them. For example, if a parent says look at that pussycat, lovely pussycat, stroke the pussycat, then the child may pick up the words pussycat.

From his observations, Skinner came up with two different kinds of response to learning. The first is respondents to a stimulus and the second is operants, which are random responses to a situation. Operants are responses that occur without thinking.

Social Learning

The Social Learning theory is based on the work of Bandura who believed that learning occurs through observation and modelling. Banduras main idea was that children learn ideas through what they see. For example, if a child sees another child throwing food, then they may repeat their actions.

He carried out an investigation on nursery school children. Firstly he showed the children a real life situation or a film, which involved a model knocking down and beating a bobo doll. When the children had seen the video they were led into a room with lots of nice toys but were not allowed to touch them. The children became frustrated because they wanted to play with the toys. The children were then moved into a room containing the same toys that were seen in the bobo doll film. He found that most of the children repeated the same aggressive behaviour shown in the video and some specific actions were repeated.

Bandura also gave the doll to children who had not seen the model and found that they were not as aggressive as the ones who had seen the model. He also found that in the first group of children, some of the models specific actions were repeated.

He then did another study on three groups. He showed one group the model receiving punishment for the behaviour, one a reward and the other neither reward or punishment.

From this he found that the children who saw the model get punished, were less likely to repeat the actions. The children who saw the model get rewarded repeated the actions and showed much more aggression.

One of the most common examples of social learning is through television and media. If a certain brand is advertised by someone famous then more people will by that particular brand because they believe that they will be admired and popular.

Aggression can be understood through the Social Learning Theory. Bandura believed that aggression is learnt through behaviour. He believed that children are not born with an aggressive, violent nature but they learn aggressive responses through observation of others, usually someone important to them such as a parent or carer. Bandura believed that some people behave aggressively because they thought it would result in a reward off others. Bandura believed that if aggression is identified early in children, then it is possible to stop them from becoming violent criminals.

According to Bandura, children use the same aggressive behaviour with others that they have seen their parents use. For example if a child sees his father behave aggressively towards his mother, then they may become a violent husband or father because they would see this behaviour to be acceptable.

Social Constructivism

One of the major theorists concerned with social constructivism was Jean Piaget. Piaget placed emphasis on the environment and his main idea was that children learn through discovery learning and should be left to discover things for themselves.

Central to Piagets thinking was that all childrens thinking passes through 4 stages. These are

 The sensorimotor stage (0-)

 The preoperational stage (-7)

 The concrete operations stage (7-11)

 The formal operations stage (1+)

Piaget came up with these stages through observation of his own children.

Each of the stages derives from the previous and none of the stages can be skipped. They are the same for everyone.

The sensorimotor stage

The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth to aboutyears. In this stage the infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world. They begin with reflexes and end with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills.

Between one and four months the child works on primary circular reactions. This is just an action of their own that serves as a stimulus to which it responds with the same action again and again. This could involve the child constantly sucking their thumb because it brings them pleasure and comfort or they could keep blowing bubbles because they find it fascinating to watch.

Between four and 1 months the infant turns to secondary circular reactions, which involves an act that extends out to the environment. They learn the procedures that make interesting things last. This could involve squeezing a rubber duck at bath time and finding it makes a noise, so repeating the action.

Other things also begin to show at this point. For example babies become ticklish but they must be aware that someone is tickling them or else it wont work. They also begin to develop object permanence, which means that they have the ability to realise that just because you cant see something doesnt mean that it has gone. The younger infants seem to function by an out of sight, out of mind schema. Older infants may remember and even attempt to find things.

Between 1 and 4 months, the child works on tertiary circular reactions. They consist of the same making interesting things last cycle, except with a constant variation. For example, they may hit a table with a stick, then a block with the stick and them something else etc, making a different sound every so often. Children could display this sort of behaviour by making a mess at the dinner table and throwing their cutlery about.

At around one and a half, the child is clearly developing mental representation, that is, the ability to hold an image in their mind for a period beyond the immediate experience. For example they can throw a tantrum after seeing one an hour ago. They can use mental combinations to solve simple problems, such as putting down a toy in order to open a door. This could involve a change in the way a child uses their toys. For example, instead of throwing their teddies around a child could start to sing to them and tuck them in bed at night.

The pre-operational stage

The pre-operational stage lasts from aboutto about 7 years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols.

Children begin to have symbols for things, such as calling everything white and fluffy a rabbit. Along with symbolisation there is an understanding of past and future. For example when if a child is upset and you tell them that their mother will be home soon they may tend to calm down because they realise that mummy is the person who cares for and comforts them. A child may also refer to every male as daddy.

But still the child is quite egocentric at this stage. They still see everything from their own point of view. They may hold up a picture so that only they can see it and expect you to see it too. Piaget did a study to investigate this. He called it the mountains study. He would put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and seat himself to the side, then ask them to pick from four pictures that he, Piaget would see. Younger children would pick the view that they could see themselves; older children picked correctly.

Similarly, younger children centre on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time. They may not understand when you tell them things, such as your father is my husband. Or if you showed them 5 black marbles andwhite marbles and ask them Are there more marbles or more black marbles? they would respond More black ones.

The most famous example of the pre-operational childs centrism is what Piaget refers to as their inability to conserve liquid volume. If you give a three- year old some milk in a tall skinny glass and give yourself a whole lot more in a short fat one, the child would be likely to assume that there is more milk in the tall skinny glass. This is because they will tend to focus on only one of the dimensions of the glass - the highest. It is the development of the childs ability to decenter that marks them having moved on to the next stage.

The concrete operations stage

The concrete operations stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years. The word operations refer to the logical operations or principles we use when solving problems. In this stage the child not only uses symbols representationally, but they can manipulate those symbols logically. At this point they must still perform these operations within the context of concrete situations.

The stage begins with decentering. By 6 or 7, most children develop the ability to conserve number, length and liquid volume. Conservation refers to the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child 4 marbles in a row, then spread them out, the pre-operational child will focus on the spread and tend to believe that there are more marbles than before.

Or if you havefive-inch sticks laid parallel to each other, then move one of them a little, they may believe that the moved stick is now longer than the other is.

The concrete operations on the other hand, will know that there are still 4 marbles and that the stick doesnt change length even though in now extends beyond the other. They would know that you have to look beyond the height of the milk in the glass. If you pour the milk from the short, fat glass into the tall, skinny glass, they will tell you that there is the same amount of milk as before.

By 7 or 8 years children develop conservation of substance. For example, if you take a piece of clay and roll it along a thin rod, or split it into 10 little pieces, the child knows that there is still the same amount of clay. They will also know that if you rolled it back it would look the same as it did - a feature known as reversibility.

By nine or ten, the last of the conservation tests is mastered - conservation of area. If you take 4 one-inch square pieces of felt and lay them on a six-by-six cloth together in the centre, the child who conserves will know that they take up just as much room wherever they are put.

In addition, a child learns classification and seriation during this stage. The child is now able to put things is order of size and will understand the question of the marbles. The child is now ready for some formal education.

The formal operations stage

When a child reaches this stage they are able to reason in more logical and abstract ways. They are able to think about the future and will have their own values and beliefs. Conservation of liquid volume will have been mastered and they will be able to use more complex mathematical and linguistic ideas.

Piaget designed a pendulum task, whereby a child is given some weights and a piece of string held up from a hook. The child is told that if they change the weight or the length of the string or push the pendulum harder, then one of these will cause the pendulum to swing faster. If a child has reached the formal operations stage, they will test everyone to see which it is. At this stage a child should be able to work out problems in their head by trying out several solutions.

Piaget believed that children learn through the processes of adaptation known as

 Assimilation-taking in new information through the childs existing patterns of actions (schemas)

 Accommodation - modifying existing patterns of actions to accommodate new information and knowledge.

 Equilibration - balancing what they already know with new experience to make sense of the world.

One of the main definitions from the work of Piaget is the idea of schemas. These are early ideas or concepts based on linked patterns of behaviour and are parts of the childs powerful drive to understand its experiences. Children need to learn for themselves about how objects relate together and about shapes and where things are positioned. Schemas include the idea or concept in mind of the child and the actions that the child takes as a result of the idea. Often schemas occur in clusters and children will develop them for hours on end and in many ways.

Ref. Nolan 00 BTECH National Early Years Page 1

Bibliography

Bibliography

Birch 17 Developmental Psychology

Meggitt 14 Health and Social Care

Nolan 00 BTEC National Early Years

Walsh et al 000 Advanced Health and Social Care

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