An Analysis of Leadership Theory; Personal Leadership Definition; and Personal Progress as a Leader

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Definition; and Personal Progress as a Leader

An Analysis of Leadership Theory; Personal Leadership Definition;

and Personal Progress as a Leader

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Maureen Gaffney

Emmanuel College

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to compare and contrast theories between

Kouzes and Posner, authors of Leadership Challenge, theorist Peter F.

Drucker, author of The Effective Executve, and theorist Stephen R. Covey,

author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Also included in the

paper, are references to Douglas McGregor, author of The Human Side of

Enterprise and his Theories X & Y, and Robert H. Rosen, author of Leading

People. Finally, it is my goal to express my own views on leadership and

how I personally would like to be perceived as a leader.

For years, theorists have attempted to tap the human mind in order to find

out what makes people tick, what motivates and moves them to work hard. Are

ambition and drive innate traits which all humans share? Are most humans

inclined to work as hard for someone elses gain as they are for their own?

Why do some workers excel and some slack?

All of the theorists mentioned in this paper have made it their business to

research the human mind and spirit in order to pinpoint the real connection

that leaders must make with people in order to gain loyalty and the extra

mile.

As with Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, people need to realize certain

human needs sequentially in order to mature. The most important task of any

leader is to tap the minds of all their employees. They need to connect and

relate to the people working for them. The whats in it for me? attitude,

is an unspoken barrier that all leaders must break through. Employees are

compensated with paychecks, benefits, sometimes rewards, etc., but no one

individual is obligated to give any more than they can get away with in any

eight hour period. This is the average worker. In order to motivate workers

to work as if it were for their own personal gain is really the task at hand

for all leaders.

There are many different types of Leadership Theory Contingency Theory

(situational); responding differently to different people; Trait and

Behavioral Leadership, where the former assumes that leadership is innate

and the latter assumes leadership is learned. Peter F. Drucker believed that

effective leadership could be learned. Contemporary Leadership consists of

charisma and people who have the ability to transform others within an

organization. Participative Leadership is where a leader creates vision and

gives others direction while navigating along side them. Systematic

Leadership produces a ripple effect. If a leader wants to shift an

organization in a new direction, presumably, the system falls into place

naturally. For example, at one time people didnt eat lobster. One person

had to be the first to try it. Once it was established the lobster was a

delicacy, then everyone wanted to eat lobster. Attribution Leadership is

based on perceptions of attributes of followers.

Kouzes/Posner and Covey deal mainly in feelings and practices that foster

feelings. Its not that what they advise is not worthwhile, on the contrary,

their advice is very effective. However, their from the heart approach to

leadership is still a foreign concept to many men in business. Men and their

male egos have been an issue since the beginning of time, getting them to

change is quite an undertaking. McGregor and Drucker on the other hand are

from the old school what they tout is more technical and tangible. They

guide the leader on a path of instruction rather than behaviors. Although

Drucker and McGregor do advise on behavioral issues, such as motivation, but

this is so that they can influence an employee to be more productive, not

necessarily to encourage ones inner leader.

Although there was some resistance to loosening the hard-line management

approach, it became evident that losing the pretensious attitude produced

happier employess. When the touchy feely based management theory started to

become popular in the mid 100s, it was frowned upon by many corporate gray

suit types. They feared the practices would be too democratic and that they

would lose control.

Exemplary leaders recognize that such self-serving behavior is the path to

organizational suicide, and that successful leaders and team members

subordinate their own goals to the service of a greater good.

(Kouzes/Posner, (00), p. 51)

Knowledge work knows no gender; men and women do the same jobs. This, too,

is a major change in the human condition. (Drucker, (Spring 000), p.1)

In Druckers article Knowledge Means Managing Oneself he emphasizes the

importance of knowledge in that employees should be knowledgeably

well-rounded within the company. It is not good enough for employees to

segregate their knowledge to one aspect of the business. This means too that

it can only benefit the employee to be able to comprehend the process of the

finance department as well as human resources department.

Many managers would agree that the effectiveness of their organizations

would be at least doubled if they could discover how to tap the unrealized

potential present in their human resources. (McGregor (160), p.4)

McGregor says that although it is wise to tap into past experiences as

reference for management it is not enough. Every managerial act rests on

assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis - theory. p.6

Kouzes/Posner, authors of Leadership Challenge, have comprised the Five

Practices of Exemplary Leadership. The first is Model the Way, encouraging

leaders to find their voice, their passion and what drives them to excel.

By finding a clear and concise voice to lead with conveys a smooth line in

which to guide employees. Competetence, establishing values and setting

examples are also elements of modeling the way. The second, is Inspired

Shared Vision, which ?

Creating trust by building respect within a group. Its important to allow

yourself to trust in others and be open to their influence. If there is not

trust, there is no open line for which knowledge to flow. Kouzes/Posner

emphasizes interdependence by encouraging others to lead. The need to listen

is imperative as is practicing humility by making one self vulnerable. Like

with any relationship, if a wall is built around the heart for protection,

true love may not be able to penetrate and flourish. Being closed off from

anyone is detrimental to a persons growth.

Being open to others ideas is essential to creating the best situations for

a company. One person cannot be omnipotent, nor all knowing. Ego so often

gets in the way of greatness and such behavior has ruined companies as well

as entire nations. Unfortunately, I have seen the ego in overdrive in many

work environments. The upside to this otherwise tainted experience is that

I have observed and learned from the mistakes of those who let power go to

their head. This is not to say that by observing and learning I am now not

inclined to follow suit, but that I am not an egomaniac by nature, so it is

my hope that if given power I would not abuse it nor abuse those around me

due to a good moral fiber.

The Third Practice of Exemplary Leadership is Challenge the Process. This

practice encourages leaders to think outside the box and forge new paths to

success. By searching out opportunities, experimenting and taking risks.

Fourth is Enable Others to Act. Basically, this ties in with expanding the

creative process and letting others add to the mix through fostering

collaboration. Fifth and finally there is Encourage the Heart which is

where relationships and trust are formed and maintained. By recognizing

others talents and efforts with reward systems or celebrations. This is

what makes people feel less than like a number and more like a valued cog in

the corporate wheel.

Stephen R. Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People touts

the 7 Habits that foster success in people. In order to begin the 7 Habits,

Covey feels that one must first achieve the paradigm shift, which means to

change ones perception of the world. A paradigm is when one is conditioned

to see things one way, then comes the paradigm shift. In Coveys book, he

uses the example of a man and his rambunctious children getting on the

subway. The man is obviously exhausted and off in his own world of thought.

The passengers on the train are getting annoyed that the man is not paying

attention to his unruly children. One brave passenger decides to let this

man know that they dont appreciate his ignorance. When the passenger lets

the man know his thoughts, the exhausted man apologizes and informs him that

he and his children has just come from the hospital where his mother had

just passed. The moral of the story is that what this annoyed passenger

perceived as a rude situation was really quite excuseable and in turn took

the passenger from feelings of anger to that of compassion and sympathy. In

In order to achieve this shift, Covey outlines several exercises which aid

the individual.

It is imporant for leaders to shift paradigms frequently so that they do not

fall into a rut of one-way thinking and bias. Not only is this important

practice as it relates to business ideas and practices, but also with people

in general. Once the shift has occurred, then the Habits are introduced.

1. Be proactive. If I wasnt proactive with my education I would only sit

and wish that I could achieve my dreams, instead I make it happen. . Begin

with the End in Mind. A person must have goals and in order to have

direction. Its not that I need to have my entire life planned out in

detail, but it is important to envision outcomes as a way to keep oneself

motivated to stay the course. . Put First Things First. This is a slogan I

have used in my life for many years. To me, it means I need to take things

step by step and not overwhelm myself. If I spent my days projecting

situational outcomes I would be deluged with unfounded fear of the unknown.

4. Think Win/Win encompasses five dimensions. The first dimension is

character, of which is the foundation of his Win/Win theory. Integrity leads

the list followed by maturity. Covey puts into words what I believe all my

convictions are based on. The definition of emotional maturity - ˜The

ability to express ones own feelings and convictions balanced with

emotional consideration for the thoughts and feelings of otherss. This is

how I try to live my life, being kind hearted and thoughtful of others

feelings.5. Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood. This is obvious

in that it is essential in any relationship to listen in order to have that

action reciprocated which results in communication. 6. Synergize. The

essence of synergy is to value differences - to respect them, to build on

strengths, to compensate for weaknesses. (Covey, ( ), p. 6) 7.

Sharpen the Saw. This means to keep all of the other habits sharp and tuned.

If you are disciplined and then begin to slack, it will not be long before

you are no longer disciplined.

Covey also touts the Universal Resolutions in his article, Three

Resolutions. If you want to overcome the pull of the past those powerful

restraining forces of habit, custom and culture to bring about desired

change, count the costs and rally the necessary resources. (Covey, (16,

18), p. 1) The first has to do with appetites and passions. By overcoming

bad habits that lead to poor health one can be open mind, body and spirit to

higher energy and change. To do this one needs self-discipline a principle

which also relies on the principles of temperance and consistency. The

second has to do with overcoming the restraining forces of pride and

pretension. Living in harmony with your core values and principles (p.

) is a guaranteed way to keep from getting too large an ego. I

The essence of these Three Resolutions is so that the individual can be free

to transform and excel without the baggage of excess weighing them down.

Oddly enough, the Third Resolution is to overcome the restraining forces of

aspiration and ambition. Coveys reasoning is that if one person is too

self serving then the company will suffer. If people are looking out for

number one and whats in it for me, they will have no sense of

stewardship no sense of being an agent for worthy principles, purposes and

causes. They become a law unto themselves, a principal. (p. 4) Therefore,

Covey says that humility is the mother of all other virtues because it

promotes stewardship and once that is in place, all good things will come.

When leaders need subordinates to work for the better good of the company,

behavioral and motivational techniques are needed. The average human being

has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. (McGregor,

(160), p. ) This is what McGregor refers to as Theory X, the traditional

view. It is his belief that this has been a common belief throughout time.

The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid

responsibility, has relatively little ambition, wants security above all.

(p.4)

To summarize, Theory Y states that working should be as natural a process as

recreational activities, but how do you tap into the natural desire to work?

Punishment is not the only way to entice people to produce and that

self-actualization, or satisfaction derived from producing good work, is a

motivating factor unto itself. Therefore, it is wise to stroke the ego with

praise.

The similarities among these theorists lie deep within the human heart. In

stark contrast of management and leadership styles prior to the second half

of the 1st Century, when it was common practice for superiors to lead with

an iron fist and instill fear in their subordinates in order to make them

comply, the new style is that of nurturing and generating compliance through

loyalty, self-esteem and empowerment. These theorists share a common thread

that centers in the heart. They recommend a nurturing approach to management

and leadership. They emphasize the importance of praise, feedback and

listening. These are characteristics most often found in close intimate

relationships, which brings us back to relationship building as being a key

concept in motivating people to work hard and be loyal to you and/or the

company as a whole.

Peter F. Drucker, author of The Effective Executive, felt that habit and

practice must be learned in order to be effective. He is one of the early

0th Century theorist who forged his way into motivational research in a

time when white men in gray suits were the norm of the day. His theories are

more clear and focused as opposed to his more modern counterparts in that he

is not as concerned with the hearts and feelings of workers, or at least he

does not articulate as much in his book, but he does care how about getting

the most out of the worker by examining what it is they want for their extra

effort.

At the time of Druckers research, manual workers were the majority. Factory

line workers had only one goal, to produce allotted production. They were

judged according to quantity not quality. Today, due to the vast growth of

corporate institutions, the worker is relied upon for their knowledge and

expertise. Workers come to the plate educated in theory in concepts of their

respective fields. They are ready to contribute their all to the company.

This shift from manual workers to expertise driven employees is where

Druckers theory is born. He believes that going from doing it right,

following instruction and producing according to daily quotas, to getting

the right things done in order to be more effective. It is one thing to

create impressive and intelligent materials, but not conducive if it falls

short of the desired outcome. If effectiveness is lacking in his work, his

commitment to work and to contribution will soon wither, and he will become

a timer-server going through the motionsto 5. (Drucker, (166, 167),

p. 4)

Drucker emphasizes getting the right things done (p. 1) The first of his

theories is that effectiveness can be learned. In order to be effective, one

must adhere to some basic princples of discipline. It is not enough to be

knowledgable and creative. By implementing time management skills through

via discarding any action that wastes time and which could be better

utilized. Another suggestion toward effectiThird, where and how to mobilize

strengths for best effectiveness is contribution. Drucker believes this is

key. What this means is rather than spending valuable time within the

trenches micro-managing, it is wiser to forward think. Kouzes/Posner also

believed in forward thinking as a way to stay ahead of the competition as

well as to keep the company fresh. Setting up right priorities ties

together all the other elements to produce effective decision making.

Knowledge work is not defined by quantity. Neither is knowledge work

defined by its costs. Knowledge work is defined by its results. (Drucker,

(Spring 000), p. 7)

Covey , Drucker, Depsain, Kouzes and Posner all agree various values;

integrity, honesty, humility, and the list goes on. Not all theorists

prioritize their value systems in the same order. In the Leadership

Challenge, the first there are The reason these three lead the list Cause

and Effect With manual labor, such as line-workers in a factory, the need

for self-actualization may not apply. In this case, however, it is still

important to treat the worker with respect. Unfortunately, not all managers

have taken to the human touch.

Credibility is mentioned in most by most of the theorists as being a key

component to building trust. A leader must walk the talk by participating

in the values and ethics laid out to employess.

When you come to work in the morning, youre expected to behave in this

manner. And we will, too. I promise you that. (Despain, (00), p. 155)

Participation by unleashing peoples potential - It is the leaders job to

strike a match, to light the employees potential. To do that requires the

leader to undo any structures and systems that might snuff it out. If she

can, people will be able to work up to their full potential, and amazing

things can happen. (Rosen, (16), p. 114)

James Despain, although not a theorist by trade, wrote his book And Dignity

for All, Unlocking Greatness with Values-Based Leadership, and in this book

he conveyed his journey from worker to working leader. He and his employees

devised a ten step guideline called Our Common Values in order to

communicate, particpate and integrate his employees to come together as a

community in order to achieve common goals. His focus on diminishing ego

driven leadership and making the employees a valued commodity.

As Despain learned along his personal journey, so to has todays human

resources industry. As the corporate climate has changed in the past fifty

years to include women, so to has corporate culture changed to that of a

more nurturing and mentoring environment. Learning by mastering the

mentoring process and liberating the human spirit. We are reflections of

our experience. That experience includes whom we know and how we make use of

those contacts. Networking is a vital part of survival in business. As we

learn from others along the journey, so too is it only fair that we give

back to those who are beginning their own journeys. Liberating the human

spirit, To sustain such growth, people must be willing to grow and renew

themselves at all times. And the organization must always be seeking better

ideas and better results. ( p.188)

A leader creates an ideal direction for the organization to take in order to

achieve the ultimate success. Successful leaders make the whole greater

than the sum of its parts. They take charge of the organization and feel a

sense of obligation and responsibility for making things happen. This can

only occur if the leader has a mental image of the ideal organization he

wants to create. (p.). Robert H. Rosen believes the key elements of

leadership after trust are trust by sharing yourself.

My goals going forward in this program and in life is to make my voice heard

and more than my voice, my message as well. I want to encompass grace,

humility, integrity, pride, love, empathy, honesty and hope. I want to walk

my talk each day and if I can make an impact on one person, I will have been

a successful leader.

References

Kouzes, J.M., & Posner, B.Z. (00).Leadership Challenge(rd ed)

San FranciscoJossey-Bass

Drucker, P. (166, 167).The Effective Executive

New York, Evanston and LondonHarper & Row

Despain, J. (00).And Dignity for All, Unlocking Greatness with Values-Based Leadership

New JerseyPearson Education, Inc.

Drucker, P. (Spring 000).Managing Knowledge Means Managing Oneself Leader to Leader.

8-10Retrieved from http//www.druckerfoundation.com

Covey, S. (11).Three Resolutions Covey Leadership Center and Franklin Covey.

Retrieved from http//www.peoplesuccess.com/covey1.htm

Rosen, R. (16).Leading People

New YorkPenguin Books

Covey, S. (18). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People; Powerful Lessons in Personal Change

New YorkFireside and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

McGregor, D. (160).The Human Side of Enterprise

New YorkMcGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

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How does Willy Russell Convey Social and Cultural Background in 'Our Day Out'?

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Willy Russell has written many plays over the last thirty years, but there is one feature that is common to all of them the issue of social and cultural background. This is the situation of the characters; their surroundings; their class; the society in which they are brought up, and the culture of that society. It is this that can lead to the behaviour, feelings, opinions and general outlook of the characters. Russell explores the effects that society and culture can have on people in all his plays, but in none is it so poignant as in 'Our Day Out', the story of what happens when Mrs Kay takes her Progress class out of inner-city Liverpool on a school trip to Conwy Castle, Wales.

Throughout 'Our Day Out' the issue of social and cultural background is ever-present, but it is discussed and conveyed in many different forms; the colloquial dialect Russell uses; the symbolism that is featured; the behaviour and attitudes of the children; the way that people react to these children, and the insights we get into their family lives.

Willy Russell himself said that he writes for the theatre because 'it's concerned with the spoken rather than the written word'. In 'Our Day Out' we see the importance of the spoken word through the language that the children use. Having grown up and taught at a Comprehensive school in Liverpool, Russell knows the Liverpudlian dialect perfectly, and he uses his knowledge to give a truly representative feel to the play. The children use words such as 'agh'ey', 'ooer', and 'nott'n', and the authentic language that the children use help to make the play feel more real. Because Russell writes the words as they would be spoken in a Liverpudlian accent, we can't help but speak in a Liverpudlian accent when reading the play, and this again adds to the authenticity. The children also use slang words. For example, they refer to the Corporation as 'The Corpy', bonfire night as 'bommy night', and cigarettes as 'ciggies'. In any society, the colloquial dialect is an essential part of the culture, and the use of it in 'Our Day Out' forcefully conveys to the audience the essence of the background of these children.

Symbolism plays a significant part in 'Our Day Out', because it gives Russell the opportunity to display how the children feel about their hopeless situations, without having to state it in the text or put it in the dialogue. This is important because the children don't necessarily know how they feel, or if they do they can't express it, so to put it in the dialogue would be inconsistent with their characters. If Russell had put it in the stage directions it would not be experienced to its full impact when people see the play on television or on the stage. Russell also probably didn't want to be so explicit; some things, such as the knowledge of the hopelessness of the children's situations and the destitution they are facing, are more poignant and affecting when implied through some form of symbolism rather than directly stated.

The two most obvious symbols in the play are the analogies of the bear in the pit at the zoo and the goldfish in the bag Carol wins at the fair. In the first case the bear represents the children, and the pit represents Liverpool. The children are trapped in this place that they can't escape from, and the sad fact is, society doesn't want them to escape. Russell said, 'Whilst the working classes are accused of being philistines, there is a general attempt in this country to withhold culture from them'. Mrs Kay echoes this sentiment when she tells Mr Briggs that he 'won't educate them (the children) because nobody wants them educating'. The bear is trapped in the pit because of an outside force, in this case, humans. He hasn't actually done anything wrong but he is persecuted all the same, just for being a bear. In the bear's case this is reasonable because we know that bear's are dangerous, but in the children's it isn't. They are kept in their 'pit' due to no fault of their own, and have it impressed upon them that it is. Carol tells Mrs Kay, 'Couldn't have nothin' like this (the sea, fields and castle) round our way' and when Mrs Kay asks why not, she says, 'Cos we'd only wreck it, wouldn't we?…That's why we never have nothin' nice round our way- cos we'd just smash it up.' The stigma surrounding the working-class was maybe born out of myth, but if someone expects you to behave in a certain way, you begin to. These children have been brought up with people expecting them to shoplift and destroy things, so now they do, and that just increases the prejudice towards them. The vicious cycle of the self-fulfilling prophecy continues. After the discovery of the bear, the ensuing conversation is plainly related to the children's situation. Ronson declares that he thinks keeping the bear in the pit is 'cruel' and Briggs replies that it's not cruel 'if it's treated well' and that 'it was born in captivity so it won't know any other sort of life.' Ronson thinks it does, and then another girl says, 'it was born in a cage an' it's lived all its life in a pit, well, it won't know nothin' else so it won't want nothin' else'. Ronson argues that 'It kills them (people) cos they're cruel to it. They keep it in a pit so when it gets out it's bound to be mad an' wanna kill people.' Ronson probably doesn't realise as he's saying this, how relevant it is to his situation. He goes on to say that 'it must know about other ways of living, sir. Y' know, free, like the way people have stopped it livin'. It only kills people cos it's trapped an' people are always stood lookin' at it. If it was free it wouldn't bother people at all.' Andrews argues 'Bears kill y' cos it's in them t' kill y'.' This whole dialogue is representative of the children, and parallels their situations, though the children are completely ignorant of this. This symbolism is very powerful because it really makes the audience consider the desperation of the children's circumstances, and Ronson's innocent compassion towards the bear is nothing short of endearing. We also see that Briggs' attitude towards the bear is the same as towards the children; he doesn't really credit them with any sort of idea of what they're facing, only with ignorance.

The second obvious metaphor is the goldfish in the bag. At the end of the play, when they have arrived back at school, Carol 'walk(s) along the street with the goldfish in her grasp'. The goldfish is again signifying the children, and the bag in which it is contained, Liverpool. The goldfish is trapped, but here there is a new element. The plastic bag is not a pleasant environment for the goldfish, but if you take it out of that environment it will not be able to survive; it will die. This is obviously how Russell felt about the children, though probably not in quite such simple terms. Whilst the society of inner city Liverpool is not the best for the children, if you take them out of the familiar environment and culture they know, they will no doubt flounder and struggle in the alien surroundings. While it is unlikely they should die, they will not prosper, as they will always be outsiders in a world that they do not understand and a culture of which they are completely ignorant. The symbolism is a means for Russell to expand his views on the situation of these children, and without it he wouldn't have been able to express himself nearly so fully or extensively.

We gain probably our greatest insight into the children's social and cultural background through their own behaviour and attitudes. The characterisation is so detailed and this characterisation so consistent that we cannot fail to get what we feel are valid, sincere impressions of the backgrounds of the children and the way they have been brought up, though doubtlessly some of their reactions are as a consequence to people's behaviour towards them.

At the beginning of scene one the description tells us that 'kids are pushing, shoving, rushing, ambling, leering and jeering.' This gives the impression that the children are perhaps slightly rough in their movements and not terribly decorous, as all these verbs are quite vigorous and forceful. At the beginning of scene four the children are described as 'excited' and 'lively'. They are obviously looking forward to the school trip as is natural but perhaps to a greater degree than normal because of the few times they have been out of Liverpool. As Mr Briggs says, 'for some of them it's the first time they've been further than Birkenhead.' When the driver of the coach insists that Mrs Kay checks the children for chocolate and lemonade before letting them on the coach, Mrs Kay asks them to raise their hands if they have any, and all the children look back at her; 'A sea of dumb faces and unraised hands.' Then while Mrs Kay is telling the driver how 'the kids with (her) today don't know what it is to look at a bar of chocolate' and 'Lemonade never touches their lips', all the children are 'stuffing themselves with sweets and lemonade.' Though when the driver comes back on the bus it all disappears. The children have no shame in lying to the teacher, even when the driver is so much affected by Mrs Kay's talk that he gives one of the children money to go and buy as much lemonade and chocolate as he can. It is obvious that the children have been brought up to do whatever is necessary to look after themselves, even on a small scale such as this. This tactic is apparent again when Reilly and Digga order the 'little kid' off the back seat, where they want to sit. Mr Briggs tells the children before they depart that he's 'driven in (his) car behind school coaches and seen it. A mass of little hands raised in two-fingered gestures to the passing cars.' When Briggs asks 'But we won't do that will we?' All the children chorus 'No Sir.' But as soon as the coach pulls away, 'Thousands of little fingers raise in a V-sign out of the windows.' Defiance of a teacher whom the children neither like nor respect is not a rare thing at any school, but I know from my own experience that it would never have occurred to me to make obscene gestures out of coach windows; such behaviour would have been alien to my upbringing. In all likelihood, these children have seen their parents, their families use such gestures and have picked it up from there. It highlights the society of which they a part.

As the coach leaves the city, Digga and Reilly 'light up', and later when questioned by Briggs, Andrews reveals that he has been smoking 'since (he) was eight' and now, at the age of thirteen, he is unable to give up. I think this is one of the most poignant moments in the play; Briggs is faced with a thirteen year-old who can't stop smoking, and who says that his father 'belts' him, not because he is smoking, but because he won't give him a cigarette. This conversation that Andrews has with Briggs reveals a lot about his family background, and through that the social and cultural background. We learn that Andrews' parents are not concerned that there son smokes, and that his father 'comes round every now an' then an' has a barney with (his) mam' and 'then he goes off again.' Andrews thinks that 'he tries to get money off her (Andrews' mother) but she won't give it him though. She hates him.' Andrews says, 'We all hate him.' After Andrews has said this there is a pause because Briggs doesn't seem to know what to say. It is also revealed slightly earlier, when Andrews wants a cigarette from Reill from studentcentral.co.uk y and Digga but can't have one because he hasn't got any money, that his mother is a prostitute. Digga says 'your ma's loaded' and when Andrews disagrees Reilly says 'Well she should be…all the fellers she picks up on the Parly.' At this point we suddenly feel a real compassion for Andrews; he has no future and no stable family unit to fall back on. Russell reveals the dysfunctional and almost tragic background that Andrews, and doubtlessly some of the other children, come from in such a way as makes it more affecting. In the same scene it is revealed that Reilly's mother is dead, when Reilly says, 'Sir, I swear on me mother.' and Digga tells Briggs not to believe him, 'How can he swear on his mother. She's been dead for ten years.' Then Reilly tells Briggs that his dad works on the docks and 'He hates it.' When Briggs asks, 'His job or the place?' Reilly replies 'The whole lot.' With these sorts of backgrounds it is hardly surprising that these children are in the Progress class, and that they smoke, swear and behave the way they do, 'like animals.' Parents shape the people their children become, and their behaviour can influence a child more than they may know, as we see in 'Our Day Out'.

In scene fifteen, at the caf where they stop on the way to the castle, we see more of the children's 'animal' behaviour. Russell simply describes the scene; 'The counter cannot be seen for pushing, impatient kids…As the orders are shouted, the kids are robbing stuff left, right and centre.' We get the feeling that the children are fairly proficient when it comes to shoplifting; 'it's the usual trick but the two men are falling for it- the kids point to jars high up, as the men turn their backs, so racks of chocolate bars disappear into eager pockets.' Russell depicts the scene in a comic manner, as with the whole play, and as a result we don't fell the need to condemn the children, especially as Mac and John, the two men who run the shop, put the prices up as soon as they see the coach full of children approaching, saying 'We'll milk this little lot.' I suppose these children have had the survival instinct instilled in them from a very early age, and have learnt the most effective way of getting what they want, regardless of any unspoken moral codes of society, or maybe in their society the 'rules' are different.

We see this same disregard for authority when the children visit the children's zoo and fall in love with the various rabbits, guinea pigs, gerbils and bantam hens. They know they are not supposed to touch them, as Carol tells Ronson as he strokes a rabbit ''Ey you. Y' not supposed t' touch them.' Ronson answers by 'picking up the rabbit and gently stroking it.' When Carol 'reaches over to join him…he pulls it close to him protectively', so Carol decides to get one of her own and picks up a guinea pig. A little later Russell says 'More kids have followed Ronson's example. Quite a few of them are clutching furry friends.' A little later again Russell says 'The animal pit is empty. The children have gone.' The coach is just about to leave when an animal keeper flags it down and strides on board. He is shouting angrily, calling the children 'animals'. He demands of the children, 'Where are they?' and 'the kids look back innocently'. A moment later a clucking hen is heard and a bantam is revealed hidden under a child's coat. The keeper demands the rest, and 'There's a moment's hesitation before the floodgates are opened. Animals appear from every conceivable hiding place. The coach becomes a menagerie.' But this failed attempt to appropriate the animals was about more than simply the children seeing what they wanted and taking it. If there is one thing that becomes apparent through the insights we get into the family lives of the children, it is how void they are of love and affection. This is why Carol 'has her arm linked through Mrs Kay's and is snuggled up to her'. She is looking for some affection, as the narrative makes obvious when stating, 'They look more like mother and daughter than teacher and pupil.' This is why the children took the animals; to have something of their own to love and care for. For me, this somewhat infantile, and quite comical deed revealed so much about the children. While they might put on a nonchalant, blas persona, these remedial kids really do care that they don't have a stable, loving family, and this is why they look to Mrs Kay as a mother figure, and why Mrs Kay doesn't try and stop them doing so.

After they have visited the castle they go to the beach, and here we see the same desire of affection that was exhibited earlier. The children look to Mrs Kay as a friend, and this is demonstrated when the children are paddling with her in the water while Briggs sits on his own. Mrs Kay starts to chase Kevin and eventually catches him. Kevin 'is hardly able to run because of laughing so much.' Mrs Kay turns him upside down and ducks his head under the water. He starts to complain that he 'might get a cold' so Mrs Kay 'reaches in her bag and produces a towel. She wraps the towel around Kevin's head and rubs vigorously.' Beneath the towel Kevin is 'beaming and happy'. There is something extremely poignant and almost tragic about these children's desperate need for love and attention, and how even something as small as having their hair dried with a towel by a teacher can make them vastly happy.

There are two key contrasting views of the children's social and cultural environment in 'Our Day Out' the children's perspective and the teachers'. The teachers are painfully aware of the children's hopeless situations, while the children seem to be blissfully ignorant of the impoverished futures they are inheriting from society. We witness how events turn as Carol is transported from ignorance to awareness, and gains an adult's perception of her true situation, though she maintains only a child's understanding of her new insights.

Throughout the play we see the two conflicting approaches to teaching of Mrs Kay and Mr Briggs. However different their methods are, they are both, however, affected by the knowledge that the education of these remedial children is, in some degrees, futile. We just find that Mrs Kay is more openly conscious of it and readier to acknowledge it.

Mrs Kay has adapted her teaching style to these children; she has accepted the partial futility of teaching them, and instead just wants them to have fun. Mr Briggs on the other hand, doesn't want to allow that the education system has failed these children, because if he does, the foundations of his training and the meaning he attaches to it, will crumble, as we observe when he and Mrs Kay have a some-what heated discussion at the castle. She tells him that 'There's no in point pretending that a day out to Wales is going to furnish them with the education they should have had long ago. It's too late for them…We're not going to solve anything today. Can't we just try and give them a good day out?' Mr Briggs replies 'Well, that's a fine attitude isn't it? That's a fine attitude for a member of the teaching profession to have.' He doesn't seem able to handle the notion that in this case education is meaningless; he has to go on fooling himself because if he doesn't, his whole stability and security will disintegrate. He won't allow himself to realise the truth until it is thrust in his face, somewhat painfully, when he has to prevent Carol Chandler from throwing herself of a cliff, because she cannot stand the thought of returning to Liverpool. She has had a glimpse of what she cannot ever hope to aspire to, as Mrs Kay is obviously aware of when Carol asks her, 'if I started to work hard now an' learned how to read…Well, d' y' think I'd be able t' live in one of them nice places?' and Mrs Kay pauses, and replies 'Well you could try, couldn't you love.' Mrs Kay clearly doesn't want to disillusion Carol, but nor does she want to lie to her and give her false hopes.

The irony is that while Briggs refuses to accept the truth of the matter, he also doesn't believe that the children have any chance of succeeding. As he gets on the coach at the beginning of the play, he says to Mrs Kay, 'You've got some real bright sparks here, Mrs Kay. A right bunch.' and 'There's a few of 'em I could sling off right now.' He continues this sort of prejudiced behaviour towards the children throughout the play, and doesn't credit them with any form of intellect whatsoever. When he is faced with a suicidal Carol, he seems unable to believe that Carol is being serious; he thinks she is 'silly' and tries to intimidate her into leaving the cliff. Carol refuses and he is surprised by her obstinacy, not really taking her seriously. But when he realises that she isn't just attention seeking, it makes a very forceful impression on him. Briggs changes, he becomes softer and loses his school master persona. He treats Carol as a real person, rather than as just another working-class, remedial child. From this point he transforms; he takes the children to a fair and is photographed on the waltzers, the big wheel, eating candyfloss, and with a cowboy hat on his head, handing a goldfish in a bag to Carol. We assume this metamorphosis is permanent, but we later see how hard it is for Mr Briggs to forget the principles by which he has lived his life, both in the classroom, and doubtlessly out of it.

Until the scene on the cliff, we don't realise how much Carol has been harmed by her social and cultural background, or how aware she is of the desperation of her situation. This knowledge almost led her to kill herself, and the question that Willy Russell is begging us to ask is whether ignorance is better than awareness, and whether Mrs Kay has done more harm than good by allowing the children one glorious taste of what they could never hope to have. She wanted to give them a good day out, but she also showed them the world that isn't within the grasp of these children; she made them aware of what they haven't got and could never hope to have, and Mrs Kay knows that as well as Carol does when she tells Mr Briggs, 'Don't be friggin' stupid' after he has suggested that if she works hard and gets a good job she could move to somewhere nice when she's old enough.

When I read 'Our Day Out', I don't see it as a fictional play, but as a window opening onto an unceasing society and a culture wholly different from my own. It doesn't seem as if it is a story, but a documentary, and I think this extent of authenticity can only be reached when the playwright has direct experiences to draw on such as Willy Russell has. He has lived and worked in this society, so although the characters are entirely fictional, to some degree the story isn't. The poignancy and intensity of the play is somewhat masked in places by the comedy, but we do catch glimpses of the hopeless, desperate situation these children are facing. As Mrs Kay says, 'Ten years ago you could teach them to stand in a line, you could teach them to obey, to expect little more than a lousy factory job. But now they haven't even got that to aim for…There's nothing for them to do, any of them; most of them were born for factory fodder, but the factories have closed down.' Throughout the play this is the underlying tone, and the subtle way that Russell conveys this message heightens the effect when it comes. This day out is simply an oasis; one day of fun out of their whole lives, and at the end of it we see how the glimmer of something bright and beautiful makes it all the harder to turn your eyes back to the grey and mundane.

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A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TODAY'S MANAGERS; THE WORLD WIDE WEB

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The World Wide Web

ABSTRACT

The World Wide Web has been an innovating concept from which many entities haveHelp with essay on A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TODAY'S MANAGERS; THE WORLD WIDE WEB

prospered a great deal. Having a well-constructed strategic plan has been the key

element for managers in the different areas of this vast world, which in turn help them

deal with the ever-changing world of computers, and it's amazing pace. There are many

individuals who have decided to take on the challenge of the Internet without having the

aforementioned strategic plan, in the long run; this has being the essence for their

failure. Many dot-com companies have come and gone from the very beginnings of the

implementation of this Internet concept however the Internet itself remains the same.

The World Wide Web

Introduction

The Internet consists of thousands of connected networks around the world. A

network is a collection of computers that are connected to share information. In

the late 160's the U.S. Defense Department began the Internet as a military

research project. The government created a network that covered a large

geographic area and that could withstand a nuclear attack. If part of the network

failed, information could find a new route around the disable computers. This

network quickly grew to include scientists and researchers across the country and

eventually included schools, businesses, organizations and individuals around the

world.

The World Wide Web is part of the Internet and consists of a huge collection of

documents stored on computers around the world. A Web page is a document on

the Web, this document can include text, images sound and videos. A Web server

is a computer that stores Web pages and makes the pages available on the Web

for other people to view. A Web site is a collection of Web pages maintained by a

college, university, government agency, company, organization or individual.

The World Wide Web 4

This research is intended to prove that the reason why dot-com companies fail is

due to managerial shortcomings. From the omission of a well-rounded strategic

plan to customer relation's pitfalls, the manager is ultimately responsible for the

failure or success of the business, specially those that customer relationship are

from a distance.With statistical data to back up this hypothesis, my intention is

to help any and all individuals that decide to take up on the challenge to become a

manager of your own business via the Internet, to become familiar with the

endless possibilities and or requirements to be successful. There are steps for

creating a successful business on the Internet.

1.Plan what you want to accomplish with your pages.

.Gather information

.Organize the information

4 Edit your information

5.Publish your information

First and foremost, plan what you want to accomplish with your pages. Notice

that I did not say business, but pages. The reason is simple, start with small baby steps

rather than trying to accomplish too much at the beginning, this approach will pay off

later. A strategic plan is crucial for success, but how do I get one? You don't have to be

an expert at the beginning (although it helps) to implement one. Just think of what do you

really want your site to offer to your customers. You need to offer something that is

unique and that people will accept as valuable. This is called utility.

Gather information about your competitors, your customer targeted, or their specific needs, and then try to see how your business can satisfy those needs. Using an analysis that identifies your business strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), to help you see were you are standing. When I use the term business, it also means site, for we are talking about your business on the Internet.

Organizing the information means to try to narrow it down to just the essentials. I will give you an example of a site that did not do that hence it's failure. A new computer site was started and the developers did not foresee that they were offering too many different product assortments, so they continued to provide services. Time passed and the demand became too great for the site to handle, so in term they had to stop providing their services. This is a case were the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied, which is not good for your site.

Editing and publishing your information go hand to hand, but are separate subjects altogether. You need to have someone with a strong grammatical comprehension to review your site before publishing. There is nothing more disturbing to customers that to see that your site is not accurate. Although a disclaimer will alleviate most of your grammatical errors as far as legality is concern, you need to take time to review your site

prior to the publication of the site, which by the way is not an easy task to do.

By giving you a step-by-step analysis of how? And why? dot-com companies do not succeed, I intend to make you (the reader) aware of the fact that a knowledgeable manager is a successful one when it comes to dot-com companies. The process is rather simple, yet so complicated! Why so many dot-com companies have failed? How did they fail? These and many other questions will be answered through this research.

Neither the research nor the findings in these studies have being conducted before, so the empirical data was based on my own findings and or experiences with the World Wide Web as it relates to my own business. I hope that by reading this article some enlightenment will open your horizon if you are interested in any way to pursue a career in the world of the dot-com business.

The World Wide Web 5

Methods

1. The Internet

The quickest way to search on any subject on the Internet is by visiting one of the many search engines that are available. Yahoo for instance, is one of the major ones. Type any word, and if the search engine has a topic related to that word, it will appear right in front of your eyes. When you type domains in yahoo search engine, there will be a reference to thousands and thousands of sites. This information gives you the Uniform Resource Locator or (URL) for the many sites on the Internet.

There are roughly 1.5 million sites for business on the Internet today, yet not all of them are active. That means that not all of them have kept their URL working as their default URL. Sound complicated but it is not, in other words, these businesses are not operating anymore. Type http//www.business4u.com on your computer, and you will see that and ERROR page will appear. This is for two reasons, either the URL is not a valid domain or the URL is no longer the default URL. This concept is very unique for businesses on the Internet. Today you could be running a profitable business but tomorrow, you may not be there at all.

Hackers have seen these phenomena and have taken advantages of the situation. High price items, for instance, may be offered over the Internet on a bogus site, once the sale is final, the hacker would collect the money, and do the process all over again. This practice is unregulated based on the 1st amendment to our constitution, Freedom of Speech. Anybody can publish a site, regardless of the authenticity of it, on the Internet. There is even a site on the Internet that would teach you how to do bogus sites to profit with fast easy money, and it's legal. Due to the legality of it, the site will not be listed.

The best way to conduct a business is to do it ethically, thus I do not approve of an individual or a company that conducts illegal hacker operations to profit from it.

. The library

The book Creating Stores On The Web by Joe Cataudella 1, gives the reader a broad approach before you tackle the Internet Business world, for it is a comprehensive approach as to what to do to be successful in the business."If you are the management type, you might just outsource the entire project, set the goals, pay the expert to build you a killer store, and watch the cash roll in." Some people however live in the real world, so if you would want to learn some fundamentals and dig in a little so that you could keep

costs low, then more power to you. "The best management comes from being able to do the work but choosing, for the compelling reasons, not to."

The World Wide Web 6

The book Customers. COM by Patricia B. Seybold explains to the reader how to create a profitable business strategy for the Internet. This book was published in 18 and was an inspiration for many dot-com companies to follow the outline step-by-step method of implementation for a successful dot-com business. The book even illustrates eight critical success factors with case studies for entrepreneurship in the dot-com world.

There were many other books utilized for the purpose of this research study. All of these books talked about the success of the Internet business but not a single one talked about the failures. For this reason, I utilized statistical data to make inferences to the mean population based from a sample mean.

. Statistics

A sample mean from a population indicates that from the whole population, a researcher would take sample at random from that population to conduct the studies. For a research to be legit, the sample mean must be randomly selected. Biases from the selection process, would hinder the research study results.

The study must be conducted as a double blind study. This means that neither the researcher nor the subjects are aware of their placement in the studies. In other words, they do not know which subjects are part of the control and which ones are parts of the research itself. The control subjects would get placebo from whichever the researcher is inquiring about. This method of research is useful for the authenticity of the research.

To use statistic research on the Internet phenomena for dot-com companies, the double blind study was performed. From the research the Null hypothesis was utilized, and inference about the population mean was obtained.

4. Surveys

A total of 100 people were surveyed via the Internet as part of this research. The data was collected and statistically analyzed. The downfall of the survey always comes from the rate of response to the survey. To motivate people to answer back the survey is not an easy task.Telephonic surveys were utilized as well, with on the spot feedback related to the subject, however, availability of resources for the people surveyed, was not always the most suitable to obtain an empirical response.

The World Wide Web 7

Results

By utilizing the research methods aforementioned herein, I have come to the understanding that, most of the Internet businesses studied herein, which do not follow the techniques aforementioned in the books, have followed the pattern established by dot-com companies that have failed. The managers for the most part, were not involved in the development of the strategic plan for the company or with the everyday decision making process of the company.

STATISTICAL DATA

COMPANIES THAT SUCCEEDCOMPANIES THAT FAILED

Have knowledgeable managersHad no managers

Have Customer Services availableHad no Customer Services

Are Strategically Planed business orientedHad no plan whatsoever

Have conducted a SWOT analysisHad no SWOT analysis on hand

RATE OF RESPONCE

The Null hypothesis of managerial pitfalls was the cause for the failure could not be rejected. The omega value of .005 was utilized for the studies. Statistical programs available through the Internet were utilized to analyze the data. The data was also manually analyzed.The inference was made from the sample mean to apply to the population mean utilizing T tests of statistical analysis, as well as Z scores of statistical analysis.

Telephonic surveys were also analyzed using the same procedure, however, the Null hypothesis could not be rejected nor accepted. This is because the return sample rate of the sample mean was not proportional to the population mean. In other words, by

The World Wide Web 8

not everyone being able to respond the questions due to unavailability of resources, the inference could not be established.

It is important to mention that several sources of information could be misleading in that many of the subjects studied have applied the disclosure clause to their site hence the data could not be analyzed. This means that many site owners or developers would write a disclaimer form in their site to prevent data from being collected. An example disclaimer would look like this

Disclaimer for all Services and or Information presented at this Website

The Company shall have no liability for the services provided or accuracy of the information contained herein, or for delays, misplacements or omissions. The Company shall not be liable for any third-party claims or losses of any nature, including, but not limited to, lost profits, punitive or consequential damages.

Neither the information nor the services provided within these pages are guaranteed to be accurate, nor does the management take responsibility for it. The information comes from many sources and therefore may be wholly unreliable, and the management does not guarantee its suitability for any purpose.

Even though the information and or services contained herein may be completely useless, all rights are retained by The Company, including, but not limited to, the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, and the right of passage.

THE COMPANY SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND SHALL IN NO EVENT BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

By having disclaimers on a site, it is almost impossible to evaluate a site for its authenticity. The example above was extracted from http//www.pricewatch.com. This company has been one of the entrepreneurs in the e-commerce era.The company was established and still operates in San Antonio, TX. Because of the disclaimer contained herein, the data could not be analyzed. Basically, the owner of the site states that they are not responsible for anything that happens on the site.

Maybe that is the reason why this type of study has never being conducted before. You would have to look at the source of the data to evaluate the study. To publish such a study, would take many resources including but not limited to, lawyers, accountants, as

The World Wide Web

well as web designers and business owners. This project sounds like something that Bill Gates would love to do.

As a business owner myself, on the infinite world of the dot-com companies, I can only speculate on what the future may have for my business as well as for the whole industry, yet I can assure you that by being an effective manager with great customer services for my clients, my business would last longer. I have applied the principles and techniques mentioned throughout the paper and to this date, my business is still growing.

I encourage you to look at my site to see if you can follow the concept and my strategic plan that I developed several years ago. I can tell you that my site is customer service oriented and that I tried to provide a service unique in its class. The address is http//www.musicalprice.com.

Discussion

There are several factors that influenced me to conduct this research.For the most part the mere fact that I am an owner of a dot-com company, secondly that I have friends that also own dot-com companies and finally the fact that my very first dot-com company failed because of the same reasons that I am trying to explain in this research. Doing this research have helped me to put closure in one of the chapters of my life that I had not closed until recently.

Why do dot-com companies fail to stay in business?

1.No strategic plan in place

.No customer services

.Fear for the unknown

4.Incapable managers

We have previously discussed, why businesses fail if a strategic plan is not in place.But the concept of customer services we have not yet tackled. Lisa Ford wrote in her book Customer Service Excellence 17, a detailed guide to customer relationship success. The key is that the service "has to be personalized" to each individual customer. How can you do that, if you do not see your customer via the Internet? The answer to that question is the key to a successful dot-com company.

The World Wide Web 10

Remember that the company only survives with customers, and that a happy customer is a loyal one. If your company can provide a service that no other company does, that's your key for success. In economics we call this phenomena utility of value. Each product or service must have a utility for the customer in order for them to buy or continue buying your product or service. A diamond ring has a higher utility of value than water. How can this be possible? Think about it, people would pay thousands of dollars for a diamond ring, yet only one dollar for bottled water. Still they complain that the gas prices are going up, not noticing that they almost pay the same price for water, ironically speaking.

Fear of the unknown is a hindering factor for dot-com companies. I use myself as an example, for not knowing any better, my first dot-com company failed. I still blame others for that, but had I known then what I know now, everything would have been different, I guarantee it! What do I do if a customer has charge backs on the accounts, or if the credit card number is fraudulent, or even what if nobody visits my site. These were many areas for which I had no answer hence the failure of my business.

An incapable manager is one of those touchy subjects. First we must define what an incapable manager is. According to Gustav Berle "managers incapable of performing at a constant productive rate, are incapable managers" In his book Retiring to your own business he emphasizes the importance of a capable manager at all levels of the managerial ladder.

Although not totally proven, an incapable manager at one level must affect the performance of the other managers working for that manager above their level. Can this be proven, statistically speaking, not really. So the only conclusion from this finding must be a cause-effect reaction. But for statisticians, this cause-effect phenomenon is non-existent.The reason is simple, for an effect to be a consequence of a cause; there must be no other factor to influence that cause-effect relation. Lets look at the following example people die because they get older or are there any other causes to that effect, honestly nobody knows. For that reason statisticians would not agree with the cause-effect theory.

From this we can conclude that an incapable manager is not merely the pure reflection of his/her boss, but that might be one of the predominant factors to reach such a conclusion. As a leader of soldiers in the U.S Army, I have encountered this dilemma many times. The Army argues that a soldier is the pure reflection of his/her leader, "show me a weak soldier and I will show you a weak leader" this mentality is very eminent in today's Army.

I do not accept nor do I refuse to entertain the concept mentioned above however complex it may sounds.

The World Wide Web 11

But how does this apply to my Internet business? The answer is that knowledge is power. I am only trying to explain a rather complex metaphor. Do your superiors tarnish your performance in any way? I believe they don't, but I rather take the more popular approach rather than agreeing with statistical data that makes sense to only those who live it. To say that one thing influence another, is to say that there would be no other factors affecting it.

Business on the Internet must be creditable and have a reputation. A good source to find this information is going to view the sources for any Internet site. This information is available as you view the Internet page. Just go to view, source and BINGO. If the information were accredited or even worthy of reviewing the source would tell you. To do this you must also have an understanding of the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). This coded information allows you to view the author's format, data, the collection of data and execution of the data.

You must remember that the data on the Internet itself is free, unless protected by copyrights. This protection is a legal documentation of the authenticity of the data. For example, many sites do not have copyrights, but that does not mean that the data is not legit. The problem here is, when that data is copyright, who did it? There is only one source of copyrights in the U.S. and that's through a government agency.

Many fraudulent individuals have done copyrights without the legality that is involved in the process. Remember that the data on the Internet is free. Once the data is collected, it could be easily reproduce by anyone. Many sites on the Internet sale products and or services that other sites offer for free. In other words, the Internet is a profitable way to do business, provided that managers take advantage of those resources available at the lowest cost possible.

Another problem encountered on the Internet is that, there are too many sites that offer the same products and or services. I see this as the bread and butter of the Internet. A person can research on many items, and only purchase when satisfied that the product meets the expectations. You could use the search engines mentioned before to aide you with your search.

There are sites on the net that even help other sites to become more prosperous. This is a sponsorship program, which has helped many individuals to achieve their financial freedom. Visit http//www.IBM.com and see what they are capable to do for you.

The World Wide Web 1

In conclusion, I have learned that there are many dot-com companies that will fail because lack of knowledge, and out of those who prosper from this intriguing world of the Internet, all of them are a carefully planed and executed idea that has gone through an extensive methodical managerial concept. Dot-com companies need to be aware of their surroundings, and their competitors. The customer should be your number one priority and risk is what is all about.

My grandmother used to tell me that the Bible said "God helps those who help themselves", although I have not yet found exactly were the Bible says that, or even if it is written there, I do believe that in order for a person to be prosperous in any business they must be willing to take risk and more importantly, they need to take the initial step too, otherwise, nothing will ever happen.

A person who does not play lotto cannot expect to become a rich person because of the lottery. You must buy a ticket to participate and to have a chance, if you don't, you don't have a chance.The same principle applies to business.

The World Wide Web

References

Cataudella Joe (1).Creating Stores On The Web (pages 1-6)

Seybold, Patricia B. (18).Customers. Com (pages160-0)

Ford Lisa (000). Customer Service Excellence. (Pages 1-5)

http//www.business4u.com a previous prosperous dot-com corporation that is no longer

prosperous.

Motulsky, Harvey (Dr) Choosing a Statistical Test Intuitive Biostatistics. Chapter 7

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United States: Allies and Enemies Today

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Guns fire, rockets blast, the sounds echo through the air. The ground rumbles as hundreds of tanks storm along. The sky becomes cluttered as dozens of bomber airplanes soar overhead, unloading their "cargo."Thousands civilians run fleeing for their lives.American tanks break through the main defense lines at Baghdad, the capitol city of Iraq.Soon a stream of American soldier's rush into the streets armed with high-powered machine guns, ready to take out anything and everything.Saddam Hussein goes to his last resort.He gives the call.Saddam Hussein prepares to unleash his arsenal of weapons upon the soldiers who are invading his city.It is his only chance; he will not go down without a fight.He fires into the large group of American soldiers.Many American soldiers are taken down yet they keep coming, like a roaring river, into his city.His weapons are no match for the United States power.Saddam Hussein is simply delaying the inevitable.His time is running out.His forces are nearly all wiped out.He has no chance.Iraq is doomed.A full-scale United States invasion is underway.

As far-fetched as it all may seem the possibility of war is very likely.Not only is possible with the country of Iraq, but also with the small Asian country of North Korea, under the control of Kim Jong II. From broken promises to all-out hatred toward U.S. supremacy, America has earned many enemies, in the process upsetting some allies. The two biggest and most troublesome of those enemies as of late are Iraq and North Korea. The United States has become bitter enemies of the two countries since the early 10's. The hatred has begun to rise as of recent. Tension is very high.

The United States is more than willing to use military force against Iraq."Aggression begets counter-aggression" (Rollins). The U.S. feels it should get in and out as soon as possible because of Saddam's arsenal of weapons and most importantly, his apparent willingness to use them. The only thing standing in their way is the U.N and lack of support from their allies. Many countries are pushing to give more time for the U.N. weapons inspectors and to avoid war if possible. The U.S. would like to resort to diplomacy with North Korea.North Korea has nuclear capabilities and that is something the U.S. does not want to have to deal with. North Korea also has a large ally in China to the west. North Korea has tried to blackmail the U.S. in exchange for them dropping their nuclear weapons program. The U.S. has made it very clear it will not fall for it.The U.N. and all of America's allies have become just as big of nuisance as its enemies.Britain is the only country that is showing full-fledged support in military action in the case of a war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq. Many of America's largest allies have said they will not assist the U.S. in any military action. Some countries see-saw back and forth on the matter struggling to make a decision of whether they should help. Many countries feel war is not absolutely necessary.Many countries have also become upset towards George Bush's "tough-guy" image. They feel as if the U.S is bossing them around. That does not settle well with the Europeans.

North Korea is located in the Far East, with China to the north and west, South Korea to the South and Japan to the east.North Korea is a country in a terrible state. Over the past two years over one million North Korean citizens have died because of hunger (Reynolds). The opium production, also known as dope, in North Korea, has skyrocketed. It is estimated that North Korea produces 40 tons of opium a year. As well as that, they also produce several tons of high-quality methamphetamine each year. It has also been reported that North Korea has printed over 10 million dollars worth of fake 100-dollar bills (Kaplan). While his country starves to death Kim Jong II gambles off fake money. Some experts feel that all the criminal corruption in North Korea will bring an end to the current regime (Kaplan). North Korea is a pitiful country. The thought of country such as North Korea possessing nuclear weapons is scary, if anything. North Korea is in no state to be angering the United States, as well as the whole world.

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The United States bad relationship with North Korea goes back to the early to mid 10s.In 1 North Korea and the United States signed a denuclearization agreement. This agreement took place under the Bill Clinton Administration. In the agreement North Korea agreed to cease any nuclear weapons programs and they agreed to only use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, such as domestic energy. In 14, also under the Bill Clinton Administration, North Korea was promised two nuclear reactors.The reactors were to be used for domestic energy needs. North Korea never received the two reactors (Just Saying No). North Korea rightfully has a reason to be upset. To threaten with nuclear weapons is beyond the line though.

In early 00 North Korea removed surveillance equipment from their nuclear plants and began nuclear activity again.North Korea has also begun plutonium production again. Plutonium can be used to make nuclear bombs (Just Saying No). North Korea is believed to be holding nuclear weapons in return for rewards. Many feel as if North Korea is trying to blackmail its enemies. George W. Bush has made it very evident that he will not be blackmailed by North Korea. United States and Asian officials feel that Pyongyang's nuclear gambit could be the most serious threat to global stability today (Omestad). Pyongyang is the capitol city of North Korea.North Korea is believed to have one or two nuclear weapons.One or two is still one or two more than North Korea should have possession of. Bush is trying to gain the support of as many allies as possible.By doing this he hopes to pressure Kim Jong II into disarming himself of his nuclear weapons and abandoning his nuclear weapons projects. North Korea appears to be scared of the United States. They have requested that the United States sign a treaty non-aggression before they even consider talking about disarming with the United States. Even then it does not sound convincing that Kim Jong II will disarm. Some have suggested that North Korea is building up a nuclear arsenal to deter any possible United States attack.George W. Bush has said time and time again that he would like to resort to diplomacy with North Korea. The threat of North Korea using nuclear weapons is too much to risk. As of recent though George W. Bush has made the conflict personal saying, "I have no heart for someone who starves his folks" (Reynolds). It is not smart politics for Bush to make such a conflict personal.All means of diplomacy should be exhausted before any military action is taken against North Korea (Axis of Incoherence).

The results of a war with North Korea would be devastating.The entire Korean Peninsula, as well as the rest of the world would be affected.It would be a terrible disaster.North Korea has displayed willingness to use their weapons as of late also.Some experts predict that any military attack on North Korea would result in a global nuclear disaster (Just Saying No).North Korea must not be allowed to build up a supply of nuclear weapons. A country with as little to lose as them is more likely to use such weapons. North Korea must be disarmed. Diplomacy would be the way of choice, but if not possible force may have to be taken.No matter how it is done, North Korea must not be stripped of its nuclear weapons and if all possible Kim Jong II should be removed from power.Another country the United States must deal with is Iraq.As of recent it has been under scrutiny for possessing or attempting to get a hold of weapons of mass-destruction.With a mischievous leader who likes to play games, Iraq has become quite a thorn in the United States' side; a thorn that needs to be removed.

Iraq is located in the Middle East just north of the Persian Gulf.It has Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the northwest, Jordan to the east, Saudi Arabia to the southeast and Kuwait to the south.Much like North Korea, Iraq is also a country in a terrible state. Its economy is very weak.Their leader is the dictator Saddam Hussein.The United States bad relationship with Iraq goes back to the Persian Gulf War.Much of the country is still in shambles from then.One important aspect of Iraq, and what makes it so valuable, is that it sets on top of one of the largest oil fields in the world.It is suggested that the United States would turn Iraq into its own private pumping station if it were taken over (Tick, Tock).Such an acquisition would be well worth it.The United States reliance on international oil would drop drastically.

If Iraq is so small and all it has is oil, why bother with war?The answer is weapons of mass-destruction.There is no question that Saddam Hussein possesses some of these so-called weapons of mass-destruction and he is most likely attempting to stockpile more.Saddam Hussein kicked out United Nations weapons inspectors before they were able to finish their inspections the first time.In early 00 a unanimous vote allowed a new resolution to send United Nations Inspectors back into Iraq.Just months later, the United Nations sent weapons inspectors back into Iraq.Cooperation by Iraqi officials was at a minimum upon their arrival. Shortly thereafter United Nations weapons inspectors were presented with a 1,000 page report of Iraq's current stockpile of arms.United Nations Chief Inspector, Hans Blix, found the document to lack much information and to be incomplete.Such failures by Iraq only reassure fears that they do indeed possess weapons of mass-destruction.

George W. Bush has said he is "sick and tired of Saddam Hussein's games and deception and time is running out" (Gatehouse).Bush is ready for war.Saddam Hussein, much like Kim Jong II is a threat to global stability. Something has to be done.George W. Bush is more than willing to use military force on Iraq.He has already been given the OK to declare war without seeking any congressional permission.There are already over 100,000 United States troops stationed in the Middle East just waiting for the call.Unlike the last conflict with Iraq, the United States will not stop this time until Saddam Hussein and all his sons are gone.Some suggest George W. Bush is simply cleaning up his daddy's mess (Gatehouse).Saddam without weapons is not Saddam (The Quiet Man's Moment).Saddam Hussein already holds a massive supply of chemical and biological weapons.It has been said that Saddam possesses enough chemical and biological weapons to wipe out the entire world twice.Saddam Hussein used his chemical and biological weapons in the Persian Gulf War and also on the neighboring country of Iran."The problem with Iraq is not oil; it is chemical and biological weapons today and nuclear weapons tomorrow" (Gatehouse). Although Iraq posses a major threat to the Middle East, the United States has been able to find any sound proof or grounds on which to attack Iraq.Even if no proof is found the United States is still, more likely than not, going to attack Iraq.The main reason why there have been no shots fired upon Iraq is purely mechanical not enough forces in place (McGeary et. Al.).Once there are enough United States soldiers deployed in the Middle East it will be only a matter of time before Iraq is invaded.Saddam Hussein is definitely not a man of sound-mind.To say he was dumb would be a false statement though.Hussein knows that if he uses his weapons against any enemies it will be the end of him and Iraq.If Iraq is attacked though, Saddam will unleash whatever weapons he has upon the invading United States troops.He will not have anything to lose.George W. Bush is very persistent in saying diplomacy is the best way, yet with Iraq he is giving diplomacy no chance at all.Bush is war-hungry and he wants Saddam Hussein out--for good.Once Saddam Hussein is ousted the world will be rid of a large nuisance that it has had to put up with since the early 10's.Saddam Hussein cannot be trusted again.Much like Kim Jong II, Saddam Hussein is a serial shredder of promises (Time is Danger).

Saddam Hussein is beginning to feel the pressure from the United States.He has realized that it is no longer a game.George W. Bush means business and the slightest mistake by Hussein would most likely result in the end of Iraq.Iraqi cooperation with the United Nations weapon inspectors has amazingly increased now that the threat of war looms on the horizon.More troops are continually being deployed to the Middle East.

The United States is capable of going to war with Iraq alone.War strategists feel that it would take 150,000 United States troops to launch a full-scale invasion on Iraq (Gatehouse).If at all possible the United States should try and get some allies for backing going into Iraq.

Having the support of allies would help erase the any doubt that Americans or much less any other person in the world might have.All of the United States most trusted allies in the past have seemed to turn their back on the United States.Some would like to "exhaust" every mean of diplomacy before resorting to war.The problem with diplomacy is that if another treaty is made Saddam Hussein can simply break another promise.If there is war and Saddam Hussein is eliminated the threat of a broken promise will be eliminated.

There is no doubt about the threat that Iraq poses.There is doubt in the United States though.Many strong objections have risen against the United States since their recent talk of a war in the possible near future.Is war really necessary?Is the United States rushing in?Do they really have proof that Iraq has weapons of mass-destruction, and if so where?Is all this just a ploy to improve George W. Bush's chance at re-election?And most importantly does Saddam Hussein pose any bigger threat than any country before?

Several Americans are beginning to question George W. Bush also.Americans are underestimating the economic commitment involved in a war with Iraq.With the constant threat of war on the horizon, markets continually go down while oil prices will continue to soar (Calculating the Consequences).An already struggling economy will be held down even more, with little chance to improve.

The price of war will be great.Assuming everything goes as planned and it is a quick war the cost is estimated to be 55 billion dollars.In a worst case scenario the United States government should be willing to dish out around 10 billion dollars (Calculating the Consequences).These really are not that great of numbers considering the United States is over one trillion dollars in debt.If George W. Bush were really worried about improving the staggering economy war would be avoided at all costs.

Another remote possibility is that a war could stimulate the economy and result in an economic boom.The large amounts of money being spent by the government for defense would be beneficial to many struggling businesses.Some of the largest economic booms in history have to give thanks to large wars.A large economic boost would most likely occur if the United States were to gain control of the Iraqi oil fields.The benefits would be numerous.The United States would be more self-energy-dependent with a large supply of oil coming in from Iraq.

George W. Bush has angered some United Nations leaders.They do not like his cowboy ways and feel as if they are being bossed around.The Europeans see this possible war as hypocrisy.They do not understand why diplomacy can be used with North Korea but not with Iraq (McGeary et. Al.).Possibly the United States needs to re-evaluate itself and look at what it is doing and whether it is right or not.The Europeans do not understand why the United Nations weapons inspectors cannot be given more time in Iraq.The Bush Administration is expecting the inspectors to do a multi-year job in a matter of months.That is an impossible task and it is out of line for the United States to make so many accusations after so little time.

The United States claims they have proof that Saddam Hussein does indeed possess weapons of mass-destruction.United Nations officials want to see such proof yet the United States refuses to show it.This is only making the United States look foolish.More and more people are beginning to take them less seriously.

The United States is finding out who their real allies are during this time.The list isn't very long.Only a handful of countries have shown their support for the United States and have even fewer have offered military backing in the result of a war.Some countries simply don't have the military forces to help or have problems in their own countries to deal with.Other countries just simply refuse to help.Such countries should not expect United States military assistance in the future if they are in need.

The United States biggest ally right now is the country of Great Britain.Tony Blair is offering military assistance to the United States.That is much more that any other country has done so far.Tony Blair, much like George W. Bush feels that Iraq had a connection with the suicide bombers of /11 in New York City, which destroyed the twin World Trade Center towers.Also much like Bush, Blair has no real proof against Iraq and is also considered to be rushing into war against Iraq (Stephen).

Blair seems as if he is simply going along with everything George W. Bush says.Blair is basing some of his information from documents over ten years old.A 11 document made by United Nations weapons inspectors said that, at the time, Iraq was 6 month toyears away from developing a nuclear bomb.Soon after that nearly all of Iraq's infrastructure was destroyed in the Persian Gulf War.After the war United Nations weapons inspectors seen to it that Iraq turn over its highly enriched uranium and plutonium (Stephen).The help of Great Britain is a huge help for the United States and their efforts to invade Iraq, yet Britain, like the United States should not rush into war.

Canada, in the old days, was normally one of the first to join military alliances with the United States.Times have changed. Jean Chrtien and his Canadian government have been reluctant to make any promises about joining the United States in military action against Iraq.George W. Bush has but Canada on the spot by saying that they are either with or against the United States (Well, maybe…).This is a most uncomfortable situation for Canada.

There is not really a winning situation for Canada.They really have no military assistance to offer to the United States, yet if they do not help them they will be considered to be against the United States.Canada is heavily relying on the United Nations and Chief Weapons inspector Hans Blix to offer a more peaceful resolution.

The United States-German love affair, dating back to World War II has seems to have gone sour.The future of the relationship is beginning to look very bleak.The German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder has said that he will refuse any assistance to the United States in a war against Iraq even with a United Nations blessing to do so.The German military forces are weak and are already spread out across a vast area.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.He has also gone as far to say that he will veto any motion in the Untied Nations to allow the United States to take military action against Iraq.Many Germans feel that George W. Bush is too radical in his approach against terrorism and Iraq.George W. Bush is rushing into a war with Iraq.Is he really prepared?Many Germans are pondering that question.To add to that many Germans have expressed concern about the hundreds of thousands of Iraqi civilians that would lose their lives in the event of a war.

The Germans still like the United States.The recent actions by Germany have not shown this but a relationship is still there.Germany has had its share of wars.They know the consequences.Germany wants to be left in peace and let diplomacy do the work.

France has not ruled out military assistance to the United States against Iraq.President Jacques Chirac wants war to be a last resort after exhausting all means of diplomacy (McGeary et. Al.). France also has another motive for not wanting to invade Iraq.France and Saddam Hussein have been good friends since the early to mid 170's. France has financial ties with Iraq. France has invested a large sum of money into the Iraqi oil fields and they make large profit off these oil fields.A war would most definitely destroy any such ties, cutting off some of France's income.France needs to decide who it is going to stand behind.Does it want to support a madman or assist the United States? The United States does not have time to stand around and wait for France to set on this decision.

Possibly the single most important to ally to the United States is the small Middle Eastern country of Turkey.Located just north of Iraq, the location would be excellent for the United States to stage an invasion.Gaining Abdullah Gul's permission to use Turkish military bases would be a great step forward.Turkish bases are necessary for bombing raids.And if American troops are deployed in Kurdish territory they will need to come through Turkey.Gul is reluctant to make any promises though.Because of the fear of a possible rebellion by the Iraqi Kurds lingering in the back of his mind, Gul will not make promises to anyone.He is simply looking out for his home country of Turkey.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.

The Iraqi Kurds are also a strong ally to the United States.In return for their support though, they want undaunted protection from the United States.Memories from the Persian Gulf War still linger in the back of their minds.The United States promised protection then but when the Iraqi Kurds invaded Iraq no United States support was there.A large part of their forces were crushed.The Iraqi Kurds would like a country of their own but they are realistic and know that there is little to no chance at all of them gaining their own country from an American-Iraqi war (Allies from hell).The United States should cater to these small allies request.Their importance is undeniable and immeasurable.The United States needs the Iraqi Kurds just as much as the country of Turkey to help them launch a successful war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq.

To say that the United States loved and respected by all would be a false statement.More countries despise the United States and want to see its downfall.America has earned these enemies by breaking promises and also by the fact that some countries simply hate the United States supremacy.With the threat of war in the near future the United States must not upset its' allies. Saddam Hussein and Kim Jong II are both dangerous men.Men like them possessing large weapons of mass-destruction are a dangerous combination, just asking for a disaster.

If force must be taken against then so be it. Kim Jong II and Saddam Hussein must be taken out of power. If the United Nations desires to stand back and watch as two crazy and dangerous men continue to run rampant then the United States does not need their assistance. The United States has the military power to launch a campaign and start a war. No blessing is really needed from anyone for the United States to invade Iraq. Europe militarily, is a dud and can do nothing to stop the Untied States from invading Iraq. The end of Saddam Hussein and Kim Jong II will rid the world of two great nuisances that it has had to live with for nearly ten years. Something needs to be done--period.

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