Chemistry - excel textbook - theories

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1.1 Daltons Theory - "billiar atom"

- Matter is made up of small dense particles called atoms. - Atoms are each element are identical. - Atoms are indestructible.

Problems which arose

Because Dalton did not believe that elements could be diatomic, his theory could not explain Gay Lussacs Law of combining volumes. A Avogadro had solved the problem of correctly determining atomic weights as early as 1811. He also realised that ultimate particles of gases could be diatomic and was the first chemist to write the formula of water correctly. It was not until Avogadro's Law was accepted that polyatomic elements were said to exist and the difference between atoms and molecules was understood. Write your chemistry - excel textbook - theories research paper

1. The electrical atom

Thomson showed that identical cathode rays were produced by different elements. He suggested that these cathode rays were small negatively charged particles which he called electrons. Atoms are positively charged spheres containing negatively charged particles distributed through them.

Thomson (10) 'plum-pudding' atom

1. The nuclear atom

Rutherford (111)

The discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 186 provided an incentive for scientists to probe to atom. As a result of Rutherfords gold foil experiment, where although almost all the positively charged particles passed though the foil, a very small number bounced back, he formulated the following theory.

Most atoms are made up of empty space.The mass and positive charge of atoms is concentrated in a minute nucleus. The electrons move about the central nucleus like "planets round the sun".

The nuclear atom

In 10 he suggested that some nuclei also contained another neutral particle but the neutron was not discovered until 1 (by Chadwick).

Problems which arose

A rotating electron must radiate energy so it would spiral into the nucleus. Atomic spectra of elements could not be explained.

1.4 Bohr's atom

In 100, Planck proposed that energy existed in 'parcels' which he called quanta and that when atoms or molecules absorb or emit energy they do so only in quanta. Bohr's model was based on Planck's Theory.

The electron rotates around the nucleus in definite orbits having specific amounts of energy. The orbit closest to the nucleus has the lowest energy level. Only certain shells or energy levels can exist. An electron can move from shell to another but cannot be found between shells. An electron moving a shell does not radiate energy. An electron can change orbit only by absorbing or releasing a quantum of energy suitable for that transition.

Problems which arose

The theory explained the spectrum of hydrogen but not the spectra of other elements.

1.5 Modern atomic theory

The modification of Bohr's theory was made possible by de Broglie (1) suggesting that small particles of matter could also have wave properties. Diffraction patterns produced by electrons were similar to those of light waves Schrodinger (16) derived a wave equation to describe the movement of an electron in the hydrogen atom.

The Quantum mechanical theory

Note Although a large number of subatomic particles have been found in this course only protons, neutrons and electrons will be discussed.

Properties of major sub atomic particles.

Particle SymbolChargeMass a.m.u

ProtonP+1 1.008

NeutronN01.00

Electrone-1 1/1840

1.6 Key terms in atomic structure

Atomic number of an atomic, the number of protons in that atom (symbol Z). An element is therefore a substance hose atoms have the same atomic number. Mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons present in the atom (symbol A). The number of neutrons present is therefore A-Z. Comprehensive Symbol of an element is(Mass no.)A x (symbol of element)Z(Atomic no.)

Eg. The element sodium is written asNa.

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.6 Structure of matter

Matter may be classified according to its structurethis depends on both the nature of the particles present and the forces holding the particles together (bonding forces).

Ionic bonds are formed when complete electron transfer occurs between elements. Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metalsEg. NaCl

Covalent bonds may be single, double or triple bonds. A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons. This usually allows each atom to reach noble gas configuration and co-ordinate covalent bond is a bond formed when both electrons of the shared pair are provided by one atom.Covalent bonds are formed between non-metal diatomic gases and compounds containing non-metals only.

Some compounds contain both ionic and covalent bonds. Eg. NaSO, CaCO, NHCl.

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Radicals form either the anion or cation in this case.

Covalent molecular substances consist of small discrete molecules. They have low melting points and boiling points since the forces between molecules are weak (vander waals forces). Eg. O, CO

In covalent network substances each atom is covalently bonded to other atoms forming a giant molecule. Eg. C, SiO , SiC. Covalent network substances have very high melting points and boiling points. Since the lattice is held together by strong covalent bonds.

Substances may be classified into four main groups on the basis of structure and bonding.

Table .6 Structures and Bonding of Substances

Explanation of bondingType of bonding and examplesAppearance and state at 5°CMelting pointConductivity

SolidMolten

'sea' of electronsmetallic, eg, Cu, NgShiny solids, malleable and ductile (Hg only liquid)HighHighHigh

Positive and negative ions forming a latticeIonic, NaCl, CaBr Crystalline solidsHighNilHigh

Small discrete moleculeCovalent molecular, eg, O , S, CO8 SO Soft, brittle solid or gases (Br onlyLiquid)LowNilNil

Large covalent network, "giant molecules"Covalent network solids eg. C, SiOSiC (semi metals and some of their covalent compounds)Very hard and brittleVery highNilnil

.7 Allotropes

The physical properties of some elements may be correlated with their crystal structure. Allotropes are the forms of an element that have distinctly different physical properties.

Examples

1. Elementary carbon has two allotropes, graphite and diamond. Diamond is extremely hard, while graphite is used as a lubricant since the weak van der waal's forces between layers allow sliding movement. Graphite can conduct electricity. Since it contains some delocalised electrons and its non-conductor.

Other elements showing allotropy are

. Sulphur the most stable allotrope at room temperature is rhombic sulphur which is made up of an S (8) ring. On heating, it changes to monoclinic sulphur which is also made up of an S (8) ring but with differently shaped crystals.

. Phosphorus the allotropes of phosphorus may be white, red or black. The dangerous white phosphorus polymerises to red phosphorus which is safely used in matches. Heat and pressure convert red phosphorus to black phosphorus.

4. Tin exists in three solid forms

Transition temperature 18°C 161°C °C

Formalphabetagamma (Õ)

Appearancegreywhitewhite

5. Oxygen exists in two forms, O()(g) and O()(g) which is ozone.

.1 Types of formulae

Learn the symbols for the common elements (see periodic table) Learn common ions and their charges. Identify types of formulae. Learn to name compounds correctly.

Table .1 Types of Formulae

EmpiricalShow the number ratio of atoms, eg. CH() for ethane MolecularShow the actual number of each kind of atom in the molecule, eg. C()H(6) for ethaneStructuralShow arrangement of atoms in the molecule graphicSignificant of abridged graphic, eg. CH() - CH()

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Civil War

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General Jubal Early and General George Pickett both generals for the Confederacy and both severely affected by the outcome of the war.I choose these two people because I find the plight that the Confederate army found itself in very depressing.As one of the underlying themes, the Confederacy was fighting a war against themselves.Would one of the Confederate soldiers proclaim that they are fighting against the abolition of slavery?That was the exact situation the Confederate army found themselves in.These were noble men, fighting for a cause that they did not totally understand.Were they fighting against slavery or the North and why?Along with the irony of the Confederate army's situation, I find these two people very interesting in the context of the novel, and see a little bit of myself in both these characters.

General Jubal Early was not a very like person within the army.He has shown his competence by being designated as a general.In fact, he is a very intelligent man.Accepted into West Point, he left after awhile to pursue a different career avenue prosecuting lawyer.With that, he had a mentality of arrogance and one can argue, narcissism (He was utterly sure of himself. p. 17).His arrogance was his defining characteristic (He smiled slightly, with a touch of the disdain for which he was rapidly becoming notorious. p. 1).Everyone that knew of him or worked with him or under him became annoyed with this personality trait of his.He has shown that he is competent in a very arrogant and conceited manner.For example, he would show his dislike and feelings of incompetence towards other generals very openly (Longstreet is on the defensive again…I suppose that's to be expected. p. 1).He was not afraid to show his feelings of other officials in front of whoever it may be and conversely was not liked by many.

His conceitedness also showed in his physical demeanour."Early stood beside him, dark, formal, composed." (p.17).He was a dark character, no one could really get a proper assessment of who he was and what he stood for.His nature was always calculative.He did not, however, fail to show that he thought he was better than everyone else and he should be respected.Early "stood with legs wide apart, his hands clasped behind his back, heavy in the jaw, his face black and grim." (p.17).As I was reading this description, I picture to myself a mafioso like figure, all he was missing was the toothpick and hairy chest.Early was a very snide person and like everything else about him, did not fail to show it (Early said calmly, silently, bored. p. 1).These characteristics were boldly displayed and Early did not feel any shame in showing them.

A more subtle but present characteristic was his calculating nature.He was always looking out for number one himself.He would do anything to get the promotion.For him, promotion was not a goal, but a disease.He would go to any extent to get in a higher position that others.It was not that obvious, but everyone saw it.There were many conflicts between Longstreet and Early due to his nature.Even General Lee noticed something peculiar about Early's character (Something too cold here, something disagreeable in the silence of the eyes, the tilt of the head. p. 1).The fact that he was a general makes one wonder how he got into that position, and whom he had to crawl over to get it.Buy Civil War term paper

As one saw the public display shown by General Jubal Early, General George Pickett also did not practice discreetness.The difference, however, lies in presentation.General Pickett was more flamboyant and exuberant than General Early.A little background George Pickett was a general for the South, educated at West Point but was not very bright, but was determined (He was not overwhelmingly bright, but he was a fighter. p. 58).Though he was not very competent, many still trusted instructions with Pickett.Even though given exact instructions and order "George could be relied on." (p. 58).He was very exuberant who wore a feathered hat (he looked like a French king, all curls and feathers. p.54).He cared a lot about his appearance and the way he presented himself to others.I found this very odd, that one would care how they looked in a time of war when one would suspect looks to be the last thing on one's mind."Pickett glowed and primped, grinning" (p.55).Where does one find time during a war to be glowing and primped?His appearance was not the only outlandish quality of him.

When in certain situations, he did things very extravagantly, complementing his exhibitionism.Upon meeting another fellow general, "Pickett stooped before Longstreet and saluted grandly." (p.54).It as if he were in a play and all of the war and its situation was a play."Pickett bowed low in the classic fashion, sweeping the ground with the plumed hat." (p. 56).Everything he did was exaggerated, and it makes me wonder if someone like that would be successful in a war.Another question that comes into mind is how someone such as Pickett could obtain the rank as general.This is a general that wears perfume onto the field when in the middle of a war!His mentality about his physical appearance is only a extension of his mentality about the war.

Pickett was more concerned with partying and music than the war.Oddly though, he is very sensitive about the fact that he is not in the front line of the war and always ends up in the back line. After missing the fight on the second day, General Pickett requested General Longstreet to "tuck them in for the night and console them." (p.4).He is a prideful character and was always hurt when his brigade was placed last.But still, his view of war was more glorified than others.It could be even argued that he has lost touch of reality when it came to war.When called to action, and finding out his brigade was on the front line for the assault on Gettysburg, "Pickett was excited, could not sit still, sat rubbing his thighs with both hands, nodding, patting himself on the knees." (p.6).Comments like "Isn't that marvellous?",and having "looked on the as God's greatest game." (p.14), finds the war more of a spectacle.It is like he is a little boy when it comes to the war (hopping around in the saddle, patting the horse, slapping his own thigh, gesturing wildly, pointing, grinning. p.17).Even when filled with emotion, his "eyes flashing and watering, but with joy…" (p.0).This passion can be seen as more of a character trait than a disregard for the war.

He is a very passionate and dramatic person.Not only could he tell a story (p.5), he was very devoted to a girl half his age, Sallie.He even went as far to vow never to drink for her sake (he had sworn to dear Sallie ne'er to touch liquor. p.54).He was portrayed as very romantic, using his spare time to write poems to her (Pickett writing a poem. p.1).Those that are close to him view him fondly (a lovely adventurous boy, thirty-eight years old and never to grow older, fond of adventure and romance and all the bright sparkles of youth. p.58).

These two people had minimal roles in the book besides Pickett's major role near the end of the book.I really enjoyed reading about Pickett because he brought a personal element into it.It was strange reading about a guy that was so flamboyant in a time of huge conflict.Early's description shows the reality of war personnel.There will always be a rat that will only look out for himself even if it jeopardizes chances to win a war.Early's character brings the coldness of war and humanity into the book, while Pickett brought out personal traits such as sensitivity and emotion.Pickett's character was a perfect complement to Longstreet and the other more serious characters in the book.He is comparable to the jester in King Lear; he tries to be funny, but there are hidden messages between all the jests.

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Privilege

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on privilege. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality privilege paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in privilege, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your privilege paper at affordable prices ! In order for someone to know what privilege is and to come to terms with its affect on society's life and their own, they must first take a good look around. In our daily life, from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep, privilege is present. Sadly, we undervalue the role in which the prerogative plays in our day and more seriously in our entire lives. However, on an even sadder note I am definitely part of that "we" and hadn't realized that until now.

Privilege, n. A special advantage, immunity, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, class, or caste.(The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language) This is what I learned up on looking up the word in the dictionary, and was taken aback in the fact that the dictionary also admitted that privilege is enjoyed by classes. In particular my class, white middle class, reaps the benefits of privilege each day. When I get on the bus each morning I have no worries that I will find a seat. Nor do I have a history of people in my race ever having difficulties finding a seat. When I am asked as to where I live, my reply usually results in the assumption that my family "has money" and I do not correct them. My family's tax bracket comes with the assumption that we are hard workers, in comparison to the assumption to those in lower brackets, "that poverty is a voluntary condition,"(Dorothy Alison A Question of Class) On the weekends I can enjoy shopping without the fear that the sales people will think I might steal because of my race or the amount of money I may or may not have. These are some of the things that I can count on to make my days easier, although I would hardly say I count on them at all. Up until a few weeks ago I did not count much, I would say that without knowing I assumed. The above are some of the tools that I use each day, each week and will continue to use throughout my life. The hardest part of admitting that is the fact that I know you cannot purchase these tools at any home improvement store; these are tools that I was born with or into.

Privilege, n. Such an advantage, immunity, or right held as a prerogative of status or rank, and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others. (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language) Exclusion is something that is a major aspect of the extent of privilege. The class and race to which I and many others belong to excludes knowing about it or not. There isn't a day that goes by without white people benefiting by their genes and not knowing it. Sadly however, some do know it as I do but don't do anything about it if they could. Those of the minority groups live in fear each day as oppression controls and inhibits their lives. Knowing that, I do not wish to become part of those "other" groups, and I live in the comfort of my race. Does this embarrass me to say this? Of course. But in the long run I would not change the category into which I fall because I know in my heart of hearts that I could not live in fear day in and day out. I could not handle the assumptions that come along with those of the lower class or those of the minority races. I would hate to be chastised as lazy, dirty or a gangster because I have more melanin in my skin then white people. Nor would I like to go to work knowing that people thought I was stealing jobs only because I want to provide for my family like every one else. And finally I would hate to see my race unfairly represented in the media, not only because the generalities would offend me but because I would know that this was the basis by which the rest of the world was learning. Looking around and analysing the world in which I live, the way privilege affects me and inhibits others is hard. To imagine each day in the shoes of another scares me, and yet I think of what it must be like to live your entire life in fear and I almost resent my race and the amount of privilege tools I carry around each day. But I say that I "almost" resent it, and what is most embarrassing about that is that I only almost resent it because I do not have to deal with the oppression or the feeling of what it would be like to be the "other" because I am the norm. And I know when I snuggle down into my warm bed this evening I will wake up in the same skin as the previous night and with the same tools engraved in my genes. Taking this critical look around at privilege makes me embarrassed to feel the way I do and have the privileges I have without working for them. I feel helpless and like just another white face that oppresses without knowing, but I do know, and I do nothing about it.

Privilege, n. 1 grant a privilege tobestow a privilege upon.( WordNet ® 1.6,17 Princeton University) One of the privileges as a female is to enjoy having sex and to enjoy doing that with a male. In the readings of Rubin in 'Thinking Sex', "the most acceptable excuses [for sex] are marriage, reproduction and love." Society tells us that females have sex to create and to have sexual relations with the same sex is a sin and is dirty. This made me look again at the privilege I thought that sex was, maybe the prerogative wasn't as extensive as I originally thought that it was. Then reading the other articles on sex I realized that society acts and presents sex as a privilege of savvy females yet sees it as a sin. When I first had sex with my boyfriend I didn't feel that it was wrong yet I didn't openly share the fact with my friends or my parents. I was embarrassed, was it too soon? Should I have waited to marriage? These are feelings that I feel I should not have to feel if they are associated with such a privilege. Yet I do. Can I have sex with someone I do not love without judgement; can I try things sexually that I am curious about without the assumption that I am a slut? No. This is because the thought that sexuality among women of my class and women in general is not quite open to interpretation. This privilege is with boundaries and actually not a privilege at all. Although society gives us shows like 'Sex in the City' does not mean that they would embrace us if we followed their guidelines. Looking at this so called privilege makes me think that sex and all that is associated with it is not a privilege that I want to brag about having.

Help with essay on privilege

I look in my tool belt of privileges and I see many things, tools which I use each day, ones that I wish I didn't have to use and ones that don't function the way that I hoped. The ones that I use each day I wouldn't trade for anything because I know that I would be trading them in for a life of fear. The ones that I wish I didn't have to use come in handy every once in awhile, but after doing this assignment I think that I would like to hang them in the garage of life for a bit and see how I survive without them. And finally the ones that don't do what I would like them to, those are the ones that I wish I could fix. See, I realized in these readings that privilege is a broad word and is used to label those things that we are supposed to embrace. Using sexuality as an example, I feel that I embrace it with fear of the underlying judgement that comes hand in hand with it. The label of privilege on sexuality makes you think that it is such a treat for you to use it, when it only your right to do so. It makes you feel like the boundaries that come with it are insignificant only because it is a privilege and you should be happy with what you get. This assignment made me realize that yes, I do have many things in which I am born into and I need to cherish them. But it also made me realize that it is okay to look around at our society based on privilege and want more from it. I feel that I am born into this life in which I am the norm and I don't have to live in fear, I might as well start learning about what I really have.

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The Power of Names

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Power of Names. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Power of Names paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Power of Names, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Power of Names paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!Introduction

A person's name has deep, underlying power. A name is much more than just words or symbols used to represent or identify an individual. According to English Professor Dr. Debra Walker King, names can provide people with their cultural roots, family values, and history, as well as give them certain behavioral expectations, prejudices, and stereotypes (16).

Impact on Self-Concept

An individual's name can affect his or her self-concept by the type of verbal or nonverbal reaction it evokes from his or her companions (The Nomenology Project, 1). H. Edward Deluzain stated that a person's name has an impact on his or her self-concept because the name helps determine the messages other people send to him or her (16).In Deluzain's journal he discusses an experiment conducted by S. Gary Garwood of Tulane University about the perceptions and effects of desirable and undesirable names. During the first part of the experiment, Garwood asked a group of teachers to rate names as either desirable or undesirable (Deluzain, 16). For the second part, he gave a group of elementary students with desirable names and a group of elementary students with undesirable names the same series of personality and self-concept psychology tests. He then compared the scores of the two groups and found that those from the desirable name group showed a very high level of adjustment and flexibility and showed more positive attitudes about how they felt about themselves than the undesirable name group (Deluzain, 16). Help with essay on The Power of Names

In every society throughout the world, many people with unusual, unpopular, or undesirable names are often ridiculed and prejudiced against by peers and authoritative figures consciously and unconsciously. For this reason, it is important that educators know the significance people attribute to names and are aware of the underlying negative and positive power of names. This is of high importance in order educate their students and themselves to avoid creating stereotypes, prejudices, and expectations of others based on solely their name.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Research confirms that teachers and students develop expectations of others in their classroom based on people's given name and/or surname (Tauber, 18). According to Robert Tauber, these expectations teachers and students possess based on a person's name, affects how the teachers and students will act and react toward that person (18). The teachers' and students' reoccurring similar reactions and treatment tells this person what behavior and what level of achievement are expected of him or her.

I worked with a class of second graders at Madison Elementary School in Davenport, Iowa during the fall of 00. Throughout my seventy hours of observation, I noticed that my cooperating teacher had a different self-fulfilling prophecy for every student in her class and treated them accordingly. A factor that influenced this teacher's expectations of students was based on the child's name.

For example, my cooperating teacher informed that when she saw the name "Daniel Lopez" on her class-list her first thought was, "Great! I am going to have to spend all my time making sure he is doing what he is supposed to do instead of teaching the class." She also informed me that the Lopez family had a history of being troublemakers and that his mother was very difficult to handle. Daniel's name was written on the board almost everyday that I observed for beings disruptive in class by talking out loud and out of turn. He would miss recess time for talking excessively to a neighbor while it was work time or while the teacher was teaching. My cooperating teacher would also correct his misbehavior before it would actually occur. She seemed to think she knew what Daniel's next move would be, so, in order to prevent him from misbehaving, she would tell him not to do something before he did anything. This type of treatment and expectations actually led him to be more inclined to talk and visit with neighbors. He was being reprimanded for something he did not do, so he thought that if he was going to get in trouble he might as well do something to get in trouble. Fellow students also picked up on this negative treatment and would blame Daniel for talking when the class was loud and people shouted out of turn. My cooperating teacher's negative expectations and prophecy of Daniel helped them to become true and led others to believe them.

Purpose

Teachers need to have themselves and their students answer the question, "What is it that makes us like one name and dislike another?" (Paul Tournier, 175, p. 65) in order to determine why they might have stereotypes of people based on their names. A notion to explain why students and educators have certain stereotypes for a person based on his ore her name can be explain by Paul Tournier.According to Tournier "Incidents from the past may be remembered (about people with certain names), and as they talk about these memories they see the effect they have had, and still have, on them. Memories rise to surface, emotions revive" (175, p. 75). Whether these are positive or negative memories or emotions, they bring certain opinions about a person who carries that name (Tournier, 175). With this stereotype toward particular names, students and teachers assume they do not have to get to know a person with the same name because they already know what the person is like (Tauber, 18).

Name components

Teachers can educate their students about the significance of names by examining how family tradition, culture, religion, and fad names are factors parents consider when determining names. Students and educators need to learn about this in order to appreciate each other for who they truly are and not what others believe them to be.

Family tradition plays a role in a child's name. Names can be passed down in a family's generation to show a sign of love and reverence for a family member. These names are considered namesakes. The definition of a namesake is a person who has the same name as another person (Campbell, 16). Deluzain stated that these names are used to express hope that a child will turn out like the person he or she is named after (16).

Culture and religion are also a very significant element in a child's name. People of Western religious traditions, like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam choose names for children based on favorite saints, the saint or feast day the child is born on, biblical heroes, or sages from their respective traditions (Clark, 00). People also choose names based on their cultural origins to reflect their pride in their roots. According to the Nomenology Project "People use their culture identity to name a child because it allows them to maintain a living link with their own histories, which adds richness and depth to their contemporary lives" (1).

Another factor that contributes to a child's name are popular or fad names of the era the child is born. Parents name children with these types of names because a famous person they admire has it or because they are subconsciously following a trend. There are usually multiple occurrences of children with fad names in the classroom, so the child ends up being called by something other than his or her first name to avoid confusion Deluzain, 00). In this instance, the teacher and students need to remember not to single students with fad names because their names are of equal importance and significance.

Conclusion

therefore it is important the students learn about other peers cultures and family influences as well as the history of each person's name to be able to truly get to know every person in the class and to create respect and apprectiation for all different heritages in the classroom.

Please note that this sample paper on The Power of Names is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Power of Names, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college papers on The Power of Names will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Iliad:selected questions

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The Iliad

AchillesAchilles is recognized by Greeks and Trojans as the greatest warrior of their time, and his mere presence on a battlefield could striker fear into his enemies. He is a character driven by intense anger and revenge throughout the story.His tragic flaw would in fact be his non-ability to control his emotions, which usually led him into trouble.One prime example of this would be when Agamemnon insulted him.After this happened he became so angry and bitter that he refused to help the Greek cause in the war.He would eventually change his mind with the death of Patroclos, which really touched Achilles and filled him with grief.This event would propel Achilles back into battle.After receiving new armor from the god's, Achilles enters the battlefield disposing of his enemies relentlessly until he found the most hated Hector.He disposed of Hector quickly and abused his body as revenge for the death Patroclos.Achilles is a tragic hero who's excess anger and hunger for revenge consumed his whole being.

HectorThe leader of the Trojans, who was actually not an evil person.He was extremely loyal to his city and people.He was kind to everyone in his family, especially his mother and wife.The only person he really scolded was his brother, Paris when he was not out on the battlefield.During the battle with the Greeks, Hector displayed no real superior skills, and the great Achilles easily defeated him.The only thing he really did was wrong was abusing the body of Patroclos because that would make Achilles so wild with rage, and intent on getting revenge that his fate was doomed to death.

AgamemnonHe was the King of Argos and the leader of the total Greek force.In book 1, we see what Agamemnon's main purpose in the epic is.He is in the story to drive Achilles into his first cycle of wrath.He does by arguing with him over the release of Briseis a female that Achilles had kept from an earlier raid on the Trojan forces.Agamemnon demands that she be released, and this infuriates Achilles who refuses to give her up, and threatens to leave the war if he has to do so.Since both characters are so prideful and stubborn they argue, and Agamemnon tells Achilles that the Greeks do not need his services anymore, and that he can return to Phthia if he so desires.In my opinion Agamemnon did what most leaders would do, he drove his best person crazy and made filled him with rage, much as a coach would do to his star athlete.It may not seem right, but many times it gets them to perform better.

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Question #1

A prime example of Hubris would be the King of Argos, Agamemnon.In book 1, we see that he is the powerful leader of the Greek army and that he thinks very highly of himself.When his best warrior, Achilles returns from a raid on Lyrnessus, he brings back with him two prized females, Briseis and Chryseis.The priest of Apollo Chryses is Chryseis' father and he asks for his daughter back from Agamemnon who refuses because he is selfish.Apollo punishes him for his acts with a -day plague.After the plague, the Greeks consult the seer, Calchas to see why they have angered Apollo.When Calchas reveals the reasons, Agamemnon becomes upset and only agrees to give up Chryseis if she can be replaced, and he requests Briseis, the prize of the Achilles.Agamemnon is an extremely greedy king who thinks he can always get what he wants.

Question #

It is hard to say that Achilles ultimately emerges as a sympathetic character because of his intense rage that we see throughout the epic.In my opinion yes, Achilles is a sympathetic character; this is something that we see mostly at the conclusion of the epic.Throughout the story, we see Achilles become increasingly bitter, first with Agamemnon because of the stealing of Briseis, and then because Agamemnon told him that his services were not needed.Everything changes however when Patroclos is killed my Hector.Achilles becomes so enraged that he joins the Greek effort despite his previous problems with Agamemnon.Achilles wants revenge for Patroclos and will stop at nothing to get revenge on Hector.

It is hard to get mad at Achilles for wanting revenge when his good friend has been slain.They are many people who would become bitter and hell bent on revenge if their friend died.Yes, it makes him look hardened and extremely mean, but he is seeking the revenge because he is so deeply hurt by the death of Patroclos.

Towards the conclusion, Achilles ultimately defeats Hector soundly and abuses the body, dragging it back on the back of his chariot.Eventually the gods tell Achilles that they are not satisfied with the abuse of the body and that he should give it back to Priam, the King of Troy and the father of Hector.When Priam comes to pick up the body, Achilles weeps.This is when the reader realizes that even though Achilles may seem almost inhuman, deep down inside he still has emotions.He explains to Priam how men are a mixture of good and evil.Therefore, I would say yes Achilles may have been perceived as being just revenge-oriented person, but in the end, we get to see that he has genuine feelings and was really scarred by the events in his life.

Question

I do not believe that Hector could qualify as the Hero of the Iliad.Heroes in the general sense are great warriors or leaders, and most of the time they do not lose.Yes, Hector has a good relation with the gods, but he is not gifted on the battlefield and the Trojans ultimately lose the war due to his poor skills as a leader. I would say that Hector is more of a sympathetic character than a hero.Throughout the epic, I continually felt bad for him, as he tried to do what he thought was right, but struggled.In my mind, Hector is nowhere close to qualifying as the hero for the Iliad.

Summaries Book 1

Book 1 in the Iliad briefly introduces some of the main characters in the epic.Most notably Achilles, the main character and Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek forces.Homer begins by telling the reader that we are in the 10th year of the Trojan War, why Achilles has abandoned the Greek war effort against Troy.He tells of an earlier raid on the city of Lyrnessus, and how two women were taken captive as part of the spoils.One of the women was Chrysesis, the daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo.In short, Apollo invokes a plague on the Greeks and Agamemnon realizes that he must give up Chryses, but in doing so, he demands that he have Achilles prize, Briseis.This would enrage Achilles who already was at odds with Agamemnon, so he leaves the war effort to return to his home in Phthia.

Book 6

In book 6, the battle is extremely intense and the Greeks are succeeding in defeating Troy.Both leaders are encouraging their groups, but Hector can feel a bit of urgency.The Trojans are eventually pushed further back into retreat and Hector begins to realize that his fate is pretty much sealed, yet he still prepares to offer up some sacrifices to the gods with the aid of his wife and his mother.Hector is angered at his brother Paris for joining the war effort and chastises him for it. Eventually at the end of the chapter, they both go back to war, despite Hectors wife plea for him to stay and be with her and their son.

Book

Achilles ventures into Troy looking for revenge on Hector, for the slaying of Patroclos.Priam and his wife Hecube are trying to dissuade their son Hector from fighting Achilles because they have already lost enough sons already, but their attempts were futile, because Hector's fate was already sealed, and he felt that he had to fight Achilles.Hector eventually is disposed of quickly by Achilles, and his body is completely and totally abused and disgraced by Achilles who ultimately drags him out of Troy on the back of his chariot.

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Cultural differences in the tempest

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I Know I Am But What Are You? Cultural Differences in The Tempest, Montaigne's Essays, and In Defense of the Indians Paper # The Tempest, In Defense of the Indians, and Montaigne's essays each illustrate what happens when two very different worlds collide. As Europe begins to saturate New World soil, the three authors offer their accounts of the dynamic between the European invader and native other. Though each work is unique in its details, they all share a common bond Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne show the reader how European colonialists use differences in appearance and language to justify theft and slavery. The Tempest's Caliban serves as an instrument to highlight the colonialist notion of the other. Caliban is the original inhabitant of the island; it is his native land. But Caliban is ugly. Prospero claims that he is not honored with human shape (p. 17), and so the new European inhabitants never think of him as a potential equal- they see him as their inferior. This initial incongruity between characters supports further dehumanization of the native for the remainder of the play. Caliban's appearance does not only contribute to the Europeans' poor estimation of him, but it also serves as the justification of his slavery. When Trinculo says, Wilt thou tell a monstrous lie, being but half a fish and half a monster (p. 55), he communicates two important concepts. First, Trinculo reinforces the idea that Caliban is more animal than man. Next, he assumes that Caliban's exterior mirrors Caliban's interior. Caliban's physical deformities, according to Trinculo, also indicate deformity of character. Together, these faults aid Prospero's justification of forcing Caliban to serve in offices that profit us (p. 18). A second factor of Caliban's oppression is language. The ability to communicate that ends man's isolation from others and leads to civilization. When Prospero discovers Caliban, the native has no knowledge of Europe, much less its tongue. Miranda and Prospero take it upon themselves to educate Caliban in civilized language. Miranda says I pitied thee, took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or other, When thou didst not, savage, know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble, like a thing most brutish, I endowed thy purposes with words that made them known. (p. 0) Miranda believes that communication indicates that one is civilized. She does not for a moment consider that Caliban's gabble was most likely his own language, the language he used to with Sycorax. Miranda believes that true communication (and true civilization) comes only in the words of her own language. Prospero agrees with this notion. He believes that Caliban's deformity and inability to communicate with foreigners make the native his subordinate. Caliban is only …a lying slave, whom stripes may move, not kindness (p. 54). Prospero refuses to hear Caliban's exclamation that he was first…mine own king (p. 54). Once Caliban controlled his own life. With the arrival of Prospero, who sees no redeeming qualities but brute strength in Caliban, the native becomes a slave. Prospero believes that Caliban is not human and sees no reason to treat him as one. Montaigne and de Las Casas also explore the humanity of natives. Though their portrayals of the Indians are very different, their aim is the same to promote the humane treatment of the Indians. Both works oppose the colonialist mentality that appears in The Tempest. Montaigne and de Las Casas argue that differences in culture are not tantamount to inferiority. De Las Casas' account of the Indians describes a race of people who are completely innocent, meek, harmless, and temperate (p.6). Like Caliban, de Las Casas' natives are very simple, even childlike. However, de Las Casas believes his child-natives are capable of growing up. He maintains that they are quite ready and willing to receive and embrace the word of God (p. 6). With this, he shows his confidence that the Indians have the potential to equal the Europeans. Montaigne has a very different opinion of the natives. He shares the Shakespeare's belief that language and culture are synonymous, but he differs in that he lauds the Indian tongue. Montaigne even goes so far as to compare Indian language with the most civilized language when he describes it as a soft language, with an agreeable sound, somewhat like Greek in its endings (Of Cannibals, p. 64). Montaigne also makes a point of describing the poetry and song of the Indians. The ability to create beautiful poetry certainly connotes civilization. Montaigne comments that not only is there nothing barbarous in this fancy, but it is altogether Anacreontic (Of Cannibals, p.64). Though the primary focus of Montaigne's essays and In Defense of the Indians is to vouch for the humanity of the Indians, the works also share a second purpose. As chronicles of European action in the New World they proof that Shakespeare was not unique in his belief of the inequality between European and native. Like Prospero and his peers, the Europeans in Montaigne and de Las Casas never consider the fact that the natives have the right to self-determination. The Europeans take over the land, imposing a new religion, a new language, and a new status on the natives. It is not even as if the Europeans choose to ignore indigenous society; they do not entertain the possibility that a society can exist. Much like Prospero's treatment of Caliban, Montaigne and de Las Casas' Europeans believe that the Indians are no more intelligent than animals, and just about as capable of organizing a society. This perceived inferiority justifies the natives' enslavement. Shakespeare, Montaigne, and de Las Casas all describe the usurpation of land from the Indians. De Las Casas discourages taking land with force, claiming that it is wrong to wage war against men who are harmless…unarmed, and destitute of every human defense (p. 6). Montaigne writes disapprovingly, He who had awarded their country to him must be a man fond of dissention, to go and give another person something that was not his and thus set him at strife with its ancient possessors. (Of Coaches, p.67) With this, Montaigne describes how the Europeans ignore the fact that the natives have any rights to property. Again, the Europeans ignore the humanity of the Indians. Like the colonialists of de Las Casas and Montaigne's essays, Shakespeare's Europeans overlook Indian humanity when they seize the native land. Though Caliban defends his rights when he says, this island's mine by Sycorax my mother which thou tak'st from me (p. 1) all Prospero hears are the words of an ugly, ignorant savage. Prospero pays no more heed to Caliban's complaint than he would the lowing of a cow. To Prospero, both are animals meant for service. In spite of their similarity, Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne portray natives and colonialism in very different manners. De Las Casas insists that it is wrong to attack a childlike culture. Montaigne maintains that the natives are already a highly civilized people. In Shakespeare, the European actions that de Las Casas and Montaigne despise come to life. For Prospero, the native culture that Montaigne deems evolved and de Las Casas calls gentle is simply different and inferior. Montaigne says, each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice (Of Cannibals, p.58). Without understanding Montaigne's true meaning, Prospero would wholeheartedly agree. Caliban certainly does not partake in the practice of Prospero. Like the natives in de Las Casas and Montaigne's New World, Caliban has a different appearance and language. However, where Montaigne and de Las Casas are proponents of respecting differences, Shakespeare's Europeans use those differences to defend robbery and subjugation.

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To kill a mockingbird

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First of all, he said, If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-

Sir?

-until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Page 0

Analysis

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This passage helped me to realize the special bond between Atticus and his daughter, Scout.It seems as though Scout learns the more from her father than she does anywhere else. Atticus teaches Scout important things that she does aquire from school, such as social skills and basic information about life. Scout listens carfully to Atticus, which shows she has much respect for him, and that she values his advice.

Quote

As Atticus once advised me to do, I tried to climb into Jems skin and walk around in it if I had gone alone to the Radly Place at two in the morning, my funeral would have been held the next afternoon. So I left Jem alone and tried not to bother him. Page 57

Analysis

Scout is using Atticus advice. This proves the effect that her fathers words have on her. This also shows Scouts respect for her father and her brother. The fact that she decides not to bother Jem proves her respect and maturity.

Quote

Scout, I think Im beginning to understand something. I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radlys stayed shut up in the house all this time.its because he wants to stay inside. Page 7

Analysis

Since Jem is growing up he realizes that the myths about Boo are unlikely to be true. He is starting to get a more mature understanding of Boo, realizing that he probably does not stay inside the house because he is locked up. He is also starting to get to know Boos character.

Quote

Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radly porch was enough. Page 7

Analysis

Standing on the Radly porch lets Scout finally see things from Boo Radlys point of view. Earlier in the novel, she was terrified every time she passed the house. Now as she stands on his porch, the way that Scout sees things has changed. The reader must realize that Scout herself has changed, also.

Chapter 10 Summary

Scout doesnt think her father can do anything - he doesnt do hands-on physical work, he doesnt play football, hes much older than the parents of her peers so hes too frail for most activity. He also wears glasses because hes nearly blind in one eye. Instead of hunting, he sits and reads inside. Scout is ashamed of her father because it seems like he cant do anything noteworthy. Scout has been dealing with a lot of not very complimentary talk at school about her fathers case, but she doesnt fight anyone in public - only family like Francis.

Atticus tells them they can shoot their air guns at tins cans and bluebirds but tells them that its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Miss Maudie affirms this, saying Your fathers right. Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird.

Then one day a dog named Tim Johnson appears in the neighborhood. He has a strange appearance and walks slowly with a twitch. The children tell Calpurnia, who takes one look and then immediately calls Atticus to tell him that theres a rabid dog in the neighborhood. Then she gets the town operator to call everyone in the neighborhood. She even runs over to the Radleys house to yell the warning to them. Atticus and the sheriff, Heck Tate, drive up, and the sheriff gives Atticus the gun. The dog is so close to the Radleys house that a stray bullet might go into the building. Atticus reluctantly takes up the gun and shoots the dog. The dog crumples into a heap. Jem is dumbstruck. Miss Maudie tells the children that their father used to be known as One-Shot Finch, the best dead-shot in the county. She says he doesnt shoot unless he has to, because he feels that, when he holds a gun, God has given him an unfair advantage over living beings. Scout wants to tell everyone in school, but Jem tells her not to, because he says that he wouldnt care if Atticus couldnt do a blessed thing, because Atticus is a gentleman.

Analysis

The rabid dog is a deadly, dangerous menace to the town, and its presence affects everyone in the community, black or white, irrespective of class or personality. Thus, the dog creates a unifying affect over the neighborhood - no one is immune to it, and everyone must take cover together. Even the Radleys, the neighborhood oddballs, must be warned by Calpurnias shouting. The presence of the rabid dog is an emergency that makes everyone equal for a few moments. Later in the book, Atticus will credit the court of law with the same capability of making everyone equal, regardless of ethnicity or social stature. Also, though Atticus does not like to shoot, his role as marksman in hitting the rabid dog calls for him to stand as a defender of all the people, not just blacks or whites. While he holds the gun, the fate of the entire community rests upon his shoulders, a role which will be discussed more in Chapter 4, where Miss Maudie points out that the town depends upon Atticus to uphold truth for them all. Atticus dislikes handling a gun because it makes him feel like he has an unfair advantage over all living things, that is, nature is fair in what it has given all beings, and using a tool like a gun to kill with allows him special privileges which nature never intended for him to use. Nature seems to have its own law which states that humans should not take advantage of their knowledge of machines and weapons in order to shoot animals, who have no such advantage. In the name of public safety, however, Atticus is willing to put this moral aside in the name of a higher goal the protection of human life. Again, this shows how a law, such as natures law or even a personal law such as Atticuss avoidance of guns, must sometime be bent toward a higher aim.

Atticus is not the only important figure in the crisis Calpurnia is the one to recognize the serious nature of the situation, make the right phone calls, and run out to warn the neighbors. She spares many people from death, yet she gets no credit for it when compared to Atticus who actually shoots the gun to kill the dog. Though Atticuss skill with a gun is remarkable, Calpurnias swift action and knowledge are invaluable. This is an example of how the black community in Maycomb helps the white community in ways that may not always be realized, and despite the amount of prejudice and discrimination that they suffer, they make many unsung contributions to the community.

Atticuss warning about shooting a mockingbird is the first mention of the mockingbird theme. The idea coincides with his distaste for hunting Atticus doesnt want his children to inflict cruelty upon the innocent mockingbirds just because they have the power of the air guns, just as he doesnt like to shoot. His warning serves to emphasize the responsibilities that come with power. Those who have power must be careful not to use it cruelly upon beings who are innocent and harmless. If an animal provokes harm, such as a bluebird, then one may exercise power against it, but the powerful must be careful in choosing whom they target. In the trial of the harmless Tom Robinson, the white people in the jury have power over the black man, and they choose to exercise their power poorly, declaring him guilty simply because he is black. The mockingbird theme will also appear at the end of the book regarding Boos rescue of Jem and Scout. Atticuss preference for not shooting shows that he would like to remove himself from situations of unfair power. Like the gun, the situation of white supremacy is a creation of society that contradicts all that is natural to mankind; it separates men into groups and places one ahead of the other. Atticus wishes to do away with these categories and power discrepancies.

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A Comparison of the Hierarchical, Network, and Relational, Database Models

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Database models continue to evolve as the information management needs of organizations become more complex. From flat files to relational databases, the growing demands on data integrity, reliability and performance of database management systems (DBMS), has shaped the design of databases and their underlying models. In this document, three database models are discussed comparing and contrasting their major features. The three models in order of discussion are Hierarchical, Network and Relational database models.

Hierarchical Database Model

The hierarchical model is the oldest of the three models discussed here. This model is an improvement of the flat-file database system since it employs a simple data relationship scheme. The relationships in the hierarchical model are child/parent relationships. The name "hierarchical" is derived from one major restriction on the child/parent relationships, that is, although a parent entity can have several child entities, a child entity can only have one and only one parent. For this reason all the relationships form a hierarchy that traces back to one root. In fact, this model is often visualized as an upside down tree, where the entity at the top is seen as a root and as such all other entities sprout from the root.A simple example is shown in Figure 1 below

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"Products" in Figure 1 above is the root entity of the hierarchical model in the example.

As shown in the diagram, one major problem with the hierarchical model is the increased risk of data inconsistency. In the case above, a separate "Customers" table must exist for every product line due to the fact that a child entity cannot have more than one parent. However, there is a great chance that there are many customers who purchased more than one type of product. Consequently, information about those customers must exist in more than one table causing data redundancy. Another problem with the hierarchical model is the inflexibility of the model. For example, in the diagram above, the database is restricted to three product lines. Adding a new product line would require redesigning the database since all the relationships must be predefined. Finally, another problem with the hierarchical model is in the child/parent relationship restriction. Every child must have a parent. Therefore, in the example above, it is impossible to add new customers who have not bought any new products yet. To overcome some of the limitations of the hierarchical model, the network model was created.

Network Database Model

The network model is an improvement to its predecessor, the hierarchical model. In the network model, a child entity can have more than one parent. Therefore, the design can be visualized as several inverted trees interconnected by branches as opposed to the single inverted tree characteristic of the hierarchical model. Figurebelow illustrates the network database model of the hierarchical database discussed previously.

As shown above, the network database model eliminates the need to maintain several "Customers" tables. Data in the network model can be accessed from an entity as opposed to the hierarchical model that requires access from the root entity. The relationships between entities occur through unique set structures. Therefore, although the entities are not duplicated, a unique set structure is required to facilitate each of the one-to-many relationships.

Like the hierarchical model, the network model is also navigational. This poses a big problem in complex designs since the user has to understand the database structure in order to us the database. Furthermore, with a predefined structure like in the hierarchical model, modifying the structure of the database becomes a difficult task. The relational model eliminates many of the problems presented in the network and hierarchical models.

Relational Database Model

The relational model is based on the mathematical set theory. In this model, "data is stored in relations which are perceived by the user as relations" (Hernandez, 17).Relations are made up of tuples (also referred to as records or rows) and attributes (also known as fields or columns). Each record is identified by a column with a unique value. The order of the rows and columns is of importance. Therefore, the relational model is independent of physical implementation, a quality that makes this model more preferable to the hierarchical and database models. Relationships in this model can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Regardless of the type of relationship, the model is transparent to the user, that is, the user does not need to understand the physical structure of the database in order to use it.

Relational databases also have their share of problems. The flexibility of the relational model comes with the price of performance speed since the relationships are not predefined like in the case of hierarchical and network databases. Flexibility, also introduces the complexity of enforcing integrity constraints. However, the existence of scientific rules for imposing integrity guarantees that database integrity can be ensured.

Summary

To sum it up, Table 1 below provides a concise analysis of the major differences between the hierarchical, network and relational database models. It is important to note that although the relational model is superior to its predecessors, there are situations that would warrant the use of the older models, especially where the application is simple and not likely to change.

Table 1 Major differences of the hierarchical, network and relational database models

Hierarchical ModelNetwork ModelRelational Model

Data accessNavigational. Usually accessed from the root. User is required to understand database structure.Navigational. However, data access can start from an entity. User is required to understand database structure.Non-navigational. Database structure is completely transparent to the user.

PerformanceFaster because structure is predefined.Faster because structure is predefined.Slower because of the flexible arbitrary structure.

DBMSNot compatible with the other two models. Changes to the database structure must be reflected in the application as well.Compatible with the other two models. However, changes to database structure usually require changes in the application.Compatible with the other two models. The database structure is transparent.

QueriesNo query language unless it is predefined in to application.User needs to know the structure in order to query information.Versatile query language. Includes ability to run ad hoc queries.

Data integrityPlagued with redundancy due to the child/parent limitationsLess redundancy than the hierarchical model. Since the network model is navigational it becomes harder to maintain integrity as the database's complexity increases.Logical rules guarantee imposition of integrity constraints.

ChangesChanges to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes are easy to implement since the structure is transparent to the user and the application.

References

Hernandez, M. (17). What is a relational database? Database design for mere mortals A hands-on guide to relational database design, Chapter 1. Retrieved July , 00 from Safari Tech Books Online on the World Wide Web http//safari.bvdep.com/

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The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

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The Book Report of ¡° The Joy Luck Club¡±

¡°The Joy Luck Club¡± is a book of describing the relationships between the Chinese mothers and their American- born daughters. In this book, it explores the different attitudes of two generations with different backgrounds and experiences towards respect, love and marriage. Also it reveals the difference of culture and tradition crossing the both sides of the Pacific. It was published by Ivy Book, New York, 18, written by Amy Tan, who is also a Chinese- American, who was born in Oakland, California in 15 and grew up in the San Francisco bay area. Amy Tan has a very keen insight on the trifles happen in the Chinese-American families and most of her works are based on this topic.

In this book The Joy Luck Club, it has eight main characters, four mothers( Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St.Clair) and 4 daughters (Jing-mei ¡°June¡± Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong and Lena St.Clair). These mothers all left China to America before 14 when China was still a very old feudal society. Women had no rights, no social status and no respect at that time in China. Women had to follow the willingness of their parents at any case, such as their marriage. They did not have the right to choose their own husbands, which should be decided by their parents. In the chapter named The Red Candle of The Joy Luck Club, it described how Lindo Jong¡¯s husband was decided by her parents when she was only two-years old. Well, when they got married, Chinese women must follow the orders of their husbands and their parents-in-law. The lucky one would have a husband who treated her like a person and the unlucky one would had a husband who treated her just like a dog, even worse. Each of the mothers of this book The Joy Luck Club had a very painful history. Therefore, when they stepped on the free land, America, they had lots of expectations to a new life and they gave their best wishes to their dearest daughter. They hoped that everything they could not gain in China their daughter could own in America. So, in the beginning of the book, Suyuan Woo made her promise to herself that ¡° In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband¡¯s belch. Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow and sorrow!¡± (P) Unfortunately, their American-born daughters could not understand their mothers¡¯ ideas. They were born in a very wealthy and open-minded country and they took everything for granted. They evaluated their mothers in their American-style way of thinking. They refused to speak Chinese and they even teased their mothers¡¯ English speaking. They despised the culture and traditions from their ancestors, however, no matter how hard they wanted, they still could not turn these heritages of China all away because they still had yellow skin and black hair just like the other Chinese. They argued with their parents all the time and they thought their mothers¡¯ advices were all out-of-date and worthless, but sometimes in the deep of their hearts, they had to accept their mothers had a more profound understanding to the life. Help with essay on The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

The Joy Luck Club is composed of four parts, and each one had four chapters. In the first and last parts, it separately described the stories of these mothers¡¯ history life in China and their perspectives when they were in America, while, in the second and the third parts, it mainly talked about these daughters¡¯ experiences of their growing-up and how their mothers affected them in their education, marriage, career and family. With a very good connection, the book unravels the stories of every character progressively, which are very vivid and real. When I read this book, my mood followed the tides of the stories up and down. They give me a very deep touching. I remember in the chapter named ¡°Scar¡±, it told the story of An-Mei Hsu when she was a kid watched her mother how to honor her grandmother. ¡° My mother took her flesh and put it in the soup. She cooked magic in the ancient tradition to try to cure her mother this one last time. She opened Popo (grandma)¡¯s mouth, already too tight from trying to keep her spirit in. She fed her this soup, but the night Popo flew away with her illness. Even though I was young, I could see the pain of the flesh and the worth of the pain. This is how a daughter honors her mother. It is ¡°shou¡± so deep it is in your bone. The pain of the flesh is nothing. The pain you must forget. Because sometimes that is the only way to remember what is in your bones. You must peel off your skin, and that of your mother, and her mother before her. Until there is nothing. No scar, no skin, no flesh.¡±(P41) This word ¡°shou¡± simply can be understood as ¡° respecting the parents¡±, but in a more deep level, I think that it means the younger generation should sacrifice themselves to repay their parents no matter it is the flesh, the blood or others, because it is your parents who give you the most important thing, your life.

The characters¡¯ creation of The Joy Luck Club is incredible. I really like Lindo Jong, a very smart woman, who found a good way to escape from her arranged marriage without breaking up her promise to her mother and without bringing a shame on her family. She was a very strong woman with the merits of diligence, braveness and endurance. Also, I can feel the deep pain of Jing-mei Woo who thought herself would never meet the standards of her parents¡¯ expectations and she thought her mother never understand her and love you. . There was an argument between Jing-mei Woo and her mother that expressed her pain clearly. ¡° ¡°You want me to be someone that I¡¯m not!¡± I sobbed. ¡° I will never be the kind of daughter you want me to be!¡± ¡°Only two kinds of daughters,¡± she shouted in Chinese. ¡° Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter!¡± ¡°Then I wish I wasn¡¯t your daughter. I wish you weren¡¯t my mother.¡±¡± I really sympathize Jing-mei Woo, who had the best personality among the 4 daughters. In The Joy Luck Club, these Chinese mothers put too much pressure on their daughters¡¯ growing, even though which all came from love. They wanted their children to go the roads they paved for them because they thought it would be most beneficial. They hoped their children could be developed into the best they could be. The love and the expectations of them brought their children a lot of pain. I thought the author Amy Tan wrote truly about those mothers¡¯ and daughters¡¯ inner-thinking.I can imagine though those mothers were living at the land of America, they still kept parts of their old, feudal and conservative ideas with them. It was what they learned when they were young and they could not just throw them away.

Although quarrels and small conflicts between mothers and daughters were almost everywhere in this book, but the ending of the story was satisfactory. Daughters and mothers both learned to understand each other. Jing-mei Woo, the daughter of Suyuan Woo, brought her mother¡¯s last unfinished wish with her to China to visit her twin sisters and she would talk with them all the things she knew about their mother. Also, she would try to understand the place where her root was. In my opinion, the author, Amy Tan wrote this story to reflect her strong feeling as being a American-born Chinese, who was not totally an American and also was not a Chinese, who was educated from both-sides. She tried to tell us that as a Chinese-American you may be Americanized, but you should still have a deep respect for the Chinese culture of your ancestors.

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Lord of the Flies

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Lord of the Flies. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Lord of the Flies paper right on time.

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Side by side the two girls entered the lunchroom. As usual, the typical commotion and persistent conversations were already in progress.Full of giggles and eager to join their friends, the two girls quickly scurried to reach their particular seats.The aroma of the lunchroom circled in the air above, as the daily talk hung from the mouths of the teenagers.As the girls took their seats, a familiar face approached them.

"Did you hear about Angela?" the girl questioned as she reached the table with a concerned look upon her face.

"Yeah, can you believe that?" another replied

"How embarrassing."

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As the talk spread from table to table, exaggeration was added, along with opinions, lies and twists of the truth.In minutes, the rumor had spread not only throughout the lunchroom, but throughout the entire school. A joke between Angela's friends that had started with delight had now turned into a nightmare-a cruel and embarrassing lie.It seemed almost impossible that days earlier the amusement which had kept the girls up all night laughing at a sleepover, had now so harshly turned to horrendous mortification.Just as the rumor swiftly twisted from humor to humiliation, the established unity on the island in Lord of the Flies quickly turns to disarray.The order, organization, and integrity once apparent on the isle, quickly fades as evil grows in its place. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrates that good can quickly turn to evil using characterization, scenery, and plot.

Throughout the novel, Golding expresses the persistent development of malevolence each boy secretly possesses within himself.The purity and immeasurable restrictions of the island allow the boys to cease their polite, tame behavior and transform into savages.At the beginning of the novel Jack appears as a harmless choirboy though it's obvious he desires power. As the characters continue to develop and their personalities evolve, it becomes evident that Jack swiftly grows savagely immoral.He leads the boys to participate in violent, intolerable behavior and contributes to the collapse of unity amongst the islanders "Jack ignored them for the moment, turned his mast down to the seated boys and pointed at them with a spear" (150). Jack forces the boys to choose between the civilized society and the savage tribe. Jack says aggressively, still pointing the spear, "Who's going to join my tribe?" (150).The alteration from civilized to savage in Jack's character becomes dreadfully evident and defines him as one the most evil characters in the novel.Roger's disposition also severely alters throughout the time spent on the island.At first, Roger entertainingly throws stones at the surrounding boys, yet deliberately misses the target "Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw" (6).Soon after, Roger's character takes a drastic turn for the worse; partaking in the transformation of temperament, Roger deliberately thrusts an enormous boulder at Piggy "Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever" (180). Roger's pursuit results in Piggy's death. The corruption of unity and lack of authority on the island allow Jack and Roger to harshly influence others.Maurice, friendly and innocent, feels pressure to partake in stealing Piggy's glasses.While planning the brutal attack, Jack says, "The rest of you can go to sleep as soon as the sun sets.But us three, Maurice, Roger, and me, we've got work to do" (161). Maurice allows himself to shred his virtue and contribute to the vile act of stealing from a member of this island.The quest to maintain innocence and a civilized society rapidly alters as the characters unleash their uncultivated behavior and destroy their surroundings.

To also emphasize the theme, Golding uses the setting to depict how the collapse of a civilized society can immensely affect the environment.With expressive words and vocabulary, the island is first described as haven, and unknown paradise "Beyond the platform there was more enchantment.Some act of God-a typhoon perhaps, or the storm that had accompanied his own arrival-had bank sand inside the lagoon so that there was a long, deep pool in the beach with a high ledge of pink granite at the further end" (1).As time passes and the boys become more destructive and careless, the island swiftly turns into an unhealthy place to live.During an assembly, Ralph discusses how filthy the island has become and how the boys need to help preserve its cleanliness.Frustrated, Ralph declares, "we chose those rocks right along beyond the bathing pool as a lavatory…Now people seem to use anywhere" (80).Once occupied by the boys, the purity and exquisiteness of this isolated island almost immediately revolves into filth and disgust. The uncharted waters surrounding the island also alter from a cherished necessity to a symbol of death. Throughout the novel, the serene water supplies the boys with life. Yet, as the plot intensifies the water plays a major role in the deaths that occur on this island.The water swallows the innocence, murdered bodies and leaves the island with nothing but evil "Then the sea breathed again in a long, slow sigh, the water boiled white and pink over the rock; and when it was sucking back again, the body of Piggy was gone" (181). As the malevolence grows within the island, the scenery weakens into the most devastating sight.The dramatic change from good to evil, in both the characters and setting alters the story line itself.

A drastic change in the story line shifts the plot from innocent fun and games to primitive violence and fear.At the beginning of the novel, hunting is made a main priority.To survive, the boys feel hunting is a necessity.As the boys continue to hunt, the quest for meat soon becomes an uncontrollable desire. No longer do the boys kill pigs for survival, but for the sight of blood and death "The afternoon wore on, hazy and dreadful with damp hear; the sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hungers followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood" (15). The boys effortlessly twist hunting, a means to survive, into a cruel an vile act of death as their undomesticated actions unfold. The "pig dance" also shifts to violence.At first, the boys dance and sing out of excitement and their accomplishments of hunting, yet as the novel continues, the dance turns to wild and becomes dangerous. The boys mistake Simon of the beast and instinctively lash out and murder him during this untamed dance "The sticks fell and the mouth of the circle crunched and screamed.The beast was on its knees in the corner, its arms folded over its face.It was crying out against the abominable noise…" (15). Brutally, Simon dies during the pig dance as the boys impel their evil upon his innocence.The alter from good to evil on the island swiftly shifts the prevailing tone of the entire book.

The novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, profoundly incorporates the theme good can quickly turn to evil. With descriptive details, the characters, scenery, and story line express the theme in a powerful tone. The characters Jack, Roger, and Maurice transpire into the three most obvious characters that impose evil.Their civil customs swiftly convert to indecent actions and violent mentalities.As a result, the breathtaking scenery vanishes when the boys arrive. The boys' actions also guide the path of the story line and consequently cause the plot to demise of evil.Hunting swiftly turns into a repulsive obsession and the pig dance abruptly develops into a murder. The boys on the island quickly lose sight of their innocence and evil cultivates in its place, just as a simple joke rapidly spreads into hurtful rumors. As a society, it is important that each member evaluate situations to prevent evil from taking hold and tarnishing the established innocence. Live as the bible states, "Be very careful, then, how you livenot as unwise but as wise, making the most of every opportunity, because the days are evil."

Please note that this sample paper on Lord of the Flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lord of the Flies, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Lord of the Flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The anzac spirit

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The anzac spirit. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The anzac spirit paper right on time.

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Many heroes emerged from the disaster. These heroes were the men who saved mates, animals and themselves, and demonstrated incredible bravery. Les Marshall and Michael Page pulled workers and mates from the fire and threw them into empty dams and smothered them in mud as the main fire wall passed over and burnt their ute which left them to walk back to the farm house, where Les worker, Gary Briggs was airlifted to Royal Perth Hospital by the fantastic crew from RFDS (Royal Flying Doctors Service) who that day had made three trips to Perth and from Perth to Pingelly. Lynsey Corkes worker and fireman was thrown from the ute into fire, burning his hands in the fire, now has lost the use of his left hand from severe bums.

The Anzac Spirit was born at Gallipoli in 115. Since then it has been demonstrated not only by Australians in war but also by those whose contribution has been in other fields.

The Gallipoli Campaign, during the First World War (114-118), was the first time that men and women served as Australians in a war situation. The campaign was part of a plan to expel the Turks from the war and thereby weaken Turkeys ally Germany. At first the Australians were considered by some to be untried soldiers, second raters and six-bob-a-day tourists. By the end of the Gallipoli campaign Australian troops had demonstrated some remarkable characteristics and were respected soldiers acknowledged around the world. An Anzac tradition of bravery and service was clearly established from 5 April 115 onward.

The Anzac tradition was established on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli from 5 April 115 to the evacuation of the beaches in December 115. This tradition has continued through other military conflicts in which Australians have been involved. The Anzac Spirit defines Australias military past. No other name so represents the idea of unity in Australia. It was born in a terrible military defeat; a time marked by great bravery, by common soldiers and great acts of arrogance and stupidity by their commanders and political leaders. At the height of the campaign, for almost six weeks, Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick put others before himself and saved many lives on the frontlines of the Gallipoli battlefield until he was shot down by a sniper at close range while serving others in the frontline. This was typical of the spirit of the beaches of Gallipoli. This spirit has lived on ever since as a part of the Australian way of life.

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John Simpson Kirkpatrick was born in South Shields in Yorkshire in England on 6 July 18. He had illegally immigrated to Australia prior to the war in 110. His formal education was slight, but when writing letters to his mum, he wrote of his pleasure, as a committed socialist, in discovering an egalitarian society. He hung around the bush for a while carrying a swag and writing home every month. Kirkpatrick was known as Simpson to most, and was in Western Australia when the war broke out in August 114. Like many migrants Simpson was among the first to enlist joining up under the name Simpson and volunteered medical corps (Third Field Ambulance). He went ashore at Gallipoli on the very first day and became distressed by the agonies of the hurt and the lack of medical attention. Finding a group of stray donkeys in a hidden valley, he asked an officer if he could use one to aid the wounded from the frontline to the hospital on the beach under the cliff. He soon became popular at Anzac Cove; Simpson named his faithful donkey Duffy and gave it a Red Cross hatband. He was said to have lived a charmed life, but was killed tragically by a snipers bullet in Shrapnel Gully on 1 May 115.

Simpson and his donkey have now been known as Australian legends; the pairs story, known to all who served on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli, have promoted three talented biographies of Simpson as a parable of Christian compassion and an example of the famous Anzac Cove.

Not just one person, but the group of people I have chosen to write about that have displayed the same spirit and self-sacrifice are the townspeople of Pingelly. They demonstrated this spirit and self-sacrifice when the entire town pulled together at a time crisis, a time when a 0 000 acre bushfire with a 17 km front traveling up to 60 km/h with 70 foot high flames.

During the fire hospital staff was stretched to the limit and with the help of Dr Gogna, flown in from Beverley, treated in excess of 70 patients throughout the day and into the night, with some of the nurses working up to 40-hour shifts. With the help of Lee Steal working the phones, two ways and radio for the hospital and the shire offices from the base at the hospital, all the patients got a bed or mattress on the floor and some returned to the frontline into the night. No one went untreated or was turned away.

In the aftermath of the fires the railway line, the Great Southern Highway and all the electricity were down and unable to operate. 0 000 sheep had to be cleaned up and more had to be shot to end the suffering. All the farmers helped to draft and shoot sheep the next day, giving up their own time to help others before working on their own farms while the guys from Western Power worked into the night to restore the power to the area within four days with temporary poles and stays. The workers from Main Roads and the Shire workers worked 1-hour days to reopen the Great Southern Highway with detours in three days. Within two days the Rail workers had the train lines up and running after working 1-hour days.

Some farmers suffered terribly, some having no insurance what so ever and found it so hard to keep going through the hard times. Thanks to the counselors provided by the Court government to assist with the crisis, also it was all helped by the group of ladies who made over 000 sandwiches between them and would prefer to stay anonymous. In 18 in the face of crisis an entire town pulled together, as did Simpson and displayed an amazing level of Anzac Spirit. Many people made great sacrifices to help their neighbors before thinking of themselves and the horrifying consequences. This example displays that the Anzac Spirit is still alive in todays society.

Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in the early 150s and began a

movement which he called Scientology. This was later registered as a

religion and stands as such today in a number of countries. In the mid

150s he regained the rights to Dianetics and incorporated its techniques

into his Scientology processes. He said Dianetics addresses the body.

Scientology addresses the spirit. (Ref HCOBApril 16)

The fundamental concept behind both Dianetics and Scientology processing is

that the mind stores incidents (as images) in a series of related chains.

If something is troubling a person it is because a similar upsetting

incident has previously occurred to that person. If you find the earlier

incident (which has been lost to the conscious mind) and get the person to

look at it, then this can eliminate the problem. If this doesnt work then

there is an earlier incident and so on. The earliest incident is called

`basic on the chain. The End Phenomenon would be that the person is no

longer troubled by the incident.

The EP of Dianetics is the `Clear. The person has no more incidents in the

past to affect him or her in the present. This is supposed to produce a

completely rational human being. Scientology goes on past this point

(although there are many Scientology processes before the clear state is

reached) and deals with the liberation of the spirit (called the OT

levels). It is after clear that the entire concept changes and the

processes bear no resemblance to the principle explained above.

In 167, supposedly to develop and deliver the OT levels, Hubbard set up

the Sea Organisation (S.O.). This is a branch of Scientology run along U.S.

navy lines with officers and other ranks who sign a billion year contract

to serve Hubbard and Scientology. Here lies the real power and wealth of

the `church and it is commanded at present by its CEO David Miscavige who

holds the Scientology rank of Captain.

Hubbard, who gave himself the rank of Commodore, was born in 111, married

three times and officially died on January 4, 186.

Please note that this sample paper on The anzac spirit is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The anzac spirit, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The anzac spirit will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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