Trend of Population Change and its Impact on the Environment - INDONESIA

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Indonesia is located across the equator and stretch from Sumatra in the west to Iranian Jaya in the east, or from Sabang to Merauke (Dari Sabang Ke Merauke). Its geographic coordinates are 5 00 S,10 00 E .The total area is 1,1,440 sq km. But interestingly only 0% consists of land, the rest is water. The number of islands in the Indonesian archipelago is disputed, but a commonly cited figure is 1,667, of which about 6000 are inhabited. Its capital is Jakarta.

Indonesia is regarded as the forth most populated country in the world. At present its total population is about 8,47,870 (July 000 est.) and its population growth rate is 1.6% (001 est.) Among this huge population 88% are Muslims,

Indonesian climate is tropical; hot, humid more moderate in highlands.

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Methodology

Our total study is mainly based on secondary data .We collected the data from statistical yearbook and web page related to Indonesia. From those data we tried to analyze the overall picture by tables, graphs, charts and maps. Moreover our honorable instructor Dr. Ziaush Shams also helped us a lot.

General Geology

Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago located between Asia and Australia and between two oceans, Pacific and Indian. Indonesia comprises more than 1,000 islands extending east to west over a distance of ,400 miles and north to south over more than 1,100 miles. The total land area is 75,865 square miles. Indonesian seas area extent is about four times greater than the land area, for approximately ,67,000 square miles of combined land and sea, an area larger than the continental United States or even Australia. The Western Indonesia comprises mostly called Sunda shelf including the Malacca straits, Natuna Sea, offshore Southeast Sumatra, North Java, East Java Sea and Offshore Kalimantan delimits the sea depth shallower than 00 meters. The population of Indonesia is estimated at 180 million, making it the fifth most populous country in the world after China, India, United States and Russia. The Java Island itself represents less than 7% of total area, but supporting for more than 50% of the population making the most densely populated island in the world. The major islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan (most of Borneo), Java, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya (west half of New Guinea. Kalimantan is the largest landmass with area of 08,000 square miles, making the largest island in the world. Sumatra is the second largest island with 18,000 square miles. Indonesia is an equatorial country; its tropical forest is only second to Amazon. The rainfall, especially in Kalimantan averages 150 inches per year. There are more than 60 sedimentary basins in Indonesia, which may generate and trap hydrocarbons. The main productive basins are North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, Sunda, Northwest Java, East Java, Barito, Kutei, Tarakan, and Salawati. The basins are located in a unique geological framework, with 1 identified in the west andin the east. Only two basins are still undrilled in the west as opposed to 1 in the east. Thus, 1 of the basins (5%) are classified as virgin or immature areas. The remaining basins are considered semi-mature, consisting of 5 non-producing basins and mature, and 14 producing basins.

History

Indonesia is an old country, steeped in history.Scientists believe it goes back a long way to when 500,000 years ago Java man inhabited the islands.Indonesias history is one, which has been influenced by outsiders and foreigners.The Dutch, Japanese and Indians, just to name a few, have had something to do with Indonesias past and their culture of today.Foreigners from India and Persia brought new religions to Indonesia and changed the country forever. Indonesia is believed to have existed 4 million years ago, when it was part of the Asian mainland.The beginning of Indonesian history began when the ice started to melt just North of Europe and the American continent.Many other species of man were thought to have lived and evolved on the islands and the mainland Indonesia. India played a vital role in the development of the history and culture of Indonesia today.Indian settlers, mostly those from Southern India began to migrate to Indonesia during the 1st to 7th century AD.Indians introduced new religions and helped refine the Sanskrit language, which eventually caused the spread of Indian civilization into Indonesia. Moslem merchants from India and Persia established trade routes with Indonesia in the 1th century AD.Along with their goods the traders also brought the Islamic faith with them.Soon many Indonesians, particularly those along the coastal areas of Java, were converted, so began the coming of Islam about six centuries after the Hindu period. The Dutch began their quest for spices to sell on the European market in the 16th century AD.Selling spices in Europe would mean huge profits for the Dutch government, so in order to maximize their profits; they increased their efficiency and organization by founding the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC - Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) in 160.After nationalizing the VOC in 17, the Dutch government had more control then ever before in Indonesia.The natives were forced to hand over their crops to the Dutch merchants; it was the beginning of Dutch colonialism. When Germany started World War II in Europe, Japan then made its move and

attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.They later moved southwards to conquer as many Southeast Asian countries as they thought possible.Once Singapore was under Japanese control, they invaded the Dutch East Indies and the Dutch colonial army surrendered and the Japanese occupation occurred in March 14.Once Japan had a hold of Indonesia they began their propaganda campaign for what the Japanese called Great East Asia Co-prosperity.Indonesians soon thought this would be the key to positive change in Indonesia, but things did not quite turn out that way.

Although Indonesia is a diverse country with over 00 different ethnic

groups, most of Indonesias population comes from an Indo-Malaysian world, which today encompasses Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines.Indonesias first populations had a rudimentary understanding of an agricultural economy based on cereals, and had knowledge of pottery and stone tools, during 500 to 500 BC.During the period 500 AD to 500 BC, when Indonesians were believed to have interacted with the people of South and East Asia, experts agree that metals and farm animals were probably introduced to the natives.

Dutch colonialism

The Dutch set out to control the spice trade and they eventually began

ruling Indonesia as a colony, but caused turmoil in the country.Once the Dutch seized Ambon in the Moluccas in 1605 and Banda Island in 16, they had a firm grip on the trade monopoly of the Spice Islands.Later the Dutch cut up and divided the land between them.This way trade among the local people of Makassar, Aceh, Mataram and Banten was brought to a halt. Indonesia was eventually brought to an agricultural country that supplied Europe with their goods.The Hindu Kingdom of Mataram was converted to Islam and was ruled by Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo.He was the one who developed the political power of the state and was eventually a fierce enemy of the Dutch.It was in 16 that he sent his military forces to attack Batavia, but they were defeated by Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coens troops. In the year 1666 the Sultan Hasanuddin of Goa declared war against the Dutch.The result was the defeat one year later and Goa became a vassal state of the VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) under the treaty of Bunggaya.Thirteen years later in 1680, prince Trunojoyo of Madura also waged war against the Dutch; he was later defeated and killed.The Dutch were looking for a way to secure their control of the spice monopoly in the Moluccas, so they began their Hongi expeditions.Their goal was to burn down as many clove gardens as possible, in an effort to eliminate overproduction.The people of Indonesia were hurt most by these expeditions.These excursions lead to brutal crimes committed against those who attempted to defend their crops.The VOC did benefit greatly from its control of the spice trades, however in 17 the VOC fell into bankruptcy due to mismanagement and corruption amongst its people.

Climate

Indonesia is generally classified as having a tropical or equatorial climate, which is controlled, by its archipelago structure and its position on the equator. These factors assure high, even temperatures and its location between Asia and Australia strongly influences the monsoon rainfall patterns. Temperatures are uniformly high, ranging from -1

degree Celsius (74-88 degree Fahrenheit) and are a function of elevation

rather than latitude. The area `s relative humidity ranges between 70 and 0 percent. The extreme variation in rainfall are linked with monsoons. In Indonesia, there normally is a dry season (June to September) that is caused by Australian continental air masses, and a rainy season (December to March) that is influenced by the Asian and Pacific air masses. Precipitation is the most important element of the climate of the Indonesian archipelago and it shows a great variation over the area as a whole. Local variations in precipitation are great, for example, Jakarta, near sea level, receives 70 inches of rain annually while Bogor which is higher in the mountains at an altitude of 70 feet records nearly 170 inches.

Flora

Reputed as the Spice Islands of the East, the Indonesian flora originates mostly from the Asian mainland, which makes it very diverse and exotic. The archipelago vegetation varies accordingly to rainfall, altitude and soil conditions. The plant life includes 40,000 different species belonging to ,000 different families with 10 percent of all plant

species in the world. About 60% of Indonesia is still covered with tropical rain forest especially in areas like Kalimantan and Irian Jaya, which are mostly forest-covered; while islands like Java and Bali have

much smaller forest-covered areas. The Indonesian vegetation includes ,500 species of orchids and ,000 species of trees, which includes durian, sandalwood, illupi nut, valuable of timber varieties like teak and ironwood, and rattans. The hill forests consist of oaks, chestnuts and other mountain plants. Most of the timber that is exploited in Indonesia comes from Kalimantan but also from certain regions of Java. But the island of Java is mostly known for its agricultural activity resulting from rich soils caused by volcanic eruptions and extensive deforestation. The culture of wet-rice, corn and tea is widespread in Java since it requires less land than other cultivation and can be done in mountainous terrain. Other islands like Sumatra are sources of rubber or palm oil but also petroleum, copper and bauxite. Another typical feature of Indonesian vegetation is the mangrove forest, which grows only in salty water along muddy shores. Mangrove swamps are extensively developed along the shallow seas on Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. To provide for the growing population, there has been a massive deforestation of areas in Java, which have caused erosion and soil exhaustion. These problems have been recognized by the Indonesian, which has been promoting selective cutting and reforestation. Six percent of the land has also been set aside for natural reserves and national parks.

Fauna

The Indonesian wildlife is influenced by two faunal regions the Megagaean of Asia in the west and Notogaean of Australia in the east. These two realms are separated by Wallace's Line which runs between Kalimantan and Sulawesi in the north and Bali and Lombok in the south. The Indonesia fauna incorporates 500 mammals like the tigers, orangutans, elephants of Sumatra, freshwater dolphins of Kalimantan, tree kangaroos, wallabies of Irian Jaya, rhinoceros and tapirs. Fifteen hundred species of birds are also found in Indonesia like different species of birds-of-paradise, parrots, cockatoos and peacocks, which are only found on the island of Java. Species of fish, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates populate the seas and the coasts, including giant sea turtles and the carnivorous monitor lizards of Komodo also known as the Komodo Dragon. The warm seas surrounding the Indonesian archipelago are considered the richest waters in the world for their extraordinary sea life (fish, corals and mammals like dolphins). Indonesia also has an enormous and varied insect life that includes many unusual species like the giant walkingsticks, walking leaves, huge atlas beetle and Luna moths. Since Indonesia is home to many endemic species that are in danger of extinction, Indonesian government decided to protect these animals by

creating National Wildlife Parks like Mount Leger National Park, which is home to the Orangutan rehabilitation centers.

Indonesian Economy

The Republic of Indonesia is appearing to be a most productive economy in the Asia Pacific Region. Deemed as a tiger and labeled as one of the ten Big Emerging Markets by the United States Department of Commerce, their longest period of economic stability, spanning 5 years, has been significant in the lives of the countrys 00 million inhabitants. Indonesia has shown progress through numbers, and statistics on the Indonesian economy prove quite positive. The country still relies on agriculture, although not quite as heavily, due to their developing industries. Protectionist policies are evolving to liberalization to attract foreign investment, which has been on the rise in the country.

Most recently, the crash in the Southeast Asian stock market has been an obstacle to any further economic development, yet Indonesias economy is still relatively young and can, with its neighboring countries, emerge all the wiser and learn much from what has happened.

Economic Activities of Indonesia

The economy of the Republic of Indonesia is primarily mixed, meaning that they encourage the growth of the public sector and commit to the idea of full employment by combining the methods of capitalism and socialism. By 15 estimates, their purchasing power parity equaled $710. billion, and real GDP growth during the previous ten years was at an average of about 7%. GDP per capita was $,500. Indonesia has been working hard at industrializing itself, something, which reflects in the statistics for GDP composition by sector.

PEA

Agriculture, which produces rice, tapioca, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra and other tropical products, as well as poultry, beef, pork and eggs, contributed 17% of GDP.

SEA

Industries, however, controlled .6% with petroleum and natural gas,

Textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food and rubber.

Developing Industries

While agriculture still remains important, industries are surfacing in the

country, marking its development in a vital manner. The International Labor Organization (ILO) recently released a report indicating that employment in the textile, garment and footwear industry has gone up in Asia while tumbling in the West by as much as 40%. The ILO also states Indonesia had a growth rate of jobs of 4% in the years 170 - 10. Asia holds the biggest share of world clothing exports with %, and even though industrialized countries still lead in turnout, their annual production growth rate was averaged at 0.% for the past twenty years, while Asias was .6%. The government of Indonesia has also seen the importance of tourism for they have increased its budget to around US $47 million for 17, up by 4%. Post and telecommunications sectors, however declined by 8. rupiah. After the turmoil surrounding the countrys currency, Indonesias economic growth is estimated to sink between six and 6.5% from last years 7.1% (it reached 7.5 in 14 and 8.1 in 15).Manufacturing and construction industries are to be the most affected, with service and trade sectors suffering as well.

TEA

Services picked up the remaining 50.4%. It is not easy to take in the . million workers who enter Indonesias labor force of 67 million each year. Worker productivity between 185 and 15 doubled, and from 171 until 15, 44 million new jobs have been created. Minimum wage rose 55% in 15.This extra income has certainly given the workers an incentive to spend more. Industrial production rate is estimated at 1.%, and agriculture in particular can benefit from science, technology and industry. The underemployment rate is 40% (14 estimate). The countrys revenue is around $8.1 billion and capital expenditure (for year 6/7) is 14.5 billion. Indonesias exports total $ . billion and imports were $ billion for the year 14. Export commodities are led by manufactured products (almost 60%), fuels (6.4 %), foodstuffs (1.7%) and raw materials (%). Trading partners include Japan (7.4%), America (14.6%), Singapore (10.1%), South Korea (6.5%), Taiwan (4.1%), Netherlands, China and Hong Kong (.%), and Germany (.%). Indonesia has an external debt of $7.6 billion (15 estimate), and receives economic aid of $ 1.54 billion (1). Japan is Indonesias most important buyer of exports as well as supplying help. In the meantime, plantation crops are used for exports and job creation. The countrys assorted supply of natural resources, such as crude oil, natural gas, timber, etc., sometimes still serve as a base for industrial production.

Population Density and Distribution

The three islands of Java, Bali and Madura have very high population densities in comparison with other regions. This contrast reflects the actual variation in resource endowments and ecological situations between the nations provinces. Throughout most of the 0th century, Javas population has been growing at a much slower rate than that of the islands of Outer Indonesia. Hence the proportion of Indonesians living in Java has declined from around two-thirds at the time of Independence to 60 per cent at the 10 census. In the late 170s and early 180s some 1. million families (around four and a half million people) were moved under the transmigration program. The goals of the program are however, predominantly articulated in terms of regional development in the Outer Islands rather than demographic redistribution. The shift in government policy in the late 180s to facilitate investment and industrialization, however, is tending to favor growth in Java. Between 185 and 10 the number of people moving into Java (77,78) was almost as great as the number moving in the opposite direction (7,40).

The Parameters of the Population Change

The parameters, that we used to explain the trend of the population, are defined underneath.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live children who are born for every thousand people in a particular country each year is called the crude birth rate. Mathematically;

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = B/P1 00

Here,

B - Total number of children who are born within one year.

P = The average population for one year

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths that occur per 1000 people in a country. Within one year is called the crude death rate. Mathematically

Crude Death Rate (CDR) = D/P1 000

Here,

D = Total number of deaths occurred within one year

P = The average population for one year

Total Fertility Rate (TFR).

The average number of children a woman bears during her lifetime is called total fertility rate.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy, by both residents and non- residents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. 1It does not include deduction for depreciation of physical capital or depletion and degradation of natural resources.

The Demographic Transition

Social change and development in a society is accompanied by a sequence of changes in birth and death rates. The Demographic Transition model identifies this sequence. A fall in fertility is ascribed to an increase in the burden of rearing children in an urban industrial society and the improved survival rates of infants, supported by improved methods and practice of contraception. The generalized descriptive model was developed from observation and description of the experience of Western developed countries in the early part of this century. The model, however, is not accepted as being universally applicable.

Stage 1.

The first phase is of a traditional society where there is a high level of fertility and high but unstable mortality rates caused by famines, wars and infectious disease epidemics.

Stage .

The model suggests that the transition begins in response to modernization, better living conditions, and disease control. A decline in death rates occurs, while fertility rates stay high. There is a great population growth.

Stage .

Stabilization of death rate at low levels, a reduction in the birth rate levels off population growth and death and birth rates converge in this stage. Indonesia is well into this phase in which natural increase is falling as the nation is moving towards low equilibrium.

Stage 4.

The final phase is of slight growth, as in the initial stage. Both birth and death rates are however, low, with some fluctuations in fertility due to changes in economic and, to a lesser extent, social trends.

Graph

Population Growth Rate

Year 1651.8

Year 170.1

Year 175.4

Year 180.

Year 185.1

Year 101.

Year 151.7

Year 0001.6

The graph of population growth rate from year 165 to 000 shows us a wave curve of growth rate. That curve increases to the middle and decreases from the middle to the end. In 165 the growth rate was 1.8 and it increases to highest of these given years as .4 in 175. After that the population starts to decline to 1.6 in year 000. The population became more stable this year.

The day-by-day improvement of the socio-economic situation is the prime cause of the decrement of the population growth.

Total Population Of Selected Years

Year 1801546

Year 18517065

Year 101166

Year 150108

Year 000661

The above chart shows us the population of Indonesia from year 165 to 000. The population was 11.6 million in year 165. That increases to 6.61 million in year 000. So the difference of the population of these two years is 114.5 million. That implies it takes the population only 5 years to be doubled. It is happened, although the population growth rate is 1.6 now, because of the high growth rate of the years from year 165 to 10. Among this 5 years duration the population increases as much as (11.6-11.6million) 7.00million people. After that period from year 10 to 000 the population increases only 17.51 million. Because of the population growth rate decreases in these years.

CBR and CDR

Year 180 5.0 1.0

Year 1851.10.

Year 107.68.8

Year 154.67.7

Year 000.7.0

We have analyzed the population of years 165-000. But the data of the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR) of 165 to 175 were not available. So if we consider the given graph of CBR and CDR of year 180 to 000, we can easily notice that the crude birth rate declined very sharply in that period. Although the CBR was very high in 180 the CDR was less than that. The change of CDR is not much significant as CDR, though it's decreasing. That implies the position of Indonesia in Demographic Transition Model is the Late DTP. Because we know that the Late DTP contains significant decrement of CBR and slow decrement of CDR.

Total Fertility Rate

Year 1804.8

Year 185.80

Year 10.

Year 15.8

Year 000.5

Another important phenomena to be considered in population trend are total fertility rate. From the given graph of total fertility rate we find that the fertility rate decreases from year 180 to 000. It was 4.8 in 180 and it became .5 in 000. That also impacts the CDR to be declined at a high rate. Thus the total population is also indirectly effected by the decreasing fertility rate.

Total Population of Male and Female

Year 188 186 154

Year 000 118 110

The above graph shows the total population of male and female in the year 188 and 000. We find that, the ration between male and female is not that much. Actually it is almost same. But if we compare the ratio of male and female over the last 1 years (year 188-000) it increases.

The Age Structure

The figure (above) shows the number of Indonesians recorded in each five-year age group at the 180 and 10 censuses. The 180 population pyramid has a broad base, with each older five-year age group tending to have fewer members than the one directly below it. This is because for any birth group mortality will gradually erode their numbers as they age up the pyramid. Hence if fertility is more or less constant, each older age group will have less than the one immediately below it and more than that immediately above it. If there is a significant continuing decrease in the death rate, however, it will mean that as a group moves into an older age category the numbers in that age category will - relatively - increase. This is because although the group may have started off around the same size as that of the slightly older group leaving that age category, more of its members have been saved from death by the lower mortality rate. This is the situation in Indonesia.

Overall Analysis of Graph And Data

With an estimated population in 000 of 6.6 million people, Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world and accounts for 40 per cent of Southeast Asias population. Population issues have been a major concern to governments in Indonesia both during the colonial era and since Independence.

Population Growth

Indonesias population has risen dramatically in the last two centuries, especially in Java. A high priority has been given to population reduction. For several years after Independence lower rates of growth occurred due to the disruption caused by the Japanese occupation and War of independence. Improvements in mortality in the 160s and 70s led to an increase in the annual growth rate. The 180s, however, saw a decline in the growth rate that has continued into the 10s. The success in reducing population growth has been achieved mainly through a significant reduction in the birth rate over the last two decades, while mortality levels have been greatly reduced. Life expectancy at birth has also increased from 47 in 171 to 5 in 180, and is now around 5 (58 for males and 61 for females). Indonesia is now well advanced in the demographic transition and it is anticipated that fertility will reach replacement level early in the next century.

Indonesias Changing Age Structure

It is important to realize that certain age groups in Indonesia are increasing more quickly than the population as a whole. This is due to a degree of unevenness in the age structure. The age structure reflects past trends in both fertility and mortality in Indonesia. Continuing significant improvements in infant and child mortality rates have resulted in each age group growing substantially as a more recently born group replaces an older group. Therefore the numbers of males, for example in the age group 10-1, were larger in 10 than the number of males aged 10-1 in 180. Between 180 and 10 there has been a very large increase in population aged between 10 and 40. Hence Indonesias labor force is currently growing more quickly than the population as a whole. It also means that the numbers of women in the childbearing age groups are also increasing rapidly so that, even while the number of births per woman is decreasing, the total number of births will remain large for some time.

Indonesia, like many countries in the Asian region, faces a massive growth of its elderly population. At present Indonesia has some 11.5 million people aged 60 years and over but this will increase to 16 million by 000 and will reachmillion in 00. Over this period they will increase from 6.4 per cent to 11.4 per cent of the total population in 00. This represents a considerable challenge to policy makers since the present availability of support for the dependent elderly is almost totally from family sources. Contemporary changes in the Indonesian family and society may mean that this source will not be so readily available in the future.

Future Trends

Indonesias population growth still remains one of the greatest challenges facing policy makers and planners. Few countries in the world have been more active in seeking to influence their population growth and distribution, and in the case of the family planning program, few have been more successful than Indonesia. Nevertheless the demographic momentum built into the Indonesian age pyramid will ensure that substantial population growth will continue well into the next century, even if fertility continues to decline. It appears that the national population will increase to 10 million by the year 000, 5 million in 010 and 54 million in 00 and will peak at 54 million. Finding ways to provide jobs and education, for example, for this substantial net increment to its population, while improving the quality of living of the total population, as well as preserving the natural endowment of resources through using them in sustainable ways, presents a huge challenge to policy makers and the Indonesian nation. The figure (below) shows the number of Indonesians recorded in each five-year age group at the 180 and 10 censuses. The 180 population pyramid has a broad base, with each older five-year age group tending to have fewer members than the one directly below it. This is because for any birth group mortality will gradually erode their numbers as they age up the pyramid. Hence if fertility is more or less constant, each older age group will have less than the one immediately below it and more than that immediately above it. If there is a significant continuing decrease in the death rate, however, it will mean that as a group moves into an older age category the numbers in that age category will - relatively - increase. This is because although the group may have started off around the same size as that of the slightly older group leaving that age category, more of its members have been saved from death by the lower mortality rate. This is the situation in Indonesia.

Conclusion

We tried our best to analyze all the data and also tried to find out the impacts of growing population of Indonesia .In conducting this study we had some limitations. Most of the studies are based on secondary data. It would be amore rich & precise study if could collect the primary data correctly. And we also have the shortage of time.

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PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY:THE CASE OF THAILAND

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY:THE CASE OF THAILAND. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY:THE CASE OF THAILAND paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY:THE CASE OF THAILAND, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY:THE CASE OF THAILAND paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!PROFILE OF AN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMY

THE CASE OF THAILAND

NAME GE BAI BBA1 / WS000-001

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONPage 1 -

ECONONMIC POLICIESPage-5

INVESTMENT CLIMATE Page 5 -

ECONOMIC TREND AND OUTLOOKPage 10-1

SUMMARYPage 1

APPENDIX TABLESPage 14-18

REFERENCES Page 1-0

INTRODUCTION

In a very general terms , an Emerging Market is a country that is in the process of attempting to improve its economy with objective of achieving a per capita Gross National Product comparable to that of the world's more economically developed andwealthier countries. The World Bank classifies any country whose economy generates a Gross National Product per capita of less than approximately $10,000 annually as a less developed or Emerging Market country.

Most Emerging Market countries receive financial aid or support from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to help them improve their economies. Many of these countries are seeking to achieve sustained economic growth through the adoption of one or more of the following measure

·Reducing foreign debt

·Controlling domestic inflation

·Introduction of tight fiscal and monetary policies

·Privatization of large industry sectors

·Reduction of trade and investment barriers

·Developing a skilled labor force

·Stabilizing exchange rates

For global investors, the primary attraction in investing in Emerging Market countries is that they potentially offer the greatest opportunity for rapid economic expansion and high returns on investments on a middle to long-term basis. Another factor is the fact that many of these countries have yet to achieve a high degree of political and economic stability.

There are about 50 countries in the world that may be classified as Emerging Markets, and these Emerging market countries are quite diverse and vary in speed in which they are improving their economic infrastructure. Only about 15 countries are considered to be the leading countries in this category as far as global investors are concerned. Thailand is one of them.

Thailand, officially Kingdom of Thailand, a country of 514,000 sq km and roughly 61 million inhabitants, borders Myanmar( Burma ), Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia in South East Asia. Administratively, the country is divided into 76 provinces. Bangkok is the capital and by far the largest city.

Thailand has long been considered one of the more advanced developing nations in Asia, both economically and because of its commitment to developing viable democratic political institutions. With an annual per capita Gross National Product growth rate of at least 8 percent, continuously increasing foreign investment and a thriving export market, Thailand's "tiger economy" until recently was a model for other developing nations.

The Asian financial crisis, which began in Thailand in 17 and spread quickly to other nations inthe region and throughout the world, has resulted in a depression in Thailand.The Thai economy contracted 0.4% in 17 and shrank another 8.5% in 18. Foreign investment for new projects , the long-time catalyst of Thailand's economic growth, has slowed down. Unemployment has risen dramatically, and even those who remained employed faced wage cuts and delayed payments. The once thriving middle class was shrinking; disparities between rich and poor have been exacerbated. The Thai government quickly implementedInternational Monetary Fund restructuring demands in exchange for billions of US $ aid package and adhered closely to the economic recovery. Some analysts predict that it will have the fastest economic recovery in the region. Even so, most economists are now believing that the recovery will take at least 5 years.

ECONOMICPOLICIES

General Policy Framework

Thailand's economic development is based upon an export-oriented economy, bolstered by a free market philosophy. Within the last generation Thailand's economy has changed from one primarily based upon agriculture, with some light industries, to one dominated by manufacturing. About 40 percent of the Thai labor force is still engaged in agriculture. The growing service, manufacturing, and wholesale and retail trades now account for two-thirds of Thailand' GDP. After years of strong export growth, Thai export growth slowed sharply in 17, as in many of its Asian neighbors.The new government, since coming to power in November 17,has had to face Thailand's greatest post-war economic crisis. The government made promises of structural reform in the financial sector to IMF in exchange for a rescue package. The reforms and the re-capitalization of the surviving financial institutions, have progressed step by step.

There are also long term problems that are likely to negatively affect the Thai economy for some time. Thai competitiveness in labor intensive industries has been falling as its ASEAN neighbors have taken a greater share of those markets. There is a shortage of well-educated management and workers capable of shifting smoothly into higher-tech industries, where Thailand's economic future purportedly lies. Inadequate infrastructure, especially in the overcrowded Bangkok area, is an ongoing problem.

The government depends upon exports to bring the country through the current economic crisis, but they may not be the engine of recover. Exports, except in textiles and agro-industries, have not reaped the expected gains from a cheaper currency, because so many of Thailand's products are assembled with components bought abroad which necessarily come at higher prices.

Exchange Rate Policy

From 184 to 17 the Thai baht was pegged to a basket of currencies of Thailand's principal trading partners, with the US Dollar representing the largest share. The exchange rate averaged about 5 baht to the dollar during most ofthat period. However, under pressure from dwindling foreign exchange reserves, the baht was allowed to float on July , 17. It began to depreciate immediately, falling to 56 dollar by mid-January 18. As reform measures and IMF support took hold, the baht stabilized and traded around 45 up to now ( see Appendix tables ).

In 10, the Thai government announced a series of measures to liberalize the exchange control regime and accepted the obligations of the IMF 's Article VIII. Commercial banks were given permission to process foreign exchange transactions, andceilings on money transfers were increased. Since 11, banks in Thailand have offered Foreign Currency (FCD) accounts for Thai residents, though such accounts are limited to $500,000 for individuals and $ 5 million for corporations.

After letting the baht float in July 17, the government began to tighten conditions on foreign exchange, requiring customers to show evidence of foreign currency obligations to open FCD accounts. Thailand also shortened to 10 days from shipment the period within which exporters must transfer foreign exchange earnings, or deposit them in FCD accounts.

Structural Policies

Thailand's obligations within the WTO and ASEAN have prompted reforms in tariff rates, trade regulations, regulation of financial institution, and currency policies.

Tariffs

The Thai government continues to reduce tariff rates pursuant to a reduction schedule established in 14, although progress was impeded during 18 and 1 due to the economic crisis and shortfalls in government revenues from other sources. As the government want to promote industrial and trade development through reducing tariff rates and adjusting the tariff structure, a revised tariff structure is to be unveiled soon which will categorize goods under three general headings primary / raw materials; intermediate and semi-processed products; and finished products. This reorganization could remedytroublesome anomalies in the Thai tariff schedules.

Taxation

The Thai taxation code has undergone revision since 1, when a 7 percent Value Added Tax ( VAT ) system was introduced. In September 17, the government announced an increase in the VAT, form 7 to 10 percent ( most basic foodstuffs are excepted ). This was necessary to raise revenues, and to meet the requirements of the IMF rescue package. And exemption for businesses making less than $ 4,000per annum remains in place. Firms grossing between $ 4,000 and $ 48,000 per annum pay a rate of 1.5 percent, up .5 percent.Exportersare zero rated but must file VAT returns and apply forrebates. The corporate tax rate is currently 0 percent of net profits for all firms. In March 1,as part of economic stimulus plan, the VAT temporarily reduced from 10 % to 7 % and it will remain in effect until March 001.

Debt Management Policies

Thailand's financial crisis resulted in part from significant increases inexternal debt. As the end of 17, the stock of public sector external debt stood at $ 17. billion, of which only $ 0 million is short term. Private sector debt stood at $ 67. billion, of which $ . billion was short term. Public sector external debt is owed to multilateral and bilateral institutions, as well as to capital markets and is divided relatively evenly between direct government borrowings and loans guaranteed by the government. Thailand' s debt service, as a percentage of exports of goods and services, propelled by stagnating exports, has risen considerably.

The financial crisis prompted Thailand to seek assistance from the IMF, which arranged a $ 17. billion stabilization program firstly. Restructuring the corporate debt overhang is an important element of the IMF program and the overall effort to stabilize and rejuvenate the Thai economy. The government has conditioned public assistance for re-capitalizing banks in part on progress in restructuring and also announced principles for debt restructuring and established the corporate debt restructuring advisory committee to assist targeted debt workouts.

Export policies

Thailand maintains few restrictions on exports, except when related to national security, environment protection and cultural concerns or pursuant to trade agreement.

In December 14, Thailand ratified the Uruguay Round agreements. Thailand maintains several programs that benefit manufactured products or processed agricultural products and which may constitute export subsidies. These include subsidized credit on some government to government sales of Thai rice, preferential financing for exporters in the form of packing credits, tax certificates for rebates of packing credits, and rebates of taxes and import duties for products intended for re-export. The Thai EX-IM bank currently offer an 11 % rate, about one point below the prime rate offered by the large commercial banks.

INVESTMENT CLIMATE

Openness To Foreign Investment

The Thai government has long maintained an open, market-oriented economy and encouraged foreign direct investment as a means of promoting economic development, employment, and technology transfer. Thailand welcomes investment from all countries and seeks to avoid dependence on any one country.

During the past two years, the government in concert with the IMF has embarked on an economic reform program intended, in part, to foster a more competitive and transparent climate fore foreign investors and creditors in an effort stimulate investment flows. A primary focus of this program has been the financial sector, which was crippled by a huge amount of bad debt resulting from the Asian economic crisis.

Although many aspects of the recently enacted reform measures were controversial and strongly resisted by the political opposition and other powerful elements of Thai society, the government still persevere with its reform agenda in the face of strong domestic opposition, which is indicative of its commitment to economic reform and an open investment climate.

Privatization

As part of its economic reform program, the Thai government embarked on a privatization program for state economic enterprises and state monopolies with the aim of encouraging capital inflows and relieving resource constrains in many key sectors of the economy. State-owned enterprises in Thailand operate primarily in the utility, energy, telecommunications, banking , tobacco and transportation sectors. In 18, state enterprises had total revenues of$4 billion, employed over 6,000 people and accounted for around 14 percent of the GNP.

Up to now, however,the government only has several plans and almost no privatization has yet occurred.

Performance Requirements andIncentives

As Thailand's central investment promotion authority, the Board of Investment (BOI) may establish certain requirements in exchange for its incentives. These requirements may include linking the minimum export level of a project to its minimum Thai shareholding level or restricting investment to certainsectors or certain locations. Generally, the most generous incentives are offered to those economic activities that bring new technology to Thailand.

The criteriaeligible for BOI incentives

·Significantly strengthen Thailand's balance of payments position, especially through production for export;

·Support the development of the country's resources;

·Substantially increase employment;

·Locate operations in provinces outside of Bangkok;

·Conserve energy or replace imported energy supplied;

·Establish industries that further technological development.

The BOI incentives include

Tax Incentives

·exemption or 50 percent reduction of import duties on imported machinery;

·reduction of import duties of up to 0 percent on imported raw materials and components;

·exemption from corporate income taxes for three to eight years and deduction ( in case of loss) of annual loss from net profits carried forward for up to five years;

·exclusion from taxable income of dividends derived from promoted enterprises during the income tax holiday.

Permission

·to bring in foreign nationals to undertake investment feasibility studies;

·to bring in foreign technicians and experts to work under promoted projects;

·to own land for carrying out promoted activities.

Guarantees

·against nationalization;

·against competition by new state enterprises;

·against state monopolization of the sale of products similar to those produced by promoted firms;

·against price controls; against tax exempt import by government agencies or stage enterprises of competitive products.

After the broken the recent economic crisis, the Thai governmentbegan to relaxed more and more rules and instituted other policy changes to boost foreign investment in Thailand. The BIO linked export targets to minimum domestic shareholding level. For projects manufacturing mainly for the domestic market, for example, Thai nationals had to hold not less than 51 percent of the registered capital of a projects to qualify for BIO benefits. When at least 50 percent of the output was for export, foreign investors could be granted permission to hold a majority of the shares; and, where more than 80 percent of production was exported, foreign investors could hold all of the shares.

Capital Markets and Portfolio Investments

The Thai government maintains a regulatory framework that broadly encourages investment and largely avoids market-distorting support for specific sectors. The government policies do not restrict the free flow of financial resources to support product and factor markets, and credit is generally allocated on market terms rather than by directly lending. Legal, regulatory and accounting systems are largely transparent. The Thai government has devoted considerable effort to bringing these systems into line with international norms, and significant progress has been made.

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, access to credit and restructuring the financial sector are the major issues of the Thai government. In 17, 56 finance companies were closed and 6 banks were nationalized. With the successful efforts, the government stabilized the economy and brought down the interest rates.

At the same time, Thai firms appear to employ few defenses against foreign investment, especially through cross- and stable-shareholding arrangements. Furthermore,defenses against hostile takeovers would typically be applied against all potential investors rather than against foreign potential investors alone. Companies are not forbidden from specifying limits on foreign ownership more strict than those established by the government, but the practice is not considered prevalent. In the recent environment, limits on foreign ownership and participation in the Thai economy have eased, a trend that should continue.

Intellectual Property Protection

Thailand is a member of the Berne Convention and afounding member of the World Trade Organization. As such, the Thai government is taking the steps necessary to be in compliance with both groups. During the past several years, Thailand is working on improving its patent laws and copyright laws. At the same time, it established the Intellectual Property Department and the International Trade and Intellectual Property Court. However, enforcement is still a problem, as large quantities of illicit goods continue to be sold at the retail level.

Political Turmoil and Corruption

Thailand has a history of frequent changes in government, often by military intervention. The last coup was in 11, followed in 1 political unrest and a confrontation in the streets of Bangkok in which over 50 civilian demonstrators were killed. Despite the changes in governments over the years, Thai economic policies have remained remarkably consistent, characterized by letting the private sector do what it does best. There is no significant segment of the Thai political organizations that disagrees with these policy fundamentals. Thailand has laws to combat corruption. The Commission of Counter Corruption, part of the Prime Minister's office, coordinates official efforts against corruption. Recently Thai administration have stated publicly their intention to improve transparency in the evaluation of bids and the awarding of contracts. Increasing media scrutiny of public figures has raised political pressure to curtail favoritism and corruption. Despite these improvement, both foreign and local companies continue to complain about irregularities.

Labor

The Thai labor force totals .86 million workers out of a 1 population of 6 million. This figure includes all Thais 1 years of age and older who are actively seeking work. Unemployment in 1 was estimate at .1 %. down from a high of 4.8 % in 18. Despite rapid growth in the industrial and service sectors, about 40 % of those employed are still engaged in agriculture. However, the shift of workers from the agricultural sector is continuing, and the proportion of those working on the land continues to drop.

The economic downturn has stemmed shortages in the labor market of workers with at least a secondary education. As Thailand's economy recovers, it is likely that highly skilled and experienced engineers, technicians and managers are in short supply again.

At the same time, the labor relations' climate in Thailand is generally peaceful with strikes relatively infrequent.

Thailand's education system is still geared toward the needs of a largely agrarian, traditional economy and society and lags behind the country's contemporary skill requirements. The government has made great progress over the last two decades in providing basic education. However, at present compulsory education is only through grade 6. A commitment to increase compulsory education to nine years is included in the new constitution.

Foreign Trade Zones and Free Ports

Thailand has ten export processing zones in which businesses may import raw materials and export finished products free of duty. In addition to these zone, any factory may apply for permission to establish a bonded warehouse within the factory to which raw materials, used exclusively in the production of products for export, may be imported duty free.

ECONOMIC TRENDS AND OUTLOOK

Where the Economy Stands Now

At the end of first half of 1 the Thai economy is finally beginning to show some signs of returning to health. Thailand's economic performance is showing sighs of picking up as the government's stimulus policies have gradually taken hold. Manufacture, imports and exportshave all recorded positive growth.In financial sector, banks have been largely successful in raising capital, interest rates are at historic lows , and the currency remains stable within a narrow range.

Although the improvement in sentiment over lastyears is palpable, the recovery remains fragile. The real economy refused to respond to the favorable macroeconomic outlook and the financial system reacted cautiously. Strong and balanced growth in the future will depend on a number of factors, not all of which are within Thailand's control.

Keys To Recovery

Over the pastyears the Thai government has initiated significant restructuring of the Thai economy, particularly the financial sector. Much of this restructuring is being carried out in coordination with and assistance from the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. While progress overall has been impressive, much remains to be accomplished, and solid future growth depends to a significant degree on progress in the following areas.

Re-capitalizing the Financial Sector

On August 14, 18, the Bank of Thailand and the Finance ministry jointly announced a major initiative to restructure and re-capitalize Thailand 's financial sector. Since their announcement, only several financial institutions have been approved for applications for government assistance. More importantly, Thailand's major banks and finance houses have raised capital on theirown, and most financial institutions now have capital adequate to meet current requirements.

Getting Government Held Assets Back on the Market

In 17 the government closed 56 finance companies and created the Financial Sector Restructuring Agency (FRA)to auction their assets back into the marketplace. By quickly selling these assets to private ownership and management, the government aimed to establish market-clearing prices for similar assets and to prevent their further deterioration.

Corporate Debt Restructuring

In mid-18 the government created the Corporate DebtRestructuring Advisory Committee (CDRAC) to facilitate debt restructuring, and in March 1 CDRAC oversaw the drafting of agreements between debtors and creditors and among creditors to establish a framework for restructuring that should speed negotiations. With a more active CDRAC monitoring negotiations and streamlined legal procedures for bankruptcy and foreclosure soon to be implemented, there has been more and more progress indebt restructuring up to now.

Building a Legal Framework

The lack of a modern legal framework allowing creditors to pursue bankruptcy and foreclosure perhaps is one of the major reasons why debt restructuring has moved slowly. In response, the government has pushed through the Parliament a package of reform legislation including a new foreign investment law and other provisions which can boost the debt restructuring significantly.

Stimulating the Economy

With the macroeconomic framework stable and interest rates at historic lows,boosting consumption has become a major government objective over the short term. By agreement with the IMF the government has launched several stimulus packages which have increased employment, increased direct spending, reduced production costsand given the economy a significant boost.

Major Trends and outlook

The Thai government and public are hoping that 18 will be remembered as the year when the Thai economy hit rock bottom and that 1 marked the beginning of a solid

recovery. Since the middle of 18, the Thai government policies have focussed increasing on stimulating growth. Up to now, the government has announced several massive stimulus packages which designed to create employment and stimulate production and consumption.

The government recognized from the start of the crisis that restructuring and re-capitalizing the financial sector and restructuring the huge burden of non-performing debt would be key to Thailand 's economic recovery, knowing that market confidence would return only when investors believed these issues were being resolved. Now the government has made significant progress in addressing these issues, but much remains to be done.

With the economy successfully stabilized and beginning to grow again, many investors have expected that the economy recovery ofThailand will be healthy and solid.

For the most part Thailand retains the fundamental strengths that had made it a generally attractive destination for investment. Thailand's strategic location at the center of Southeast Asia helped make it an export platform, and its economy is diversified with a growing domestic market. Transportation and communications infrastructure has improved dramatically over the recent past, and additional expansion is underway. Thailand has no industrial policy directing investment, and several successive governments have committed the country to an increasingly open trade and investment regime. Full implementation of the ASEAN Free trade Area should improve Thailand's regional competitiveness in several sectors,particularly the automotive industry. Thailand's political process is democratic and pluralistic, and the military no longer plays a central role in that process. Doing business in Thailand has challenges , to be sure , but the government appreciates the need for foreign investment. Thailand's basic strengths and the government's policy initiatives should provide better opportunity for foreign investors and business over the medium term as the economy recovers from the economic crisis.

SUMMARY

As one of the leading countries in Emerging Markets,Thailand had achieved high-speed growth in economy for nearly 0 years before the crisis in 17.

Its economic development policies are based on a competitive export-oriented, free market philosophy.Its economy is well along in a transition froman agricultural base to a more open and broadly based economy with a large manufacture sector.

In 17, Thailand became the trigger of the Asian financial crisis, which spread quickly to other nations in the region and throughout the world. Thailand had weathered the worst of the storm of the financial crisis.

With the aids of IMF, the World Band and the Asian Development Bank, the Thai government began their packages of reform, especially in the structure of financial sector. Now Thailand has made significant progress in preparing the economy for renewed growth. And most indicators now point to beginning recovery. Production, consumption and investment have bottomed ore are now inching their wayoff the bottom. Rebuilt foreign exchange reserves and a solid current accountsurplus provide Thailandwith some insulation against external shocks. Fiscal and monetary policies are now more accommodating and geared to stimulate the domestic economy.Overall signs are becoming more positive. Although expectations that the economy is set to rebound quickly to former rates of growth are unrealistic, the Thai government's success in pursuing the reforms have made the local and foreign investorsshared more hopes that as the reforms proceed and the economy recovers , one more open , more healthy and more robust emerging marker is being presented to the world.

LIST OF REFERENCES

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.Trueman Justine(July 1, 18), "Emerging rhymes with submerging", Time, volume 15, No., online, httpwww.time.com.

4.Summers Lawrence(February 11,18), " Emerging from crisis the beginnings of a new Asia", online, httpwww.treas.gov.

5.Hawes Gary and Liu Hong(July 1), " Explaining the dynamics of the southeast Asian political economy", World Politics 45 6-660.

6.Anonym (000),"Thailand", the Columbia encyclopediasixth edition, ,online, httpwww.bartleby.com.

7.Hill hal (10), " Foreign investment and East Asian economic development", Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 4(), 1-58.

8.Mackie J.A.C (188), " Economic growth in the ASEAN region the political underpinnings", Achieving Industrialization in East Asia, chapter 10, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 8-6.

.Crone Donald K (188), " State, social elites, and government capacity in Southeast Asia", World Politics, XL (),5-68.

10.Doner Richard ( 188), "Weak state-strong country? the Thai Auto Case ", Third World Quarterly, 10(4), 154-1564.

11.Phomgpaichit Pasuk (180), " The open economy and its friends the development of Thailand, Pacific Affair, 5(),440-460.

1.Laothamatas Anek (188), " Business and Politics in Thailand nnnnnnnnew patterns of influence", Asian Survey, 8(4),451-470.

1.Phomgpaichit Pasuk(1), "Technocrats, businessmen, and general democraczy and economic policy-making in Thailand", the Dynamics of Economic Policy Reform in South-East Asia andthe South-west Pacific, chapter , Singapore Oxford University Press, 10-1.

14.Bell Peter(1), " Thailand's economic crisis", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

15.Leenabanchong Chawin(1), " Re-emerging Thailand sins of the past and shape of the future", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

16.Choustrov Pavel(1), "Solving Thailand's debt crisis political reform and financial restructuring", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

17.Jansen Karel(1), " Balance of Payments crisis in Thailand", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

18.Knippenberg Lwuk and Aerts ED(1), " Ownership and control in Thailand", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

1.Lauridsen S(1), "Financial crisis, structural problems and linkage policy in Thailand", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

0.Manarungsan Sompop(1), " Thailand a bubble economy", online, httpwww.pscw.uva.nl.

1.McKeever Institute of Economic Policy Analysis(17), " Thailand Economy Policy Analysis", online,httpwww,mkeever.com.

.Anonym (17)," IWRAW Country Reports Thailand",online,httpigc.org.

.Anonym (000), "Profile of Thailand", online,httpwww.growthmarkts.com.

4.U.S. Department of State(1), "18 Country Report on Economy Policy and Trade Practices Thailand", online, httpwww.usa.or.th.

5.U.S. Department of State(17), "16 Country Report on Economy Policy and Trade Practices Thailand", online, httpwww.state.gov

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.Ignatius Adi(February , 18), " Learning some lessons", Time, volume 151, No.4, online, www.time.com.

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1.Zheng T. J. (18), " One Year After", Time, online, httpwww.time.com.

.Jacob Rahul(18), "Back from the dead", Time, volume 151, No.6, online, httpwww.time.com.

.Anonym (000), "Market Report-Thailand", online, httpwww.yahoo.com/000.

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As many of you know, there is a law in the city of Denver that states specifically not pitbulls. Yet no one has really taken the time to investigate the reasons behind the law and whether they are really reasonable or not. I am here to do just that today. This law was made for a good reason, to protect the people from a dog that can very well kill any human being without a gun any time it decides to do it. But we must not let our emotions guide our legal system. If we did that, who knows what kind of mess we would be in today. There are many things in life that are dangerous and that we need to be protected from, but we must ask whether the government is overstepping its authority in the name of good will.

According to a recent article in Maxim magazine, an interesting statistic shows that you are more likely to die from a deadly plant than from an attack by a dog. But dog attacks touch us in a place that plants, car accidents and the like do not because a dog is often seen as a member of our family, a sweet lovable creature that would never do anything to hurt someone. Dog attacks do happen, and when they happen in a very awful way, the press likes to make a big issue out of it because it gets our attention.

With the intention of trying to stop damaging dog attacks, the legislature of Denver has decided to focus in on a specific breed of dogs that they feel are causing most of the problem. At a glance, it would seem logical to ban a breed that is inherently more dangerous than many other breeds. This action would leave people the ability to keep on owning dogs and would hopefully prevent more attacks that have hurt so many people.

The pitbull is a fighting dog that can do more damage to a body than any other breed of dog out there. These dogs are capable of biting harder, lasting longer, and killing quicker than any other dog and a statistic by Dr. Lachman, a veterinarian and owner of The Family Animal website shows that in 1 the breed of dog responsible for the most dog bite fatalities was indeed the pitbull with over double the amount of fatalities as the second ranked breed the Rottweiler.Write my Essay on Pitbulls cheap

Why then would anyone think that banning a fighting dog that seems to be causing so much trouble is a bad idea? That is what this paper is about. When reading it, I hope that you will rely on the truth presented rather than your pre-conceived notions given to you by the press. According to the constitution, the state cannot legally deprive it's citizens of what is of value without due process of law. If I can show that the state is doing this in its unfair law against pitbulls. If I can show you that the pitbull is not nearly as bad as the press makes it out to be. If I can show you that the pitbull is a symbol of America, and American hero, and a savior of many people. If I can show you that the law banning this breed is ineffective, that it won't help the real problem. And lastly, if I can show you that most of the things you think you know about pitbulls are not true, then with virtue of honesty, you will have to agree with what I am saying. The 4 breeds known today as the slang word pitbull should be legal in the city of Denver. For background knowledge, the 4 breeds known today as a pitbull are the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, The American Pitbull Terrier, The American Staffordshire Terrier, and the Bull Terrier.

As mentioned before, According to Lachman, the pitbull lead in overall dog-bite fatalities. Pitbulls were involved in 5 % of all dog bite fatalities. These statistics clearly show that the pitbull is indeed doing most of the killing over all other breeds of dogs. This is one of the biggest reasons that the Denver legislature has banned this breed of dog.

Many other points have been made about why the pitbull should be banned in Denver. I should like very much to list all those points so that we can go ahead and get everything out on the table. An essay in the Economist demonstrates the points that I speak of very well. The first of these points is that the pitbull is a bread fighting dog. Back in the days when dog fighting was legal, people mixed different breeds of the time to make a dog with the specific traits desired. These traits that were bread into the pitbull that make it the ultimate fighting dog are as follows

1. Because of a high level of a substance known as L-tyrosine in the brain, the pitbull exhibit a high degree of "arousability."

. Because of the higher level of L-tyrosine, the pitbull shows incredible levels of tenacity. This means that once a pitbull has started an attack, it is harder than you could imagine to get the dog to stop. There are many stories of people beating them over the heads with baseball bats and the like with no success in stopping the offense.

. The pitbull has been bread to have a very high threshold for pain. A pitbull is given high levels of endorphins during an attack which produce an effect similar to morphine. This allows the dogs to exhibit a trait called gameness, or a willingness to continue to fight no matter the circumstances.

4. The body-language of a pitbull is also one of its fighting traits. While many dogs will give notice of an impending attack, the pitbull will look normal and calm until the second it decides to attack. The reason it does this is to gain the element of surprise on its victim.

5. Lastly, the pitbull is said to have a high number of "alpha" dogs in the litters. This means that the dogs have a tendency to be the leader of a pack rather than the submissive one. This leads to aggressive ways and a desire to prove oneself more dominating than all others around. internet

Another issue that people have with pitbulls is exemplified in an article by Washington post columnist listing many owners of pitbulls to be drug-dealers, pimps, and thugs. Why should a community seek a dog that is favored by people who are destructive to society? There is more to the story than you have been shown here. It is merely my intention to present the case against pitbulls that are based in fact. Next, I will point out some falsehoods that you may have heard about pitbulls in order to let you see the whole truth more clearly before presenting my side of the debate.

Judy Mann points out this view very directly in her article on the recent attack by a pitbull in Germany. "Fighting or attack dogs are favorites of Turks, skinheads, young toughs, drug dealers, and pimps." internet While this does hold true, it makes a case for banning a specific breed in an unfair way. Sure, a dog that has incredible fighting abilities is going to be favored by these types of people and banning a breed that these people all seem to have may sound like a good idea. What this quote fails to bring attention to is that you don't have to be a gangster or drug-dealer to own a pitbull. In fact, many respected people throughout history have owned this breed of dog, and I personally know many today who do not fit the description given by Mann.

Among the respected people in the past who owned pitbulls are Helen Keller, President Theodore Roosevelt who owned one in the white house, Thomas Edison, President Jimmy Carter had one as a boy, and Michael J. Fox presently owns one. Also, the pitbull was the sign of America during World War One and Parade Magazine recently ran an article documenting a dog named "stubby who served in 17 battles in WWI and received a gold medal for heroic service. Stubby, according to the article carried messages under attack, helped out the wounded and stayed with them until help arrived, warned a sergeant of an impending gas attack saving many lives and helped capture a German infiltrator. Is this the dog that you seek to ban from the soil of his homeland?

On a personal note, I also am a pitbull owner. My dog Kira, an American Pitbull Terrier has the most lovable personality of any dog I have ever owned, beating out such popular breeds in my opinion that I have owned such as golden retrievers and Labs. I am not a drug-dealer or a gangster but a mostly "A" student in college. I sought out specifically an American Pit Bull Terrier after meeting several in my life and seeing what an incredible animal they really are. I can tell you personally that my dog is one of the most athletic, lovable dogs ever. Kira has an incredible drive to do well in what she does and unlike many dogs, has a personality more of a friend than of a servant often displayed by her ability to look me in the eyes for extended moments. Experts on dogs know that this shows extreme confidence.

It is, I believe, Important to detail some of the lies out there about pitbulls. I do not know exactly where these lies came from or why someone would start them, but that is not the purpose of the paper. At this point, it merely serves my purpose to point them out and refute them. Among these lies are the common misconception that a pitbull has a locking mechanism on it's jaw, allowing it to clamp down on something and not let go no matter what. This belief makes pitbulls sound scarier and more dangerous than other breeds which serves the media's image of a monster. This tactic used by the media is known as a straw man fallacy, or misrepresenting one's enemy in order to win people over to your point. It is common knowledge to anyone who has studied pitbulls anatomy. There is no locking mechanism of any sort in the jaw of a pitbull.

The second most common misconception about pitbulls is that they have a dangerously high level of force in their jaw that has been measured in psi. Again, this is a straw man fallacy because it would be impossible to measure a psi rating on the bite of a pitbull. There are no such instruments that could accurately do this kind of measurement. The fact that some people come up with actual numbers is astounding. Next time you hear someone use a number of psi regarding pitbull bites, kindly ask them where they got their information.

Another popular belief about pitbulls is that they are inherently aggressive towards people. Watching the media coverage of pit bull attacks, it seems that any time you encounter one they will race over as quickly as possible and try to kill you. This could not be farther from the truth. Later in the paper we will take a look at some of the cases of pitbull attacks to show you what really happened that would make a dog attack. When one studies the history of dog fighting, they see the truth behind what makes a good fighting dog. One of the breeds traits that was specifically given to them was to be able to be restrained by a human during a fight. I think this is best shown to you by a quote from Author's Bonnie Wilcox and Chris Walcowicz in the The Atlas of Dog Breeds of The World. "Even at the nadir of dog-fighting, the hostility was toward other dogs, not to people. This dog was specifically chosen for his acceptance of being grasped or restrained by his handler, even during the frenzy of a fight." (10)

The Jekyll and Hyde syndrome is often said to be possessed by pitbulls. They can go from nice doggy who loves everybody to killer of everything with no warning all of the sudden. This myth represents yet another attempt at straw man attacks by the media, and again it is absolutely not true. What they are trying to talk about is a thing in dog shows called temperament, and this does not fit pitbulls temperament. According to Dog Atlas The temperament of The American Pit Bull Terrier, The Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and the American Staffordshire Terrier is said to be affectionate and reliable with people (10). Vicki Hearne, author of the most infamous book on pitbulls and many time expert witness in court cases involving pitbulls writes very influentially

"The claim about the Jekyll-Hyde syndrome is, like all the popular ideas about pitbulls, baloney. There is no such thing as the dog discussed in the press and in the courtrooms, and I am not the kind of writer who would lie to you about a thing like that. There exist dangerous dogs. There exist dogs who are not wrapped tight. In particular, there exist fear biters. And there exist a few, a very very very, few dogs who will go for just about anyone. I knew one dogone dogwho liked to bite people and who didn't straighten out after the owner put a lot of effort into training him, using the Koehler method. That dog, Liberty, was definitely bad news. He was a Malamute (48)."

Switching now to the related topic of the "inherently dangerous breed." By now you should be realizing that this is another straw man fallacy. This one, perhaps is the worst. This is the myth that convinced congress and the members of the community that pitbulls should be made illegal in Denver. It is this belief, not an emotional dog attack or two that is the justification for the law. I will enjoy showing the truth.

Those of you knowledgeable enough about animals, dogs in particularly, will no doubt recognize the name Ian Dunbar. In a new book on the market described by Dunbar as "essentially quintessential" book on the relationship of dog to man by Jean Donaldson, it is shown that the inherently aggressive breed myth is not true. Donaldson writes in his book called "The Culture Clash", a book not on pitbulls but on all dogs, that 'Biting is natural, normal dog behavior(57)." Also according to Donaldson, It is primarily the owners responsibility to raise a dog in a way that does not promote aggressive behavior. It is socialization that is required to make this happen(60). Dr. Lachman also states something of relevance to this point by pointing out that it is ultimately always a humans fault when there is a dog attack and that there really is no such thing as one breed of dog that is inherently aggressiveinternet. With this firm point in mind, I invite you to open your mind just a little bit to the rest of the paper. With a dedication to what is true, you will begin to see that the law in the city of Denver stating that pitbulls are illegal is a bad law and needs a solution to the real problem, dog attacks. This needs to be done in a way that will not restrict freedom or our right to own this impressive breed.

A myth that makes me laugh a little bit yet still a serious false charge on pitbulls is the one of the double jaw. The media likes to add into their stories about these dogs that can amazingly chew a victim to pieces while at the same time keep a firm hold with their front teeth. While this would indeed be a very good tool for predators to possess, nature has not yet endowed them with this feature.

At this point, I think it is important to cast a little doubt on the statistics that I have found which do seem to point out that pitbulls are doing most of the killing. While this is not really a crucial element to my case because in attacks it is the owners fault and not the dog, it is nevertheless interesting to note. Hearne, in her book bandit went through the trouble of analyzing the statistics out there on dogbiterelated-- fatalities. Her analysis points out several interesting things.

1. The total number of dogattackrelated--fatalities had not risen according to HSUS statistics that were everywhere offered as evidence of the ferocity of pit bulls. While if it were true that pitbulls were really doing so much more attacking, then logically there would have been an correlating rise in the total number. There was not. This means that all of the sudden, all the other breeds had stopped biting people. In logic terms, we call this use of statistics "questionable statistics"

. Dr. Randy Lockwood, compiler of the Humane society statistics told Hearne personally that the data he used was from a "clipping service." Later on in the paper I will deal with some media coverage where the breed of dog was incorrectly called a pitbull.

. Hearne points out lastly, that for some reason or other, in all the studies of attackrelatedfatalities, the breed listed for the attack is never listed as unknown. Since most dogs involved in the attack are usually dead and buried or taken somewhere else, there can be no certainty about breeds. This means that somebody could just be making up names to fill out there report more completely. (18).

Since most of the legislation for the law in Denver was fueled by the Humane Society, It is also interesting to try and figure out some other motives this organization could have. Why would the Humane society print information about pitbulls that is inaccurate? Why would they try to destroy a whole breed loved by so many people when there is so much evidence out there that the pitbull is a great dog? One must wonder whether they really are concerned about the safety on our streets or if there is some money at stake from the government. The point of the paper is not to prove that the Humane society is guilty of inhumane ethics, but the point is also interesting to note. For a look into what I mean by inhumane ethics, please read up on some of the articles you can find on the dog holocaust in Germany and England. Seeing pictures of thousands of Dead dogs, dead family members, is quite moving.

In order to effectively show you that the media makes false claims regarding pitbulls in order to get you to read their papers, I will show you several cases where the media has gotten it wrong and it has been documented. In an article by Hearne published in the Christian Science Monitor, the story is told of a man at a picnic who tormented a pitbull and was attacked. The pitbull bit the man on his leg causing minor injury. The man died because of a medical mistake. In the newspapers, it was not noted that the dog had been tormented. What was noted however was that the mans leg was torn off and that he died because of it.internet

The story of Bandit, written by Hearne, is a story about a dog who attacks someone and is sentenced to death by the state of Connecticut. Hearne stepped in to save the dogs life by proving that the dog did not qualify as "vicious." What was interesting was that number one, the dog was claimed to be a pitbull by the media yet was not a pitbull at all. Second, the so-called viciousness of the dog was because a lady attacked a man the dog knew and liked and so the dog ran out to the mans rescue and bit the lady. This happened on the property of the man being attacked, not on the lady's who attacked him. The media did not think that this made a very good story since technically, the dog was almost a hero. What did make a good story was that a pitbull attacked a lady. This is the kind of press that pitbull owners have to deal with and shouldn't have to.

The recent attack of a boy on the playground at school in Germany is causing huge controversy in Europe. Many of you might have heard about this. Again, the story that the media wants us to hear is that boy is killed by pitbull. What really caused this is not important to the media, but it should be important to those who value truth. According to an update in the trial by an organization trying to stop the "dog holocaust," the dog which committed the attack had been used as an illegal fighting dog. Also of importance is that according to the same source, an autopsy of the dog revealed that the dog who killed the boy had not eaten in over three days and drugs were found in his body. internet This kind of information does not make the news because who would want to be known as a supporter of pitbulls after one kills a child. I myself feel sympathy for the child and his family, but I do not blame the dog, I blame the owner. I feel that it is very important to prevent accidents like this happening again, but as I will show later, making pitbulls illegal will not solve the problem.

A joke by Hearne describes the whole situation well. It goes like this. What is worse than a pitbull with aids and rabies? The reporter who invented him.

It becomes important to state that I am not arguing for an animal rights cause in this paper. My intention is not to save the lives of dogs or any other animal for that matter. My intention is to maintain my freedom as a citizen of the United States. When I have something of value and the government wants to take it away in the name of protecting people, I get upset. I am here to demonstrate that the pitbull is a good dog, and that I have the right to own one. In the next part of this essay I will seek to educate you that this breed is an amazing breed and that there are many reasons to allow people like myself and many others to own one.

In the world of dog shows and competitions, there are several reasons one would want to own a pitbull other than to fight. These dogs excel at obedience. They are extremely intelligent dogs who are eager to listen to their master. Many pitbulls have won competitions in this field. Weight-pulling is another event that is very popular in dog circles. Because of pitbulls extreme strength and determination they also excel at this sport. According to the Wilcox and Walwcowicz, a pitbull weighing only 70 pounds set a world record by pulling an amazing ,000 pounds. Pitbulls also excel at the sport of shutzhund, or what the police train there dogs in. While shutzhund is an aggressive sport, Hearne points out that you can bring a pitbull to a shutzhund III title "without ever inspiring any aggression toward human beings(146)."

In spite of what you may have heard, all the breeds of the pitbull are some of the best dogs with people. A description of pitbulls people skills are given by Wilcox and Walcowicz "The 'pitbull smile' and humorous play ingratiate them to their masters and others(118)." Also noted "affectionate and reliable with people(10)." Most people presume that these dogs are also good guard dogs, but they are mistaken. Pitbulls do have a strong ability to tell the difference between friend and foe, and they will protect their friends if their friends are in danger. What makes these dogs different and therefore safer than many other breeds like Dobermans, Rottweilers, and German shepherds is that they don't have guarding tendencies the way those breeds do. In fact Hearne points out that a pitbull is often stolen because almost anyone can approach it safely and that houses are robbed with pitbulls in them because the dogs are so people friendly. If you are looking for a good guard dog, then obviously this is not the dog for you, but my point is that these dogs are not dangerous like so many people believe.

Many people will say that although a dog may be good with adults, children can be seen as more vonerable because of their size and their tendency to do things to dogs like bite on their ears, step on their toes, or hit them accidentally. But interestingly enough, Wilcox and Walcowicz point out that the traits which serves the pitbull so well in the fighting pit lets them be good with children. This is because they hardly notice the irritating behavior of children and are not hurt by children's clumsy moves.

I can also personally tell you that there is not a better cuddler in the dog world than a pitbull. They love nothing more than to snuggle up on your lap or next to you and stay there for a long time. They love to be around humans, to be touched by humans, to be a humans best friend.

It is also noted by Dr. Lachman that the pitbulls intelligence and love for humans also make it a very good seeing eye dog. It would be a shame to lose this asset because you live in Denver.

The pitbull is also an incredible breed to have because of its health. It is widely known by pitbull owners that these dogs just do not get hurt and they do not get sick. They also require very little grooming which makes them ideal for someone who has a small apartment, such as are found all throughout Denver. According to Wilcox and Walcowicz, the pitbull is known for it's "robust" health(10).

I mentioned earlier that the pitbull is not a good guard dog, but it's protective abilities do serve a very important purpose. If a woman wants to walk around the city at nighttime and would like to feel safe, a pitbull is a very good choice. The pitbull will not tolerate violence against it's owner, making it a good choice over a gun or mase. Along with that, just the presence of a pitbull and it's intimidating look, size, and reputation make it a crime stopper. Who is going to risk robbing a woman who has a pitbull by it's side. To take away this asset from the people of Denver is not only wrong, it is contradictory to the purpose of our government.

In society today, it is considered the ultimate gift to die for someone or a cause. A person who voluntarily gives his life to someone they love is both an incredible person and an inspiration. Yet any pitbull will give it's life to it's owner if need be without question. This loyalty is one of the breeds symbols. Why would a government seek to destroy a breed that exhibits a trait we call heroic? I hope by this point you are beginning to see the beauty that lies in this breed.

There is an amazing story that I would like to tell now that demonstrates all of the above eloquently. It is the story of Weela, the American Pit Bull Terrier who saved 0 human lives,dog lives, 1 horses lives, and a cat's life. The first act of heroism occurred when the dog was still a puppy. The owners son, then nine years old was out playing with Weela and a friend when a teenager came and squirted lighter fluid at the two boys. Weela immediately jumped up and knocked down the teenager and held him down until the two young boys got away.

The next act of heroism displayed by Weela was when it's owners were out hiking. Out of nowhere Weela suddenly rushed and knocked one of the owners down for seemingly no reason. It wasn't until Weela was bit several seconds later by a rattlesnake in the face that the owners realized what had just happened. Weela almost died that time.

The ultimate heroic act came in 1 when California's Tijuana River Valley was flooded. The river swelled to over a mile wide from its usual size of three feet. This caused a great many numbers of people and animals to be stranded. Weela somehow managed to find safe paths so was allowed to lead the group of rescuers. Weela found and saved many animals and people. There were several more disasters within the next three months due to the flooding, in total, Weela is credited with saving 0 people,dogs, 1 horses, and a cat. Now while this kind of heroism is not the norm, it is not unusual for pit bulls to sense danger before people and then proceed to save them. Pitbulls look to their owners as leader of their pack, and their owners friends as members of the pack. This is why a pitbull is so adamant on protecting it's owners. It is protecting it's own.

The thing about pitbulls that people need to understand is that an attack on a human is a very rare thing. The breed was not bread to have aggressions for humans, so when one pitbull does, you must find the real reason that pitbull does. Many people will talk of natural temperament, but they do not know what the temperament guidelines for dog shows are. The fact is, when a pitbull, or any dog for that matter, attacks a human, it is a human's fault. According to Dr. Lachman

"In all bite incidents, ultimately it is a human's fault either bad breeding or breeding for 'aggressiveness,' no matter what euphemism is used; bad screening of the prospective dog owner; bad treatment or training or no training; insufficient socialization; not neutering or spaying; intentional training to bring out aggressive 'guard dog' tendencies; and/or lack of supervision of either the dog, or if a youngster is bitten, the child in questioninternet."

In fact, in every case that I could find where there has been a pitbull attack, there has always been a reason to blame the owner of the dog, the parent of the child, or the dog did the right thing by protecting itself and it's owners. The recent case in Germany, obviously a dog that hasn't been fed in three days and has drugs in it's system and has already been used as a fight dog is probably going to attack for food. Is this the dogs fault for wanting to eat or the humans fault in many areas? It is also important to realize that there are many other fighting breeds out there, this could atrocious act could have been committed by any other breed out there under the same circumstances.

In the "Bandit Case" written about by Hearnes, there was no human fault in the attack, but if you look at it closely, the reason Bandit bit the lady is why we have guard dogs in the first place. The owner and his friend were merely being protected from an attack by a woman. The dog really should have been looked at as a true friend and hero, not sentenced to death for being vicious.

Since % of dog bites are the result of a humans fault, should our laws be applied not to dogs, but to us? The answer must be an emphatic "yes."

The category of law that I am arguing against in this paper is called BSLbreed specific legislation. While the law today usually only refers to pitbulls, it is important to realize that a law like this can apply to any breed deemed dangerous by the media or uninformed public. We must therefore, hold this law to be wrong in principle, because without doing so, the philosophic battle has already been lost. This leads only naturally to other problems.

The first result that would come out of BSL would be the total destruction of a breed. Today, we only find the law in certain big cities, Denver included. But by people accepting this law as a positive, it logically would have to spread to the entire country as it already has in Germany. This laws terror lies in the fact that we would literally have to wipe out an entire breed from existence. Many of these dogs would have to be taken from their human families with people crying and kids holding on to them. There is a more effective way to deal with the problem of dog bites than to kill thousands and thousands of our beloved family members.

What is sad as well is that after the entire breed is destroyed, the real criminals will still be in existence. They will be free to act in the ways that they have always acted, and the only result will be more dog bites again, only this time from a different breed. Since People are the real criminals here, let us take a look at what would happen if drug-dealers, pimps, gangsters, and bad owners lost their pitbulls.

A person who is knowledgeable in dog breeds knows that there are many other fighting breeds than just the pitbull. In fact, most breeds have been fought at one time or another. If we take away the pitbulls, will this solve the dog attack problemno. The criminals will find another breed to illegally fight, and to use for protection. While none of these breeds today would have the strength or fighting characteristics of a pitbull, many other dogs breeds have more power and fighting ability than a human. Also, do you really think that people will not find a way to re-engineer a dog breed to be the ultimate fighter?

The fact is that if pitbulls are taken away, other dog breeds will fill their place. Dogs by nature are predatory animals with a pack instinct. This means that they will always have killing in their genes, and they will always be protective over those that they love. The only way to get rid of the inherent danger with dogs would be to kill them all, maybe keep a couple to look at in the zoo. Bad owners exist. There will be other breeds that will fill the place of pitbulls. Maybe when pitbulls are illegal everywhere, people will switch to Rottweilers, Dobermans, German shepherds, and Akitas. After those dogs have killed enough people, they will become illegal as well. Then the next logical move is chow-chows, malamutes, wolf-hybrids, and mastiffs. After they have been deemed dangerous, people will start to see the nature of BSL because the next target will be the dogs we call family dogs labs, retrievers, poodles, and terriers. Will it take that long and that much killing for people to see that there could have been an easier and a better way? I sure hope not.

There is a solution to the problem we have today. It is a solution that will not only work, it will save our loved ones of any breed. The first thing we must do is not let the public be ignorant. People must learn to take responsibility of keeping their children supervised around dogs. We must learn to recognize danger signs of dogs and report them. Things like minor bites and aggressive acts that any dog can do. We must learn how to raise a dog properly, how to socialize them and train them. We must learn that dogs are really just animals. That they must be dealt with carefully. We must learn how to prevent dog bites. There is loads of information out there dealing with this subject. Through education, people will be able to protect themselves and their dogs and allow us to remain a society that values an incredible animal such as the pitbull.

People must also learn to buy dogs of good genetics. This can be enforced in many different ways. One idea would be to have a license for dog breeders in order to show that they are out there for more than just a quick profit. Maybe we need to institute licenses for breeds that require a little more attention than other breeds like the pitbull or Rottweiler or Doberman. This could be effective by making sure people understand both how to properly raise these breeds, but also by teaching them how to protect other people from bites.

Next on the list is that we must prosecute the real criminal. We must seek out and destroy dog fighting circles. We must hold responsible the owner of a dog that bites. If people knew that they would get in trouble for their dogs actions, it is a safe bet that people would start to take the necessary precautions for protecting people. We must also prosecute people who treat their dogs badly, as we prosecute families who don't feed their children. A poorly taken care of or abused dog is much more likely to bite.

Lastly, we must enforce existing laws against dogs that continually show unprovoked aggression. We must have objective guidelines for owning a dog to keep the public safe. Maybe we need to institute other laws that we don't have, like forcing people to put up beware of dog signs, or to have a fence high enough to restrain dogs from escaping. The point of this paper is not to come up with the perfect solution, it is to call people to save a breed and look for other, better, more humane ways of achieving the end goal.

Let us not forget the truths of this paper when re-thinking Denver's laws on pitbulls. These dogs can be dangerous. They have in the past attacked and killed people, and they are bread fighters. They are capable of inflicting more damage than any other dog breed out there due to strong jaws and perseverance of a mother protecting her child. All the same, anyone who is concerned about basic rights realizes that there are other ways to protect people than by stealing our loved animals.

The American Pitbull Terrier, The American Staffordshire Terrier, The Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and the Bull Terrier, commonly known as the pitbull, is one of our best friends. For those who appreciate a true companion, there is hardly a better choice. These dogs are loyal to the end, often willing to die for you. They are smart and obedient and excel at dog games. They are courageous, they earn our respect. Unlike how the popular media portrays these animal, they are wonderful with people and children alike. Their protective instincts and superior health make them a wonderful choice breed for anyone in Denver. By prosecuting the real criminals in dog attackshumans, we can both help to serve our safety and maintain the right to own this beautiful dog.

In Hearnes book on Bandit, there is a quote from a well known book called the lion, the witch, and the wardrobe. I think it does justice to the pitbull and therefore I will end with it.

"Aslan is a lionthe Lion, the great lion."

"Ooh!" said Susan. "Is hequite safe?"

"Safe?" said Mr. Beaver. "Don't you hear what Mrs. Beaver tells you? Who said anything about safe? 'Course he ain't safe. But he's good. He's the king, I tell you(174)."

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