Electrial Assignment(UK)

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ENGINEERING F UNDAMENTALS

(ELECTRICAL) ASSIGNMENT 6E

William McMullanFCE

Index Write your Electrial Assignment(UK) research paper

Task 1 (a & b)Page

Task 1cPage 4 & 5

Task 1 d Page 6

Task& Page 7 & 8

Task 4Page

Task 6 & 8Page 10

Task 7Page 11

TaskPage 1

Task 1(a & b)

One way lighting switch

C.P.C

Two-way lighting circuit

C.P.C

Task 1Connections Diagram

Task 1 (c)

Cable 11.5 mmred black & earth

Cable 1.5 mmtwin red & earth

Cable 1.5 mmtwin red & earth

Cable 41.5 mmsingle red & earth

TASK 1 (d)

Ceiling rose

Task(c)

Importance of selecting the correct fuse

Selecting the correct fuse means that the maximum protection is given in the event of a fault occurring in an electrical circuit. A fuse is a device for opening a circuit by means of a conductor designed to melt when an excess current flows along it. This opening of the circuit prevents damage generally of a physical nature, to various parts of an electrical circuit, wiring system, accessories, fitted appliances and apparatus. The prevention of such damage means the protection of danger to life and property from shock and fire of an electrical origin

Task

Final circuit

A final circuit is an assembly of conductors and accessories emanating from a final distribution board.

Radial circuit

In a radial circuit the conductors do not form a loop but finish at the last socket.

Final Ring circuit

In this conductors form a continuous loop, starting and returning to the origin of the circuit. The circuit protective conductors (CPC) is also connected in a ring.

( C )Regulations from the BS 7671 wiring regulations that apply to lighting and power circuits are

14-01-01 Every installation shall be divided into circuits as necessary to

( 1 )Avoid danger and minimize inconvenience in the event of a fault and

()Facilitate safe operation¸ inspection testing and maintenance.

14-01-0 Separate circuits shall be provided for parts of the installation which need to be separately controlled (i.e. lighting heating and socket outlets ) in such a way that these circuits are not affected by failure of other circuits

14-01-0The number of final circuits required, and the number of points supplied by any final circuit, shall be such as to comply with the requirements of the regulations. Standard arrangements of final circuits are described in appendix' on site guide '

14-01-04 When an installation comprises more than one final circuit, each final circuit shall be connected to a separate 'way' in a distribution board. The wiring of each final circuit shall be electrically separate from that of every other final circuit.

Type of circuitFuse

ratingColor

codingCable size

1Lighting5 A

6 AM.C.BWhite1.5 mm

Final ring circuit0 A fuse

A M.C.BRed.5 mm

CookerO ARed6 mm

4Immersion heater15 ABlue.5 mm

5 kW shower45 AGreene10 mm

Task 4

(a) Overloading

Overloading occurs when an extra load is taken from the supply , This load, being in addition to the existing load in a circuit, resulting in a corresponding rise in the current e.g. (1) If all the lamps in a lighting circuit were changed from 100 watt to 00 watt () A large number ofkW fires were plugged into a power circuit. This increased current immediately causes the circuit cables to heat up and, if the overload is sustained, the result will be a rapid deterioration of the insulation leading to breakdown and fire.

(b) Short circuit

Short circuit is direct contact or connection between a live conductor and, either a neutral conductor, or earthed metalwork, the contact usually being the result of an accident. The result of a short circuit is to present a conducting path of extremely low resistance which will allow the passage of currents often of many hundreds of amperes. If the circuit has no over-current protection, the circuit cables would heat up rapidly and melt, equipment would suffer severe damage, and fire would result.

(c) Fuse discrimination

The ability or lack of it to discriminate between different loads e.g. a rewireable fuse is not capable of discriminating between a high current of short durationsuch as a motor startingand a continuous fault current. This means it is possible in certain fault conditions, for a 15-ampere fuse element (cartridge fuse) to melt before a 10-ampere fuse element (rewirable fuse)

(d) Fussing factor

Fusing factor = (minimum fusing current ) / ( current rating)

E.g. the fusing factor of a rewirable fuse is about . Thus a fuse element rated at 10 amperes will melt (blow) at 10 x= 0 amperes, so a fault of twice the normal designed current must flow before the protection device functions and breaks the circuit. This also means that it is possible to run a circuit on a continuos overload for a considerable time with eventual damage to the installation.

Task 6

In a miniature circuit breaker the operating devices are (1) THERMAL, by means of a BI -metal strip. Small overloads are detected by a carefully calibrated BI - Metal strip.

() MAGNETICSolenoid and armature. For overcurrants of between 4-7 times rated current the current flowing through the solenoid attracts an armature causing the MCB to trip in less than 100 m/s

Task 8

By connecting the metal casing to the earth system in a building we ensure that everything is at the same potential as earth and that;

(1) No dangerous differences in potential exist between the metalwork and earth.

() By connecting earthed metalwork not intended to carry current an path is provided for leakage current which can be detected and, if necessary interrupted by the following devices.

 Fuse

 Circuit breaker

 Residual current devices

Task 7Residual Current Device (RCD)

An R.C.D is designed to give protection against shock risk and against fire. The basic circuit for a single-phase device is as illustrated.

Operation

The current taken by the load is fed through to equal and opposing coils wound on a common transformer core. When the phase and neutral currents are balanced as they should be on a healthy circuit they produce equal and opposing fluxes in the transformer core, resulting in low voltage in the trip coil. If more current flows in the phase than in the neutral an out of balance flux will be produced which will be detected by the fault detector coil. The fault detector coil opens the D.P switch by energising the trip coil.

Test Switch / Button

The test switch is a requirement of BS84. The test switch tests only that the circuit breaker is functioning correctly and is operating in the correct order of sensitivity as specified by BS4

Task

A conductor of electricity is a material that offers low resistance to the flow of electrons (electric current) through it

An insulator is a material that very few electrons can pass through.

Some conductors are

 Copper

 Gold

 Aluminum

 Silver

Some insulators are

 PVC

 Glass

 Thermosetting plastics

 Rubber

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Thin as Paper

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She stands in front of the mirror examining her slim ninety pound body. In our eyes, she appears to be malnourished and frail, but in her eyes she sees herself as fat and revolting. She will continue to lose weight in order to fulfill her goal of looking thinner and sexier than the girls in Seventeen or on MTV. Nothing we say will change her mind. Her ears block the sound when we tell her she looks beautiful. The only voice she hears is her eating disorder telling her how overweight she is. The next time we see her she is as thin as paper and as pale as a ghost. That day we pay our final respects to a girl whose ears were blocked by an eating disorder and whose eyes were changed by the impact of the media.

The television and magazine advertising media should not portray females as Barbie dolls because these advertisements often lead to eating disorders in teenage girls. Teenagers live in a world where the media provides role models who teach them to value beauty and thinness over strength and character. If the television and magazine advertising media would portray a greater variety of body shapes and sizes, the standard of beauty would not be impossible for young women to achieve.

The average person sees 400-600 advertisements per day (Dittrich) which are saturated with Barbie look-a-likes. Majority of these advertisements are delivered by television and magazines. Studies found that 56% of television commercials and 50% of teenage girl magazine advertisements use beauty to sell their product (Body Image). They lather their product with small waisted, big breasted, perfect skinned models. Statistics reveal that the average young adolescent watches 5 hours of television per day (Morris). In addition, 50% of young women (ages 11-15) read fashion and beauty magazines (Jade). By the end of the day the media has impacted them on what is popular, what is acceptable and above all, what is attractive.

Why do magazines who promote self acceptance, healthy eating habits and girl power display Barbie look-a-like models? According to Lesley Seymour, former editor-in-chief of the popular teen magazine YM, thin begins with the fashion designers. "The big designers create all the big fashions … and what they really want are walking hangers. They want somebody who's almost so invisible that the clothes stand out more" (Self Image). If this is the case than why do the editors promote these designers and models? Seymour explains that there are two separate ways that magazines are put together the editors who make the creative aspect of the magazine and the publisher who sells the ads.

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Models have not always been so thin. According to Katie Ford of Ford Models, body types have changed drastically over the years. Twenty years ago the average model weighed only 8% less than the average woman; today, they weigh % less (Body Image). Ford explained that at the time of photo shoots only sample sizes of the clothing are made. The designers design for thin models making the samples tiny enough to fit your average two-three size model, unlike the average women who wears a size ten or larger. "Should designers choose to change, then there will be models to fit that need also" says Ford (Self Image).

Do we blame the fashion designers or the publishers for portraying such visuals? The publisher is the one who ultimately makes the decision to include or exclude these types of advertisements in the magazine. The Hearst Magazine Corporation is the leader in the teen magazine market distributing 14.45 million Seventeen magazines each month and .68 million CosmoGIRL! magazines ten times a year (Teen Titles). Imagine the impact young women would have if every page they flipped and every article they read in Hearst Magazines was free of thin messages. Imagine every model on every page wore a size ten, had crooked teeth, wore only a B cup bra size and even had an oily face.

Teenage girls believe that they can look like these super thin models so they go to extreme measures to be "attractive". In most cases, what is attractive is unhealthy for these young women to pursue. This is when eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa arise. Statistics show that ninety percent of individuals with eating disorders are teenage girls (Dittrich). Majority of these girls do not recognize their habits as a disorder and believe that they do not need help. Denial of such conditions can be extreme, leading from depression to death (Eating Disorders). It is more common for those with anorexia nervosa to deny their condition than those with bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa affects one in every 400 adolescents and 0-5 percent are females (Anorexia). Those with anorexia nervosa experience an intense drive for thinness, fear of gaining weight and a disturbance in their body image. Studies show that one out of every three individuals with anorexia nervosa develops bulimia nervosa (Anorexia). Individuals with bulimia nervosa lead a complex lifestyle to accommodate their eating behaviors, usually associated with overeating. There are two types of bulimia anorexia purging and non-purging. Bulimics who purge engage in self induced vomiting or laxative abuse while non-purging bulimics resort to excessive dieting or fasting (Bulimia).

The physical dangers of eating disorders are endless. "The outward appearance of a person suffering from an eating disorder does not dictate the amount of physical danger they are in, nor does it determine the severity of emotional conflict they are enduring" (Eating Disorders). There isn't one part of the body that isn't affected by an eating disorder. It reaches your mouth causing tooth decay and gum disease. It reaches your blood causing diabetes, low blood sugar and high blood pressure which can lead to vision impairment, kidney failure and brain damage. It reaches your mind causing depression and mood swings. It reaches your womanhood causing menstrual loss, infertility, high risk pregnancy, birth defects, miscarriages and infertility. It can also reach your grave causing death if the eating disorder is not treated properly. "Anorexia". 00. Eating Disorder Center. 0. Jul. 00.

http//www.edreferral.com/anorexia_nervosa.htm.

"Body Image and Advertising". 000. Issue Briefs. 8. Jul. 00. http//www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/bia.htm.

"Bulimia". Eating Disorder Center. 0. Jul. 00.

http//www.edreferral.com/bulimia_nervosa.htm.

Dittrich, Liz. "Facts on Body Image". 00. About Face. 8. Jul. 00.

http//www.about-face.org/r/facts/bi.html.

---. "Facts on the Media". 00. About Face. 8. Jul. 00

http//www.about-face.org/r/facts/media.html.

"Eating Disorders". Eating Disorder Center. 0. Jul. 00.

http//www.edreferral.com/consequences_of_ed.htm.

Morris, Anne. Debra Katzman. "The Impact of the Media on Eating

Disorders". 00. Paediatric Society. 0. Jul. 00.

http//www.pulsus.com/Paeds/08_05/morr_ed.htm

"Self Image The Fantasy, The Reality". In The Mix. Public Broadcasting Station. KLCS, Los Angeles. 0. Jul. 00.

"Teen Titles". Hearst Magazine. 1. Aug. 00. http//www.hearst.com/news/press_070.html.

http//pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/10//e6#T1

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How effective is international law in dealing with military conflist?

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How effective is international law in dealing with military conflist?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How effective is international law in dealing with military conflist? paper at affordable prices with !International law seeks to govern the interactions between nations or states, as they are known in the international sphere. International armed conflict exists when there are official military or paramilitary forces performing acts of war in apparent furtherance of their governments policy . The government or the government of any country against which the acts are being perpetrated must also acknowledge that armed conflict is taking place. The complexity of conflicts either helps or hinders the UN's efforts to employ their laws with treaties. Therefore, depending on the circumstances the effectiveness of international law can be jeopardised.

For international law to be successful, the UN must evaluate a country's situation before deciding the best action to take in helping to restore peace.On April 6, 14, civil war broke out in Rwanda. The UN decided against entering the country to try and restore peace, instead, as the killing intensified, the international community deserted Rwanda.Western nations landed troops in Rwanda in the first week to evacuate their citizens, did so, and left.A UN mission was then created to keep the peace and assist the governmental transition in Rwanda, to intervene between the killers and civilians.It also tried to mediate between the RPF and the Rwandan army after the RPF struck from Rwanda to protect Tutsi and rescue their battalion encamped in Kigali as part of the Accord.On April 1, 14, the United Nations Security Council, at the behest of the United Stateswhich had no troops in RwandaBelgium, and others, voted to withdraw all but a remnant of UNAMIR.The Security Council took this vote and others concerning Rwanda even as the representative of the genocidal regime sat amongst them as a non-permanent member.After human rights, media, and diplomatic reports of the carnage mounted, the UN met and debated and finally arrived at a compromise response on May 16.UNAMIR II, as it was to be known, would be a more robust force of 5,500 troops.Again, however, the world failed to deliver, as the full complement of troops and materiel would not arrive in Rwanda until months after the genocide ended.Faced with the UN's delay, but also concerned about its image as a former patron and arms supplier of the Habyarimana regime, France announced on June 15 that it would intervene to stop the killing.In a Junevote, the UN Security Council gave it's blessing to this intervention; that same day, French troops entered Rwanda from Zaire.Despite overwhelming evidence of genocide and knowledge as to its perpetrators, United States officials decided against taking a leading role in confronting the slaughter in Rwanda. The US did use its influence, however, at the United Nations, but did so to discourage a robust UN response, In late July, however, with the evidence of genocide littering the ground in Rwanda, the US did launch substantial operationsagain, in a supporting roleto assist humanitarian relief efforts for those displaced by the genocide.

International law was not successful in this instance as it failed to return peace to a war torn country. Nevertheless, the UN does attempt to stop wars and limit it's effects. The organization continues to use its limited peacekeeping means, the passing of resolutions, sanctions, observer missions and peacekeeping forces. International law is very limited in it's power to achieve peace. A country can sign treaties agreeing to work with the UN, but can totally dismiss them during times of conflict. The UN has had some success in places such as East Timor and Mozambique yet its efforts have been limited in many other circumstances, due to the fact that the UN is not a permanent fixture in a conflicting country, their success is sometimes limited to the time its forces are in the country. Recognizing that serious violations of humanitarian law were committed in Rwanda, and acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) by resolution 55 of 8 November 14. The purpose of this measure is to contribute to the process of national reconciliation in Rwanda and to the maintenance of peace in the region. International law therefore only has limited effectiveness, as its enforcement is extremely difficult and sometimes unreasonable for countries to abide by in times of conflict.

. How effective has Australia been in responding to issues related to international military conflict?

Australia is well known for its willingness to enter into situations at the international level to seek an end to circumstances of military conflict. It has a strong track record of responding to conflict with humanitarian and other assistance. Under Article 51, the right of self-defence ceases once the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.

In a key role, Australia has always been quick to respond to the needs of other countries in crisis, whether it is channelled through a supporting role, an aid role, peace keeping or through representation in the UN. For example Australia was a representative in peace talks over the best way to bring balance back into Mogadishu and Bosnia. In many international alliances and treaties, Australia has always attempted to fulfil its international responsibilities and be an active voice on the international circuit. For example, Australia sent a peacekeeping force to Timor to assist in the wake of post-democracy conflict.

In accordance with its obligations to the UN, Australia has taken the view of the UN charter, which declares that international disputes must not be settled by force, international borders must be respected; and aggressors must not be members of the UN peacekeeping force . Australian troops are known for their service in conflicts in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific region.

Australia has participated in over twenty peacekeeping operations since the 150's. Since the 10's Australian troops have served in Somalia, Cambodia, the Middle East, Mozambique, Rwanda, Namibia, Western Sahara, South Africa and East Timor.

East Timor is a particularly good example of an instance in which Australia entered to restore peace under the UN banner. Australia's mission, was to reaffirm the inalienable right of the people of East Timor, to the right of Self-determination and independence, in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV).Australia's peacekeeping efforts, helped engage those rights for the people.

Australia's willingness to help other countries has enabled it to earn a reputation of great respect in the universal sphere as a country always willing to help those in less fortunate circumstances.

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The Crusible

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The Crucible The Crucible was a story with a wide range of characters. Not only appearance wise but, with different personalities a together. Many characters in this play thought differently from one and other. That is why this book had a few twists and turns to the story. In my profiles, I will display many different characters and theirs different mentality. First I will start with Mr. John Proctor, a.k.a. shoulder checker. John Proctor had always things on his mind. People were always on his mind. John Proctor was always looking out for his mistakes or errors, not because he was picky, but his enemies and competition were. John Proctor was always think out the final result of a situation, like when Betty was spiritually reposed early in the book (Act I, pages 6-1). John Proctor did not care about as Betty as much as the final opinion that the town would have on Proctor's white and pure name. Much can be said about Proctor's giving and understanding, but I don't want to waste that line. Proctor's caring and willing to give people thanks was not his best feature. Proctor was always thing about him, himself and no one else, except the final outcome of the whole situation. Take for example the fellow that wanted to get some tree off Proctor's land. Even though Proctor had probably no knowledge of the trees on his land, he still wanted a piece of the pie. Proctor wanted always money. He was money hungry and cheap. Basically Proctor was a would be if he could be. Proctor was always trying to fit into the high class crowd. He would flash his power and money on the middle class or "poorer people". But when Proctor was around people like Hale (Hale was well educated and stood up for thins kind of guy) he would try to act up to his class but he couldn't really because inside he really knew he couldn't. Then the one life ending, marriage-destroying fault that Proctor would ever do was sleep with Abigail. That action right there would kill Proctor not physically (yet) but mentally would haunt him later ... his wife. The perfect example was when Hale approached John and Elizabeth Proctor. John Proctor was asked if he could name the seven commandments (Act II, page 65). John Proctor (with Elizabeth by his side) was able to name them all except the most crucial one, for John Proctor, Adultery. With Elizabeth knowing all the information before hand, she was totally convinced that John Proctor was indeed guilty of committing the sin of Adultery with Abigail Williams. I think John Proctor did change towards the end of the play because of he mood and situation that he was in. At the end (Act II) John Proctor was being executed and he truly did love his wife. His moods and heart changed to tell Elizabeth how he really felt about her. John really did love her. John Proctor's attitude really did change form me, myself and I, to who is in need the most besides me. The next character I will talk about is Abigail Williams. Abigail was the sour apple of the bunch in this book, but really couldnt help it because its hard to be a sweet apple when the roots of the tree you came from were sour. Abigail was an orphan and all. She used her body to get things or people she wanted to. Even though Abigail was almost an adult, by many she was still basically treated like a child, to be seen but not to be heard. This was the attitude in town for all of the children. I think Abigail's most interesting feature is that she lies through thick and thin. At the end of Act II, Abigail (under oath) was lying in order to save herself. The point is Abigail didnt care to whom she is lying. It could be a judge or even Proctor it really didn't make a difference to her as long as she was able to save herself. The way she lies was sometimes quite entertaining. In Act III, Abigail thought there was a bird on the ceiling and did a good job convincing every one else that there was too. The reason Abigail did this again was to make everyone beleive that she was physco. Abigail was able many times to influence the court. She was able to have her ways with Danforth and Jugde Hathrone and the court (but many times the court was question who has the power). I guess Abigail has many split personalities. In act number one, Abigail goes threw many emotional changes and moods. Abigail goes from violent to peace keeping when she holds Mercy back (page 16). Then Abibail goes to quiet then mad (page 17). Then Abigail goes to flurts with Proctor (On page 1).. I found Abigail making many thearts to people but never did go threw with them. Like when Betty (In act one) was sleeping for a long time, Abigail would threaten her saying Get up or Ill beat you Betty (page 15).I guess coming from an unstable background, people can except some weirdness from a few individuals To put Abigail in a nutshell she is selfish, brutal, she has split personalities and she is only concerned about herself. I didnt see any changes in Abigail in the play. I think I can prove my point by showing what down the road Abigail became. Abigail became a Prostitute in Boston (Page 140). With an outcome like that, I think Abigail really didnt change much ever! Hale will be my last caracteur profile but certainly not the least caractor at all. Hale was the one out of them all I could fellow and understand what he was doing threw out the play. Hale was an educated man and he would do what he beleived. Mr. Hale is a man that is going into his forties. Since he was a man very highly educated, many people called him in for his expertice on witchcraft. I think that Hale had the most logical approches to any situations than any other caracteur. Hale would ague to everyone or anyone. Take the final act when Hale would battle it out with Danforth over many of the courts decisions. Hale would be able to analyse the sittuation that the court was not the most stertious system and Hale tried to change the courts decitions when Danforth was trying to reclame power of his own court (ironical isnt it?). I saw many verbal threats to Hale. The funny thing about all these threest is that either was were going to be affected physically now or spriatually later. But Hale was never scared of these threest. Hale was always always under the influence of God. The reason or event would be because of God. Still, Hale was a friend to many people like Proctor. When the summons come for Proctor (at the end of Act ]I[), Proctor would yell to the officers tht they should depart from his house. Hale tried to clam down Mr. Proctor but once a snowball start to roll, it is hard to freeze it in its tracks. But again its like thoses efforts that made Hale who he is. I fell that all theses caractuers made a big difference in this book (as I described above). My reason apon picking them varies from the protagonist (Proctor) to anognist (Abigail) to the man I felt kept the ball moving with his knowladge (Hale). I enjoyed reading this book because of the turning of events, the plot that led up to the climax. The finish was touching. For a guy to say it was touching, it was a good ending. I think the best title or subtitle for this book came from an album from a group called Colletive Soul. Their title from the album and the perfect title for this book Hints, Lies and Alligations

Please note that this sample paper on The Crusible is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Crusible, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The Crusible will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique.

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique. paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique. paper at affordable prices!Mary Pipher's The Middle of Everywhere is a wonderfully intelligent book that includes the stories of people of many lands who come to Lincoln, Nebraska, and her personal story as a cultural broker who appreciates and respects these people as well. The world has come to my town, also. Pipher writes, Most of my friends were of European background. As I've made friends with people of Mideastern, Latino, African, and Southeast Asia backgrounds, I've changed a great deal. I've stopped seeing myself as a member of a majority culture. Instead, I see myself as a member of a world culture that flourishes in my hometown. I believe Pipher exemplifies the liking theory demonstrated in Cialdini's book "Influence" not only in her statement mentioned above but the way that many of us, including myself, see ourselves as part of a majority culture.The liking theory is defined as "we like people who are similar to us…there is a natural human tendency to dislike a person who brings us unpleasant information, even when that person did not cause the bad news.The simple association is enough to stimulate our dislike."I found myself extremely guilty of the liking theory after the incidents of 11.I would see a Muslim person in the grocery store and automatically associate that person with Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York City.I now realize how totally wrong I was, this man that I saw in the grocery store more than likely had nothing to do with the incidents relating to 11, however, I assumed that he was guilty by his association to the Muslim religion.

Especially interesting is Pipher's chapter on how American-style psychotherapy is not the method many of the refugee peoples use to heal from past traumas. She quotes a saying of her mothers There are three cures for all human pain and all involve salt--the salt of tears, the salt of sweat from hard work, and the salt of the great open seas. (She points out that, while once she interpreted the seas as an escape from family or memory, now she sees it as the beauty of the natural world.) I believe Pipher is relating the way refugee people heal from past traumas to the commitment and consistency theory demonstrated in Cialdini's book "Influence".These refugees have made a "…choice or taken a stand, we will then encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment…" as addressed by Cialdini.The refugees presented in Pipher's book have made a commitment to try and relieve their pain by doing whatever is necessary when they arrive in the United States to make their dreams come true and their pain from past tortures subside.I can also relate this to my dear friend Katie that I spoke of in my last essay.Katie came from Honduras where children were beaten with metal instruments and had nails driven through their hands with hammers while attending school.Katie loves the United States and believes in our freedoms and great democracy.Katie has taken a stand with her father on several occasions that she wants to say here, in Iowa.Katie's father wants the two of them to travel to Guam should he obtain the employment position he is seeking with the INS. Katie has worked hard for what she has, she wants to keep it, and she does NOT want to take the risk of ever digressing againshe has taken a stand and made this fact well known with anyone she comes in contact with.

Pipher believes that young people adjusting to the American lifestyle should carefully choose to incorporate the best of their cultural heritage with the best of what America offers. (The persistent media advertising and marketing, and all types of sleaze, for example, should not be accepted. Family and community, shared meals, fun, love and laughter, should be cherished.) She celebrates the energy and the hopefulness of these newest Americans. I feel that Pipher demonstrates quite clearly in her book the theory of social proof as demonstrated by Cialdini in his book "Influence". Social proof is "The greater the number of people who find any idea correct, the more a given individual will perceive the idea to be correct." When a refugee comes to America Pipher, as a "cultural broker" tries to warn and teach each of them of the harsh influences of social proof such as running a credit card up to it's limit (just because they can) and then how they plan on paying it back, purchasing automobiles from sleazy car dealers selling junk without doing prior research, purchasing food that will last weeks instead of soda pop and McDonalds that will only last a day.Just because the advertisements and behaviors of others make it appear that these items are in the best interest of "everyone" does not necessarily make it so.

In one of her discussions, Pipher supports the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and firmly maintains we are not practicing cultural bias when we seek to establish these basic rights all over the world. I agree with Pipher in that these Human Rights should be established all over the world as they were meant to be.This observation obviously relates to Cialdini's theory of scarcity, whereby "…opportunities seem more valuable to us when they are less available."At the current moment (from what I have read and heard) many, if not all of the Human Rights activated by the United Nations are not being adhered to throughout the world, what an absolute atrocity in my mind.For example Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment."I will once again refer back to my friend Katie and how the little girl in her classroom had a nail driven through her hand for not "keeping quiet" and nothing was done to reprimand the teacher.Obviously if there was any way these children had any means by which to stop these horrific incidents from occurring they would.But they can't, they aren't allowed the Human Rights set forth by the United Nations.Now that these rights cover Katie she does not ever want to go back to the situation where they weren't available as stated by Cialdini's theory.

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My hat is off to Mary Pipher, one of our own cultures wise women, a down-to-earth midwesterner who eats a lot of pie, and a world citizen whose heart is open to all. This book has opened my eyes to the consideration of becoming a cultural broker, and I found my life enhanced beyond measure after reading her book. I believe this book deserves the highest of recommendations and I will definitely recommend to others to read and enjoy it as well.

Please note that this sample paper on "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique., we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on "The Middle of Everywhere: The Worlds Refugees Come to Our Town" summary and critique. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Motherhood

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I decided to insert some of my thoughts and a little of what goes on in my life bc ummm..i`m bored at work? Ok, ok, so I can entertain all you people who are as bored as I am. If you want to respond to any question I might ask, feel free to do so, don`t be shy.

First time living alone it`s quite exhilarating. Just moved into my new apartment still in process of furnishing it. Except for lots of flowers, candles and picture frames. Yes, I sound like such a girl, I know. Went a little crazy on the picture frames..bought way too many. Need to take more pics to put it in. Will post it when I get around to it.

Question..does any relationship last these days? It seems like people are breaking up and divorcing left and right. Makes one wonder what`s the point of going through the dating ritual when all is said and done we usually end up disillusion and broken. Yes, I am quite cynical and jaded. I found this quote from someone which express my thoughts to the tee I am no longer interested in falling in love. Dating entails a lot of emotions and sacrifices I don`t have the capacity to with stand nor the time, effort/energy to expend to such a lost cause. I`ve come to the realization that all that can be reserved for a more worth while and meaningful diversion where the probability of my benefiting would be much higher.

I look at my friend and i see the innocence and the naivety in her eyes and i can`t remember the last time i had that look. It`s been that long. She`s still waiting for her knight and shining armor what she doesn`t realized is that he doesn`t exist. She thinks relationships is this wonderful perfect thing and she wants to be in one so badly. I guess everyone has to learn it the hard way, from experience. So, here I am trying diligently to hook her up, and yes she is hot, to a good-looking guy who`s not a player or jerk. Anybody that fit that description please leave me a note (laugh). Seriously, leave a note. (stay tune for more..)

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Dyed my g/f`s hair last night ummm..didn`t turn out too bad. I`m so talented (laugh) she still had hair left when i was done, which was a complete surprise to me. Went out w/ my g/f`s afterwards haven`t seen some of them in quite awhile. Were planning to go shoot some pool but it turns out the pool hall only had a couple of tables and it was all taken. People in there look a little bit thugish. Nothing against thugs, but i just don`t want to get shotat. Especially when i hardly go out, that would pretty much suck. Going there wasn`t a complete lost, we got to take a peek at a guy my g/f has a crush on. Pretty funny seeing her all fluster. The guy wasn`t bad looking, from afar...we were being completely rude..just staring at him.. was trying to make out his features..well, i was. He was staring back probably wondering why we were all gawking at him. Try to make her talk to him but she was a complete wuss. Sigh I don`t know, you try to raise them right, give them the benefit of your experience, and they sit there like idiots. She is a disgrace to us all. Decided to go bowling instead but that didn`t happen either the place was packed...So picked a coffee shop spent hours there just talking..and then moved the talking back to my apt, yes, they were about to kick us out. Well, ok, they weren`t going to kick us out but we felt sorry for them. If you`re wondering who my g/fs are, well you`ll get a chance to see them all when i post some pics up. Most are single. Athough, some do hate men (laugh). So, you guys are out of luck..stay tune..

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Someone asked me why I dyed my friends hair? Ahhh..because I assume she wanted to change hair color?? What kind of question is that?? Well, anyhow highlighted her hair today and let me tell you it ain`t easy. It was so freaking tedious. First highlighting experience took me 4 hours to finish. Have to admit i was a little nervous taking the foil off her hair was afraid i had totally screwed up. It actually turned out pretty well. Proud of myself, i`m sooo good (laugh). Went to shoot pool after, actually shot some pool this time, we, as in linda and nancy (their names has been change due to all you stalkers) andof linda`s guy friends. Linda wanted to see the guy she has a crush on again but came there too late. He wasn`t there, it was such a shame. What a loser. Anyway, had fun watching my friends play pool, even though they sucked at it. I shouldn`t be talking, but umm they sucked pretty bad (laugh). They`re going to kill me now. If you don`t see me writing anymore entrys after this, please call the cops. Hey i still luv you guys regardless.

I found this very interesting and

true..read on..

People come into your life for a REASON, a SEASON, or a LIFETIME.

When you figure out which it is, you know exactly what to do.

When someone has come into your life for a REASON, it is usually to meet a need you have expressed outwardly or inwardly. They have come to assist you through a difficulty, to provide you with guidance and support, to aid you physically, emotionally, or spiritually. They may

seem like a godsend, and they are. They are here for the reason, you need them to be. Then, without any wrong doing on your part or at an inconvenient time, this person will say or do something to bring the relationship to an end. Sometimes they die. Sometimes they walk away. Sometimes they act up or out and force you to take a stand. What we must realize is that our

need has been met, our desire fullfilled; their work is done. The prayer you sent up has been answered and it is now time to move on.

When people come into your life for a SEASON, it is because your turn has come to share, grow, or learn. They may bring an experience of peace or make you laugh. They may teach you something you have never

done. They usually give you an unbelievable amount of joy. Believe it, it is real. But, only for a season.

Relationships teach you LIFETIME lessons; these things you must build upon in order to have a solid emotional foundation. Your job is to accept the lesson, love the person/people(anyway); and put what you have learned to use in all other relationships and areas of your life. It is said that love is blind but friendship is clairvoyant.

Remember...............the greatest things in life raise more questions then

answers.........so don`t question the feelings, just letit be.

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Today is so gloomy and cold. It`s one of those days where you just want to stay in bed and watch tv and eat and eat and eat. I sound like a pig right? Well, i`m not, really. Anyway, i didn`t get to do all that, had to go shopping with linda to get a briefcase and shoes for her new job. Went to a Bar call Deans to listen to a band play. A friend of a friend was singing in the band, it was pretty cool. The music was awesome. She has great potential. Mingle w/ some REAL people, i`m talking about (flesh and blood). I`m not a great mingler, I don`t do strangers (laugh) as in talk to strangers, yeah yeah i know what you were thinking, preverts. Anyway, they had a pretty decent crowd, w/ very friendly people. No tattoo sleazy looking dudes here. Amazingly, I`ve never seen a live band play at a bar before so it was all a new experience for me, not to mention the mingling part. Meeting a tall, dark, and handsome man would have top the night off but oh well, we can all dream.

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To kill a mocking bird

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in To kill a mocking bird, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your To kill a mocking bird paper at affordable prices!. Should To Kill A Mockingbird be regarded as a classic book?

Classic is a term one uses to describe many things, such as a defining moment or an object such as a book. When used in this context, such as describing a book, it persuades the reader to examine the novel further to discover what makes this piece of literature so memorable to people who have read it. One such novel is Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird. One may describe this novel as a classic because the messages described in the novel can be perceived on so many different levels that any reader, no matter the level, can observe these messages. The prime messages observed in this novel is that of racism, how the actions of a community, not just a parent, can affect a child, and how rumors and invalidated facts can destroy anyones reputation.

Racism is mentioned throughout the second part of the novel. It is the prime and most mentioned part of this section of the novel. This message is displayed on many levels so even the lowest level reader can visibly ask oneself why this is occurring. The easiest way to observe this may be the towns actions toward Tom Robinson, the negro on trial. The townspeople, for the most part, dismissed the entire trial on the basis on that it does not matter what Atticus can do, Mr. Robinson is automatically guilty. This message can also be seen in a severely symbolic manner, Tom Robinsons death. The manner in which he dies is that he escapes and attempts to climb the fence to freedom, however he only has one good arm and that is his detriment. It slows him up enough to allow the police to shoot him numerous times. Symbolically this can be viewed as a glimmer of hope to end this suppression. As this glimmer of hope is about to reach the mainstream and acceptance that racism is evil, it is shot down and dead, thus ending the opportunity.

Mr. Robinson got into this position by the jury giving in a guilty verdict, despite numerous evidence to the contrary. The jury gave a racist verdict, showing Harper Lees opinion of the evil a racist society can do to a minority. This verdict had repercussions not just to Mr. Robinson, but to the community. One can observe that this verdict influenced the town in a manner no one expected, it twisted the minds of many children. A popular saying is that the best laid plans of mice and men often go astray, this is what began to happen to the children of the town, best viewed when observing the Finch children. Despite Atticus plans to raise children who do not have this type of hate within them, they have these feelings due to some community actions, Atticus plan going astray. Help with essay on To kill a mocking bird

A prime example is Scouts answer to the question of the manner in which the prosecuting attorney addressed Mr. Robinson during his cross examination. Her answer was that he could do that because ...hes just a Negro(p. 1) This issue is not just the white community pressing an idea into someones head. It can also happen in the black community. When Atticus Finch asks Calpurnia, his housekeeper, to watch his children for him while he is out, Calpurnia accepts and takes the children with her to church, a black church. When she arrives with the children they are all greeted with hospitality except for a few people. These people use the same argument as in the last example as to why they should not be there, because they are white. What both races have done is shun the other race, now what happens if a child is born with blood from both races.

What happens is an isolated race that is exiled from both races because that child has blood from the other race. This evil act can be seen in the novel. The county practically exiles the children of Dolphus Raymond and his black spouse. It is done to the point that these children are forced to live in the non-racist north where they would not be looked down on as genetic freaks. After reading this, one would wonder of the communitys reaction to Dolphus Raymond, whose committing a great sin by having children with a black woman. Well, the town does not look down on him, the town actually feels sorry for him. Why, because the town does not know the real story, they base their feelings on unsubstantiated rumors.

Rumors, no matter how false, can destroy an individuals reputation. Two different people, other than Mr. Raymond, are the subject of these rumors Atticus and Boo Radley. Atticus is portrayed as a nigger lover, something sinful in Maycomb. Something that prompts Scout to fight anyone so they will think otherwise. Boo Radley is the subject of much worse rumors. This calm, sweet, possibly mentally retarded person is the subject of many rumors that have destroyed his reputation. The townspeople consider him an individual who should be locked up in a mental institution, a homicidal maniac.

The prime messages observed in this novel is that of racism, how the actions of a community, not just a parent, can affect a child, and how rumors and invalidated facts can destroy anyones reputation. These messages and others help to show why this novel is considered a classic. Not just for the story and characters, but also for the messages observed. This novel is more of a political statement than a story, displaying the evils of our society and the consequences of living in such a society.

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4. The Comic Element

The cheerful but serious note with which the novel closes suits the novels basic purpose entertainment mixed with moral gravity. The humour is an essential part of the effect the book creates; it is sustained all through the action, even at the most painful crises. In the trial scene, for instances, Scout gives a comic description of the judges cigar-chewing. The reader is bound to smile as he reads To Kill a Mockingbird, and the variety of comedy is wide.

Harper Lee makes fun of all aspects of Maycombe county starting with its history, which incudes drunken surveyors who sited the town in the wrong place and a stupid founding father, Colonel Maycomb who could not tell south from north, but who is revered as a great man by county inhabitants. The complacency of the provincial society is mocked, especially the stupid self-satisfaction of the ladies, most clearly displayed in the account of the missionary tea in Chapter 4.

As well as mocking the society in general, the author provides a large number of amusingly eccentric characters such as the fat, pompous Mr Avery and the foolish, hysterical Misses Tutti and Frutti.

Comic incidents abound, as well as comic characters. A typical example is Scouts performance in the role of Pork at the Maycomb County Pageant.

A further variety of humour is verbal. Examples may be found in the dry wit of Atticus, the waspish tongue of Miss Maudie and Harper Lees own ironic manner of narration. Atticus, for instances, tells the filthy Dill that in the interests of preventing soil erosion he should put some of the county back where it belongs.

Finally, a note of humour is provided all through the novel by the use of Scout as narrator. What amuses us are her naivety, directness and frank speech. In general the author has succeeded in reserving a light tone and entertaining atmosphere all through the book, even though the underlying theme is both sad and serious.

Please note that this sample paper on To kill a mocking bird is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on To kill a mocking bird, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essay on To kill a mocking bird will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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CASINO AIR Marketing information

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Table of Contents

I.Executive Summary

II.Situational Analysis

III.Marketing Objectives

Executive Summary

Casino Air is a brand new idea that will combine flying with casino gaming. Passengers over the age of twenty-one years will be able to participate in casino gaming while receiving first class treatment. Passengers will enjoy gambling knowing that Casino Air will have investors and joint ventures with Harrah's casino and other major corporations.

Situational Analysis

Internal Analysis

Casino Air's current product is to combine flying to a passenger's destination with in-flight casino gaming activities. Casino Air is expecting to make with a full flight to Las Vegas, NV, $400,000 and expected gambling earnings of $15,000 per round trip flight. The market share for Casino Air will be minimal during the launch of the product. However, as consumers become aware of the airline and more cities are added for service, market share will increase dramatically. Currently, Casino Air will offer more services to the consumer while they are flying. The competition will have cheaper ticket prices, but will not initially be able to compete with the differentiation of Casino Air.

Casino Air has many strengths that were analyzed thoroughly through the product being offered. First, there is no other product like Casino Air on the market. Along with a flight, consumers will be able to receive all-inclusive trips to their destination. Included in the trip will be casino gambling during the flight, free cocktails for gamblers, message therapist, virtual reality lab, marriage chapel, hotel included with purchase of plane ticket, and first class seating for all passengers. Casino Air is a novelty item because no other airline has attempted to try this idea. Another main strength for Casino Air is the departing location in Dallas, TX. Dallas is chosen because it is centrally located in the U.S. and has two airports, one of which is the largest in the world. Casino Air will offer a variety of destinations to cities within the U.S. and outside the U.S. Lastly, Casino Air will offer player's cards to gamers willing to spend a certain amount of money on Casino Air.

Casino Air also has some internal weaknesses that can hamper the operations of the airline. First, Dallas is the only departing city where a passenger can catch a flight to a departing destination. Also, during the initial launch of Casino Air, there will be a limited number of flights out of Dallas to the predetermined destinations. Next, the initial start up cost will be tremendous. If any of the money needed to finance the airlines is not received or spent poorly, then Casino Air can go bankrupt before even having the initial flight. Seating requirements are another weakness for Casino Air because passengers must remain seated during turbulence and must choose a game at the beginning of the flight. There is not a "high roller" area for gamblers and the theme is not family oriented. A final weakness is because Casino Air is new to the market, there is not any brand recognition with potential consumers.

Casino Air has many opportunities in the future of the company. A first opportunity is that Casino Air will have corporate charters and parties for any business willing to rent out a plane. There will also be corporate sponsorships to gain capital to expand the operations of the airline. Holiday and high roller parties will be in the future of Casino Air to bring more passengers to travel on the airline. Since, Casino Air is not family oriented, more activities for children are being developed to attract a wider variety of consumers. Lastly, Casino Air will be adding more departure cities, destinations, and flights, as future brand recognition among consumers is high.

There are some threats faced by Casino Air even before the first flight leaves the runway. A major threat is gambling and aviation laws. Any one of these laws could ground Casino Air and shut down the business. Another threat is anti-gambling groups, but this threat can also be used as a marketing tool. Traditional cruises and charter flights threaten the stability of the airline. Security issues also play a major role as a threat because of terrorism on the publics mind. Lastly, new competition will threaten Casino Air's market share and so will business failure if passengers are not willing to fly on our product.

Casino Air is best suited to develop in flight gambling because it will be a niche. Many consumers want to gamble before they arrive in Las Vegas or Shreveport. Also, consumers who have never had the chance to gamble can do so on our airline, and become loyal customers.

External Analysis

There are some external conditions affecting Casino Air such as social, legal, and economic conditions. With social conditions, anti-gambling groups will protest against the airline because it is promoting gambling that causes many adverse problems to addicts. Legal conditions will also affect Casino Air; because it is a new product new laws may be made to ban in-flight gambling. Lastly, economic conditions will affect the number of passengers flying to and from our destinations. With a declining economy and the threat of terrorism, Casino Air can fail just from these two factors.

The number of people flying nowadays has decreased after September 11, 001. Many people are now driving and not taking vacations as they have in the past. Occupancy rates in Las Vegas hotels have decreased and there just might not be the demand for Casino Air. However, Casino Air will offer gambling and may encourage increasing travel. In the long run, Casino Air will be an airline of choice for passengers.

Marketing Objectives

Casino Air's marketing objectives are to be the first airline with the idea of in-flight gaming and provide the best passenger amenities. These two objectives were chosen to differentiate ourselves from the other airlines.

The market segment for Casino Air is Dallas County. Currently in Dallas County there are ,076,458 people, 6.4 percent of the population is over twenty-five years of age. Dallas County's household income per capita is $5,485 and the annual expenditures per capita is $16,750.50. In Dallas County, transportation expenditures per capita are $,080 and entertainment expenditures per capita are $00. These demographics are favorable for Casino Air and make it possible to select a target market.

Casino Air's target market would be any person in Dallas County between the ages of twenty-one to thirty-five, but also targeting the older crowd indirectly. The market being targeted would be for households of single or multiple members with an annual household income of $5,000 plus. Casino Air will meet the need for the consumers wanting to travel to their destinations with an all-inclusive package. This target market was chosen because only people over twenty-one years of age can legally gamble. The general sales forecast for Casino Air will initially be high for the target market.

Casino Air's competitors are other major airlines such as American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Delta, United, charter airlines, and luxury cruises. Casino Air will have a competitive advantage against the competition. The competitive advantage is that Casino Air will have a niche of in-flight gambling combined with excellent customer service.

Please note that this sample paper on CASINO AIR Marketing information is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CASINO AIR Marketing information, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on CASINO AIR Marketing information will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sour grapes

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sour grapes. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sour grapes paper right on time.

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History 8

Sour Grapes

In 1 a novel by John Steinbeck was published that had a profound effect on this nation. That book was The Grapes of Wrath. This book is studied in every high school in California and many around the world. There are even places in California that are dedicated to the study of John Steinbeck and his works. This book was so successful it won the Pulitzer Prize in 140 and helped Steinbeck to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 16. Yet for all its apparent success, this book was not well received in some areas of the country. This book is considered to be the most accurate novel depicting the life of the migrant workers as they traveled to California from their ruined farms in the draught ridden middle America in search of work. The book tells the tale of the Joad family and its struggles against the unfair treatment they receive while looking for work. It shows the workers being exploited and taken advantage of in an effort to feed their families and stay alive. They were subjected to inadequate and filthy facilities. They were often driven from the towns by the local police. They were denied entrance to other towns in search for work. A large part of this book was based on the real life camps that Steinbeck lived in while researching The Grapes of Wrath as part of the Federal Writer's Project. It also depicted the local land owners as miserable misers who didn't pay the migrant workers enough money to live. Many people have confirmed that this was an accurate portrayal of how these people were treated. In an interview with Kathy Durham on March181 Eual Murmduke Stone stated "Oh, they treated them like dogs, they was treated like dogs. They (the farm owners) only wanted them to get their crops picked". "It (The Grapes of Wrath) was all true" (1).Steinbeck stayed in the Arvin federal migrant camp in Kern County and it was the basis for his depiction of the weedpatch camp in the book. While this book was a work of fiction, the people of Kern County saw it a brutal and unjust attack on their community.Buy sour grapes term paper

With bitter and swift revenge the citizens of Kern County, in particular, The Associated Farmers of Kern County acted. They gathered together on Chester Avenue in Bakersfield California and burnt more than 50 copies of the book calling it "obscene and vile propaganda "(). The counties put extreme pressure on local officials, prompting the Kern county board of supervisors to ban the book in county public schools and libraries, which it did on August 1 1. The Board of Supervisors stated that they were banning the book because of its obscenity. Admittedly there are "dirty words" throughout the book but nothing that the general public would view as obscene. The Board stated in its resolution that the novel misrepresented the conditions in both the county and the whole San Joaquin Valley. It is believed that this was the true reason for banning the book. It made them look bad. W.B. Camp, a prominent rancher of the time and president of the Associated farmers explained "We are angry, not because we were attacked but because we were attacked by a book obscene in the extreme sense of the word" (). This was not the only location in the country experiencing backlash against The Grapes of Wrath. The book was banned in Camden, New Jersey and East St. Luis. Many felt the book was vulgar, immoral and even bestial. (4).

There was great public outcry for the banning of the book and many residents of Kern County believed that the ban threatened the first amendment. Much like today the political climate of 1 was particularly tense. War was raging in Europe and even though the White House insisted on a neutral stance, a feeling of conflict was in the air. There were groups who came to bat for The Grapes of Wrath. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the American Library Association (ALA) both spoke out publicly against the banning of the book. Raymond W. Henderson, a representative of the Kern County branch of the ACLU, did not believe The Grapes of Wrath should be given to school children and stated that the ACLU was not interested in the truth of the book but said "What we do protest is a public board setting itself up as a board of censorship in violation of the federal constitution." (5) In this time period people had a deep fear of all things considered communist and the threat of violating the US constitution was a very powerful argument against censorship. Librarians also came to the aid of the banned book. Librarians have often been involved in fighting censorship. The professional literature of the period was filled with references to democracy and the role of the library during such turbulent times. "Librarians should be all for democracy," California Library Association President Sydney Mitchell declared in 18 "In the totalitarian state the librarian becomes merely an agency for propaganda, for the dissemination of such information as the authorities care to pass on " (6) It is recognized in the American Library Association'sIntellectual Freedom Manualthat it was the ALA'sinitial response to the censorship attempts against "The Grapes of Wrath that ultimately led to the adoption of the first Library's Bill of Rights"(7).

Despite protests from both the public and library staff, the ban continued for a year and a half. Finally under heavy pressure from the ACLU threats of a law suit the Board finally rescinded its ban in January 114. While the supervisors repealed the ban the book was not returned to the classrooms until 17 when Vernon Bell, a teacher, at Bakersfield High School requested to teach it in his English classes. Now it is taught every year. Despite the status of The Grapes of Wrath as an American classic, the county's official stance was not altered until this past July. The Supervisors passed a resolution honoring Steinbeck and acknowledged the importance of his novel to Kern County and the rest of the nation. The resolution hailed Steinbeck as a chronicler of "The courage and Humanity of the common American during the depression" (8). It also acknowledged the economic, political and cultural contributions made to this country by dust bowl immigrants and their descendants.

From censorship and public distain to celebration and accolades, the book The Grapes of Wrath has come full circle with the citizens of Kern County. . Later editions of The Grapes of Wrath contain this message on the inside cover "it electrified an America still convalescing ideas that many people were, at the least, uncomfortable with this electricity caused the Kern County Board of Supervisors to ban the book in the county's public schools and libraries in August ,1 ().

Works Cited

1. Eual Murmduke Stone, interview, The Grapes of Wrath in Kern County, with Kathy Durham

(Bakersfield Bakersfield College. 18) 7-8.

. Samuel Sillen. "Censoring The Grapes of Wrath," A Casebook of The Grapes of Wrath, ed.

Agnes McNeill Donehue (New York Cromwell, 168) 6.

. Bakersfield CalifornianAugust, 1.

4. "Support of 'Grapes' ban is Urged by Farmers' Group," Bakersfield CalifornianAugust,

1.

5. "Liberties Union to Protest book ban," Bakersfield CalifornianAugust, 1.

6. Sydney B. Mitchell, "The Public Library in the Defense of Democracy," The Library Journal.

15 March, 1 0.

7. Judith F. Kruitz, "The Library serves best…," Wilson Library Bulletin (December 1)

14.

8. "Steinbeck resolution." Online. Internet. 1 November. 00. Available FTP

etext.Bakersfieldcalifornian.net

. John Steinbeck, jacket notes, The Grapes of Wrath, (New York Viking Press, 1) inside

inside cover.

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African

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African

Americans In South As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and

Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day

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Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and

Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 161 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of

European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery.

People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper South mostly raised tobacco. In coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they harvested indigo for dye and grew rice, using agricultural expertise brought with them from Africa. By the 1800s rice, sugar, and cotton became the Souths leading cash crops. The patenting of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 17 made it possible for workers to gin separate the seeds from the fiber some 600 to 700 pounds daily, or ten times more cotton than permitted by hand. The Industrial Revolution, centered in Great Britain, quadrupled the demand for cotton, which soon became Americas leading export.

Planters acute need for more cotton workers helped expand southern slavery. By the Civil War, the South exported more than a million tons of cotton annually to

Great Britain and the North. An area still called the Black Belt, which stretched across Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, grew some 80 percent of the nations crop. In parts of the Black Belt, enslaved African

Americans made up more than three-fourths of the total population. Even though slavery existed throughout the original thirteen colonies, nearly all the northern states, inspired by American independence, abolished slavery by 1804.

As a matter of conscience some southern slaveholders also freed their slaves or permitted them to purchase their freedom. Until the early 1800s, many southern states allowed these emancipations to legally take place. Although the Federal

Government outlawed the overseas slave trade in 1808, the southern enslaved

African American population continued to grow. By 1860 some 4 million enslaved

African Americans lived throughout the South. Only Southern states believed slavery to be a major, and essential, economic factor. Whether on a small farm or a large plantation, most enslaved people were agricultural laborers. They worked literally from sunrise to sunset in the fields or at other jobs. Some bondspeople held specialized jobs as artisans, skilled laborers, or factory workers. A smaller number worked as cooks, butlers, or maids. Slavery became an issue in the economic struggles between Southern plantation owners and Northern industrialists in the first half of the 1th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War. Despite the common perception to the contrary, the war was not fought primarily on the slavery issue. Abraham Lincoln, however, saw the political advantages of promising freedom for Southern slaves, and the

Emancipation Proclamation was enacted in 186. This was reinforced after the war by the 1th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the US constitution (1865, 1868, and

1870), which abolished slavery altogether and guaranteed citizenship and civil rights to former slaves. Following the Civil War, Southern states passed laws called Black Codes. A Black Code was a law which limited or restricted a certain activity or way of life for the African Americans.

Mississippi banned interracial marriages with the threat of certain death if the law was broken. Other codes restricted where the Blacks could own land. All were attempts to keep the government from giving the forty acres of land to former slaves. Since a majority of the Southern population was made of

Blacks, whites feared they would eventually take over. This led to the brutal killings of many Blacks by the KKK and other white supremacist groups. Blacks who tried to exercise power were either killed or had some other form of physical action taken against them. Although in 1880 voting booths were open to all, only some Whites let Blacks vote, usually when this happened, they were watched under the careful eye of a KKK leader. Sadly enough a Black trying to pursue his right to vote was often met with death or loss of income.

According to the Ku Klux Klan, they stand for five simple views. The first being The White Race being the Aryan race and its Christian faith. The second, America First states that America comes first before any foreign or alien influence or interest. The

Constitution as they believe should be followed exactly as written and intended, and is considered by their group the finest system of government ever conceived by man. The fourth, Free Enterprise was the end to high-finance exploitation. And finally, Positive Christianity was the right of Americans to practice their Christian faith, including but not limited to prayer in school. Preconceived notions are quite arguably the most widely acknowledged form of racism today. Use of derogatory terms, such as the quite offensive n-word and slang such as spook, porch monkey, etc. are all terms people of all races use to refer to Blacks. Even situations can become unnecessarily frightening because of preconceived notions we have been led to believe about Blacks. For example, if a white woman has gotten lost while driving and stumbles into a predominantly black neighborhood, she would be more likely to panic and become frightened then if she were lost in a neighborhood considered to be predominantly white. Fears and ideals such as these have been instilled in our society for years, which leads to the occurrence of racial hate. It is obvious that racism still exists in many forms throughout our nation and throughout the world. Example of this racism is present in almost every aspect of society to this day. Although slavery was outlawed in our country following the Civil War, African-Americans have never been able to enjoy the freedom that Caucasians have, and probably never will. Years and years of oppression have led to an attitude of inferiority by the African Americans that will, quite possibly, never fade. What humility to society in general that this institution existed

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The Comparison of The Conscience of the Court and Sonny's Blues

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The Conscience of the Court and Sonny's Blues

In the early 100s, particularly in the 10s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem, a section of New York City. This African-American cultural movement became known as The New Negro Movement and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.

The main factors contributing to the development of the Harlem Renaissance were African-American urban migration, trends toward experimentation throughout the country, and the rise of radical African-American intellectuals.

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The Harlem Renaissance transformed African-American identity and history, but it also transformed American culture in general. Never before had so many Americans read the thoughts of African-Americans and embraced the African-American communitys productions, expressions, and style.

Two great African- American writers from that era are Zora Neale Hurston (The Conscience of the Court) and James Baldwin (Sonny's Blues). What these two stories have in common is the nature of the topics that deal with the struggles that African-Americans had to endure. Hurston published her last original story "The Conscience of the Court" in 150. This story deals with the quality of justice. Laura Lee Kimble is the black maid of Mrs. Celestine Claiborne that has been charged with felonious aggravated assault. The man whom she is accused of assaulting is Clement Beasley, a white man that states that he loaned Mrs. Claiborne $600.00.When he came by to pickup the money, Mrs. Claiborne was gone. When he entered the house he was attacked by the maid and almost beat to death. The story begins with the trial and the story rolls from there.

In James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues" he deals with a man trying to find his identity in a very hostile society.The narrator attempts to understand the life of his brother Sonny. Set in post Korean war Harlem, Sonny's Blues places emphasis on the African-American community's struggle economically and socially to become successful. The blues is used in this story in a more emotional manner which recollects the past. It also repairs the relationship between the two brothers who have chosen two different ways of coping with living in the ghetto. The blues also serves as a communicator between the two. The Conscience of the Court never talked about the blues at all. With that said we still are able to feel just where Hurston was coming from. "The concern for

justice beyond race, class, or gender seems to be the center of so very much of Hurston's fiction and her fascination with myth."(Hurston, p.xxi)

In both stories there is a relationship between two big brother/ big sister relationship. During the trial in The Conscience of the Court, Laura Lee described her relationship with Mrs. Claiborne. Her family worked for the Claiborne's and they "gave" Celestine to take care of her and protect when she was just five years old.Celestine grew to rely on Laura Lee for almost everything in life. From that very day Laura Lee felt a sense of loyalty to Celestine, even when she probably shouldn't.There were times when Celestine would ask her to do things the average human would say no to, like the time she wanted Laura Lee and her husband Tom to pick up and move from Georgia to Florida. With little discussion they were on the move. Tom often said "I made out of myself (Laura Lee) a wishbone shining in the sun. Just something for folks to come along and pick up and rub and pull and get their wishes and good luck on. Never looked out for nothing for my ownself."

The narrator in Sonny's Blues took his role of protector and keeper as a burden place upon him by his mother right before her death. His brother Sonny was a street kid with a good heart that tended to stay in trouble. Sonny's brother never really wanted the role in the first place and he never thought that he would have to step up to the plate. The first time he actually fulfills his mothers request is after her funeral. She felt that Sonny needed his big brother to survive, actually they needed each other.They begin discussing what Sonny plans on doing with his life. When Sonny suggests that he wants to be a musician there is a lot of tension displayed. His brother doesn't feel that a musician is a realistic career. Feeling that his authority is being questioned and threatened the narrator is condescending, begging Sonny to "Be serious". All of this stems from his lack of understanding and parental guidance, which Laura Lee seemed to have too much of.

The Conscience of the Court is basically about selflessness, about a woman who loved so much that she almost went to prison because of her devotion to her employer. It is also about an idea of justice and the fact that the court was on the side of a simple black woman, which you don't see too much in that day and age or even in today's society. "Good is being rewarded, even in black skin and those who mean well will be rewarded in the end." (Hurston,p. xxii)"Hurston's short stories demonstrate a sure command of plot development as well as of narrative voice, especially in her use of black vernacular. Her later stories are of interest because they demonstrate Hurston's concern with such issues as black migration into the cities, justice, and cultural diversity." (Campbell, p.4)

Sonny's Blues is the story of ultimate release. Having been able to finally understand and accept one another the brothers finally reach clarity. Each of their personal withdrawings and withholdings of emotion is accented by their communication. "Sonny's Blues" is about how memories and past events can shape a persons future. The reference of the blues in the title reflects the memories the narrator has about Sonny. The memories are of unfortunate events that had occurred in Sonny's childhood. Some may think that the blues alludes to the music that Sonny plays in nightclubs on his piano but I would argue that the music he plays (which is jazz) is an escape from the reality of his life. The jazz music he plays can be compared the heroin the he takes, they both act as a means for a temporary escape from his life. However, even though the story has a very depressing tone, the story ends with the hope of the two brothers working their differences out. This possible reconciliation is alluded to by imagery. The scotch and milk beverage that sat on the top of Sonny's piano, just at the edge where the light diminished from the spotlight (light in the darkness) I believe is a representation of hope.

It would be a mistake to read Hurston's short stories only as a precursor to her novels, or even as glosses on them, interesting as that may be. The short stories stand on their own, revealing Hurston's insight into black life, its pain and its joy, and above all, its triumph. (Campbell, p.5)

WORKS CITED

1)Campbell, Josie P., Student Companion to Zora Neale Hurston, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, 001

)Hurston, Zora Neale, The Complete Stories, Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., New York, Ny, 15

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