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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in the fags of usa, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your the fags of usa paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!The war between Athens and the Athenian empire versus Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and other members of the Peloponnesian Confederacy 41 - 404 B.C.E. Large scale campaigns and heavy fighting took place from Sicily to the coast of Asia Minor and from the Hellespont and Thrace to Rhodes. It was the first war in history to be recorded by an eyewitness historian of the highest caliber. It has come down through history as the archetypal war between a commercial democracy and an agricultural aristocracy and a war between a maritime superpower and a continental military machine. Thycidides history is itself a classic, which for generations was considered a foundation of a proper education.
The war began on 4 April 41 B.C. with a Theban attempt to surprise Plataea, Athens ally and outpost on the northern base of Cithaeron. It ended on 5 April 404 B.C., when Athens capitulated.
The cities of the Boetian Confederacy under Theban leadership were Spartas allies from the first. Syracuse and other Sicilian cities gave active help in the last part of the war. Argos, her hand tied by a treaty with Sparta, remained neutral during the first ten years, but as a democracy, was benevolently inclined towards Athens. Persia at first held aloof, waiting for an opportunity to regain her dominion over the Greek cities of the Asiatic seaboard, which Athens had liberated, but finally provided the crucial financial and logistic support required by Sparta to conduct a maritime offensive. Athens, was unpopular with many members of her own empire, but held most under control by her maritime supremacy. The war may be divided into three major periods or five phases
The Archidamian war phase 1 41-47; phase46-41
The Sicilian war 41-41
The Ionian or Decelean War phase 1 41-404; phase407-404
Causes
The underlying cause of the war was Spartas fear of the growth of the power of Athens. This is Thucydides own final judgment. The whole history of the rise and power of Athens in the 50 years preceding justifies this view, though the immediate occasion of the war concerned Corinth, Spartas chief naval ally. Since the peace of 445 B.C. Pericles had consolidated Athenian resources, made Athens navy incomparable, concluded in 4 B.C. a defensive alliance with the strong naval power Corcyra (Corinths most bitter enemy), and renewed alliances with Rhegium and Leontini in the west. The very food supply of the Peloponnese from Sicily was endangered. In the Aegean Athens could always enforce a monopoly of seaborne trade. To this extent the Peloponnesian War was a trade war and on this ground chiefly Corinth appealed to Sparta to take up arms. The appeal was backed by Megara, nearly ruined by Pericles economic boycott, and by Aegina a reluctant member of the Athenian Empire.
But if Sparta had not also been eager for war then peace would have lasted. Sparta was waiting an opportunity that came when Athens was temporarily embarrassed by the revolt of her subject-ally Potidaea in Chalcidice in the spring of 4 B.C. The rebel city held out until the winter of 40 B.C. and its blockade meant a constant drain upon Athenian military, and naval resources. Sparta seized the opportunity. Confident of speedy victory she refused an offer of arbitration made by Pericles. Instead, Sparta sent an ultimatum that would have practically destroyed Athenian power. Pericles urged the people to refuse and Sparta declared war.
Peloponnesian War Phase 1 (41-47)
In a war between the main military and main naval powers in Greece a decisive result was unlikely to occur quickly. Sparta relied on the traditional strategy of Greek warfare. She hoped that by invading Attica and destroying the crops she would force Athens either to sue for peace or come out to fight the standard set piece battle in which typical Greek wars were decided. In numbers as well as discipline and combat effectiveness of troops Athens was decidedly inferior
to the Spartan-Theban forces. The defect in this strategy was that Athens unlike other Greek cities could not be starved into surrender, nor be made to fight a pitched battle by occasional occupation of its individual citizens farm lands. Her food supply came principally from Egypt and Crimea. The the old king of Sparta, Archidamus, knew this and warned his people about it. But the Spartans were still confident in a quick victory in pursuing their strategy of annihilation.
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