Cultural differences in the tempest

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I Know I Am But What Are You? Cultural Differences in The Tempest, Montaigne's Essays, and In Defense of the Indians Paper # The Tempest, In Defense of the Indians, and Montaigne's essays each illustrate what happens when two very different worlds collide. As Europe begins to saturate New World soil, the three authors offer their accounts of the dynamic between the European invader and native other. Though each work is unique in its details, they all share a common bond Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne show the reader how European colonialists use differences in appearance and language to justify theft and slavery. The Tempest's Caliban serves as an instrument to highlight the colonialist notion of the other. Caliban is the original inhabitant of the island; it is his native land. But Caliban is ugly. Prospero claims that he is not honored with human shape (p. 17), and so the new European inhabitants never think of him as a potential equal- they see him as their inferior. This initial incongruity between characters supports further dehumanization of the native for the remainder of the play. Caliban's appearance does not only contribute to the Europeans' poor estimation of him, but it also serves as the justification of his slavery. When Trinculo says, Wilt thou tell a monstrous lie, being but half a fish and half a monster (p. 55), he communicates two important concepts. First, Trinculo reinforces the idea that Caliban is more animal than man. Next, he assumes that Caliban's exterior mirrors Caliban's interior. Caliban's physical deformities, according to Trinculo, also indicate deformity of character. Together, these faults aid Prospero's justification of forcing Caliban to serve in offices that profit us (p. 18). A second factor of Caliban's oppression is language. The ability to communicate that ends man's isolation from others and leads to civilization. When Prospero discovers Caliban, the native has no knowledge of Europe, much less its tongue. Miranda and Prospero take it upon themselves to educate Caliban in civilized language. Miranda says I pitied thee, took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or other, When thou didst not, savage, know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble, like a thing most brutish, I endowed thy purposes with words that made them known. (p. 0) Miranda believes that communication indicates that one is civilized. She does not for a moment consider that Caliban's gabble was most likely his own language, the language he used to with Sycorax. Miranda believes that true communication (and true civilization) comes only in the words of her own language. Prospero agrees with this notion. He believes that Caliban's deformity and inability to communicate with foreigners make the native his subordinate. Caliban is only …a lying slave, whom stripes may move, not kindness (p. 54). Prospero refuses to hear Caliban's exclamation that he was first…mine own king (p. 54). Once Caliban controlled his own life. With the arrival of Prospero, who sees no redeeming qualities but brute strength in Caliban, the native becomes a slave. Prospero believes that Caliban is not human and sees no reason to treat him as one. Montaigne and de Las Casas also explore the humanity of natives. Though their portrayals of the Indians are very different, their aim is the same to promote the humane treatment of the Indians. Both works oppose the colonialist mentality that appears in The Tempest. Montaigne and de Las Casas argue that differences in culture are not tantamount to inferiority. De Las Casas' account of the Indians describes a race of people who are completely innocent, meek, harmless, and temperate (p.6). Like Caliban, de Las Casas' natives are very simple, even childlike. However, de Las Casas believes his child-natives are capable of growing up. He maintains that they are quite ready and willing to receive and embrace the word of God (p. 6). With this, he shows his confidence that the Indians have the potential to equal the Europeans. Montaigne has a very different opinion of the natives. He shares the Shakespeare's belief that language and culture are synonymous, but he differs in that he lauds the Indian tongue. Montaigne even goes so far as to compare Indian language with the most civilized language when he describes it as a soft language, with an agreeable sound, somewhat like Greek in its endings (Of Cannibals, p. 64). Montaigne also makes a point of describing the poetry and song of the Indians. The ability to create beautiful poetry certainly connotes civilization. Montaigne comments that not only is there nothing barbarous in this fancy, but it is altogether Anacreontic (Of Cannibals, p.64). Though the primary focus of Montaigne's essays and In Defense of the Indians is to vouch for the humanity of the Indians, the works also share a second purpose. As chronicles of European action in the New World they proof that Shakespeare was not unique in his belief of the inequality between European and native. Like Prospero and his peers, the Europeans in Montaigne and de Las Casas never consider the fact that the natives have the right to self-determination. The Europeans take over the land, imposing a new religion, a new language, and a new status on the natives. It is not even as if the Europeans choose to ignore indigenous society; they do not entertain the possibility that a society can exist. Much like Prospero's treatment of Caliban, Montaigne and de Las Casas' Europeans believe that the Indians are no more intelligent than animals, and just about as capable of organizing a society. This perceived inferiority justifies the natives' enslavement. Shakespeare, Montaigne, and de Las Casas all describe the usurpation of land from the Indians. De Las Casas discourages taking land with force, claiming that it is wrong to wage war against men who are harmless…unarmed, and destitute of every human defense (p. 6). Montaigne writes disapprovingly, He who had awarded their country to him must be a man fond of dissention, to go and give another person something that was not his and thus set him at strife with its ancient possessors. (Of Coaches, p.67) With this, Montaigne describes how the Europeans ignore the fact that the natives have any rights to property. Again, the Europeans ignore the humanity of the Indians. Like the colonialists of de Las Casas and Montaigne's essays, Shakespeare's Europeans overlook Indian humanity when they seize the native land. Though Caliban defends his rights when he says, this island's mine by Sycorax my mother which thou tak'st from me (p. 1) all Prospero hears are the words of an ugly, ignorant savage. Prospero pays no more heed to Caliban's complaint than he would the lowing of a cow. To Prospero, both are animals meant for service. In spite of their similarity, Shakespeare, de Las Casas, and Montaigne portray natives and colonialism in very different manners. De Las Casas insists that it is wrong to attack a childlike culture. Montaigne maintains that the natives are already a highly civilized people. In Shakespeare, the European actions that de Las Casas and Montaigne despise come to life. For Prospero, the native culture that Montaigne deems evolved and de Las Casas calls gentle is simply different and inferior. Montaigne says, each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice (Of Cannibals, p.58). Without understanding Montaigne's true meaning, Prospero would wholeheartedly agree. Caliban certainly does not partake in the practice of Prospero. Like the natives in de Las Casas and Montaigne's New World, Caliban has a different appearance and language. However, where Montaigne and de Las Casas are proponents of respecting differences, Shakespeare's Europeans use those differences to defend robbery and subjugation.

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To kill a mockingbird

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First of all, he said, If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-

Sir?

-until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Page 0

Analysis

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This passage helped me to realize the special bond between Atticus and his daughter, Scout.It seems as though Scout learns the more from her father than she does anywhere else. Atticus teaches Scout important things that she does aquire from school, such as social skills and basic information about life. Scout listens carfully to Atticus, which shows she has much respect for him, and that she values his advice.

Quote

As Atticus once advised me to do, I tried to climb into Jems skin and walk around in it if I had gone alone to the Radly Place at two in the morning, my funeral would have been held the next afternoon. So I left Jem alone and tried not to bother him. Page 57

Analysis

Scout is using Atticus advice. This proves the effect that her fathers words have on her. This also shows Scouts respect for her father and her brother. The fact that she decides not to bother Jem proves her respect and maturity.

Quote

Scout, I think Im beginning to understand something. I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radlys stayed shut up in the house all this time.its because he wants to stay inside. Page 7

Analysis

Since Jem is growing up he realizes that the myths about Boo are unlikely to be true. He is starting to get a more mature understanding of Boo, realizing that he probably does not stay inside the house because he is locked up. He is also starting to get to know Boos character.

Quote

Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radly porch was enough. Page 7

Analysis

Standing on the Radly porch lets Scout finally see things from Boo Radlys point of view. Earlier in the novel, she was terrified every time she passed the house. Now as she stands on his porch, the way that Scout sees things has changed. The reader must realize that Scout herself has changed, also.

Chapter 10 Summary

Scout doesnt think her father can do anything - he doesnt do hands-on physical work, he doesnt play football, hes much older than the parents of her peers so hes too frail for most activity. He also wears glasses because hes nearly blind in one eye. Instead of hunting, he sits and reads inside. Scout is ashamed of her father because it seems like he cant do anything noteworthy. Scout has been dealing with a lot of not very complimentary talk at school about her fathers case, but she doesnt fight anyone in public - only family like Francis.

Atticus tells them they can shoot their air guns at tins cans and bluebirds but tells them that its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Miss Maudie affirms this, saying Your fathers right. Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird.

Then one day a dog named Tim Johnson appears in the neighborhood. He has a strange appearance and walks slowly with a twitch. The children tell Calpurnia, who takes one look and then immediately calls Atticus to tell him that theres a rabid dog in the neighborhood. Then she gets the town operator to call everyone in the neighborhood. She even runs over to the Radleys house to yell the warning to them. Atticus and the sheriff, Heck Tate, drive up, and the sheriff gives Atticus the gun. The dog is so close to the Radleys house that a stray bullet might go into the building. Atticus reluctantly takes up the gun and shoots the dog. The dog crumples into a heap. Jem is dumbstruck. Miss Maudie tells the children that their father used to be known as One-Shot Finch, the best dead-shot in the county. She says he doesnt shoot unless he has to, because he feels that, when he holds a gun, God has given him an unfair advantage over living beings. Scout wants to tell everyone in school, but Jem tells her not to, because he says that he wouldnt care if Atticus couldnt do a blessed thing, because Atticus is a gentleman.

Analysis

The rabid dog is a deadly, dangerous menace to the town, and its presence affects everyone in the community, black or white, irrespective of class or personality. Thus, the dog creates a unifying affect over the neighborhood - no one is immune to it, and everyone must take cover together. Even the Radleys, the neighborhood oddballs, must be warned by Calpurnias shouting. The presence of the rabid dog is an emergency that makes everyone equal for a few moments. Later in the book, Atticus will credit the court of law with the same capability of making everyone equal, regardless of ethnicity or social stature. Also, though Atticus does not like to shoot, his role as marksman in hitting the rabid dog calls for him to stand as a defender of all the people, not just blacks or whites. While he holds the gun, the fate of the entire community rests upon his shoulders, a role which will be discussed more in Chapter 4, where Miss Maudie points out that the town depends upon Atticus to uphold truth for them all. Atticus dislikes handling a gun because it makes him feel like he has an unfair advantage over all living things, that is, nature is fair in what it has given all beings, and using a tool like a gun to kill with allows him special privileges which nature never intended for him to use. Nature seems to have its own law which states that humans should not take advantage of their knowledge of machines and weapons in order to shoot animals, who have no such advantage. In the name of public safety, however, Atticus is willing to put this moral aside in the name of a higher goal the protection of human life. Again, this shows how a law, such as natures law or even a personal law such as Atticuss avoidance of guns, must sometime be bent toward a higher aim.

Atticus is not the only important figure in the crisis Calpurnia is the one to recognize the serious nature of the situation, make the right phone calls, and run out to warn the neighbors. She spares many people from death, yet she gets no credit for it when compared to Atticus who actually shoots the gun to kill the dog. Though Atticuss skill with a gun is remarkable, Calpurnias swift action and knowledge are invaluable. This is an example of how the black community in Maycomb helps the white community in ways that may not always be realized, and despite the amount of prejudice and discrimination that they suffer, they make many unsung contributions to the community.

Atticuss warning about shooting a mockingbird is the first mention of the mockingbird theme. The idea coincides with his distaste for hunting Atticus doesnt want his children to inflict cruelty upon the innocent mockingbirds just because they have the power of the air guns, just as he doesnt like to shoot. His warning serves to emphasize the responsibilities that come with power. Those who have power must be careful not to use it cruelly upon beings who are innocent and harmless. If an animal provokes harm, such as a bluebird, then one may exercise power against it, but the powerful must be careful in choosing whom they target. In the trial of the harmless Tom Robinson, the white people in the jury have power over the black man, and they choose to exercise their power poorly, declaring him guilty simply because he is black. The mockingbird theme will also appear at the end of the book regarding Boos rescue of Jem and Scout. Atticuss preference for not shooting shows that he would like to remove himself from situations of unfair power. Like the gun, the situation of white supremacy is a creation of society that contradicts all that is natural to mankind; it separates men into groups and places one ahead of the other. Atticus wishes to do away with these categories and power discrepancies.

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A Comparison of the Hierarchical, Network, and Relational, Database Models

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Database models continue to evolve as the information management needs of organizations become more complex. From flat files to relational databases, the growing demands on data integrity, reliability and performance of database management systems (DBMS), has shaped the design of databases and their underlying models. In this document, three database models are discussed comparing and contrasting their major features. The three models in order of discussion are Hierarchical, Network and Relational database models.

Hierarchical Database Model

The hierarchical model is the oldest of the three models discussed here. This model is an improvement of the flat-file database system since it employs a simple data relationship scheme. The relationships in the hierarchical model are child/parent relationships. The name "hierarchical" is derived from one major restriction on the child/parent relationships, that is, although a parent entity can have several child entities, a child entity can only have one and only one parent. For this reason all the relationships form a hierarchy that traces back to one root. In fact, this model is often visualized as an upside down tree, where the entity at the top is seen as a root and as such all other entities sprout from the root.A simple example is shown in Figure 1 below

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"Products" in Figure 1 above is the root entity of the hierarchical model in the example.

As shown in the diagram, one major problem with the hierarchical model is the increased risk of data inconsistency. In the case above, a separate "Customers" table must exist for every product line due to the fact that a child entity cannot have more than one parent. However, there is a great chance that there are many customers who purchased more than one type of product. Consequently, information about those customers must exist in more than one table causing data redundancy. Another problem with the hierarchical model is the inflexibility of the model. For example, in the diagram above, the database is restricted to three product lines. Adding a new product line would require redesigning the database since all the relationships must be predefined. Finally, another problem with the hierarchical model is in the child/parent relationship restriction. Every child must have a parent. Therefore, in the example above, it is impossible to add new customers who have not bought any new products yet. To overcome some of the limitations of the hierarchical model, the network model was created.

Network Database Model

The network model is an improvement to its predecessor, the hierarchical model. In the network model, a child entity can have more than one parent. Therefore, the design can be visualized as several inverted trees interconnected by branches as opposed to the single inverted tree characteristic of the hierarchical model. Figurebelow illustrates the network database model of the hierarchical database discussed previously.

As shown above, the network database model eliminates the need to maintain several "Customers" tables. Data in the network model can be accessed from an entity as opposed to the hierarchical model that requires access from the root entity. The relationships between entities occur through unique set structures. Therefore, although the entities are not duplicated, a unique set structure is required to facilitate each of the one-to-many relationships.

Like the hierarchical model, the network model is also navigational. This poses a big problem in complex designs since the user has to understand the database structure in order to us the database. Furthermore, with a predefined structure like in the hierarchical model, modifying the structure of the database becomes a difficult task. The relational model eliminates many of the problems presented in the network and hierarchical models.

Relational Database Model

The relational model is based on the mathematical set theory. In this model, "data is stored in relations which are perceived by the user as relations" (Hernandez, 17).Relations are made up of tuples (also referred to as records or rows) and attributes (also known as fields or columns). Each record is identified by a column with a unique value. The order of the rows and columns is of importance. Therefore, the relational model is independent of physical implementation, a quality that makes this model more preferable to the hierarchical and database models. Relationships in this model can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Regardless of the type of relationship, the model is transparent to the user, that is, the user does not need to understand the physical structure of the database in order to use it.

Relational databases also have their share of problems. The flexibility of the relational model comes with the price of performance speed since the relationships are not predefined like in the case of hierarchical and network databases. Flexibility, also introduces the complexity of enforcing integrity constraints. However, the existence of scientific rules for imposing integrity guarantees that database integrity can be ensured.

Summary

To sum it up, Table 1 below provides a concise analysis of the major differences between the hierarchical, network and relational database models. It is important to note that although the relational model is superior to its predecessors, there are situations that would warrant the use of the older models, especially where the application is simple and not likely to change.

Table 1 Major differences of the hierarchical, network and relational database models

Hierarchical ModelNetwork ModelRelational Model

Data accessNavigational. Usually accessed from the root. User is required to understand database structure.Navigational. However, data access can start from an entity. User is required to understand database structure.Non-navigational. Database structure is completely transparent to the user.

PerformanceFaster because structure is predefined.Faster because structure is predefined.Slower because of the flexible arbitrary structure.

DBMSNot compatible with the other two models. Changes to the database structure must be reflected in the application as well.Compatible with the other two models. However, changes to database structure usually require changes in the application.Compatible with the other two models. The database structure is transparent.

QueriesNo query language unless it is predefined in to application.User needs to know the structure in order to query information.Versatile query language. Includes ability to run ad hoc queries.

Data integrityPlagued with redundancy due to the child/parent limitationsLess redundancy than the hierarchical model. Since the network model is navigational it becomes harder to maintain integrity as the database's complexity increases.Logical rules guarantee imposition of integrity constraints.

ChangesChanges to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes to the structure are difficult to implement since the entire structure is predefined.Changes are easy to implement since the structure is transparent to the user and the application.

References

Hernandez, M. (17). What is a relational database? Database design for mere mortals A hands-on guide to relational database design, Chapter 1. Retrieved July , 00 from Safari Tech Books Online on the World Wide Web http//safari.bvdep.com/

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The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

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The Book Report of ¡° The Joy Luck Club¡±

¡°The Joy Luck Club¡± is a book of describing the relationships between the Chinese mothers and their American- born daughters. In this book, it explores the different attitudes of two generations with different backgrounds and experiences towards respect, love and marriage. Also it reveals the difference of culture and tradition crossing the both sides of the Pacific. It was published by Ivy Book, New York, 18, written by Amy Tan, who is also a Chinese- American, who was born in Oakland, California in 15 and grew up in the San Francisco bay area. Amy Tan has a very keen insight on the trifles happen in the Chinese-American families and most of her works are based on this topic.

In this book The Joy Luck Club, it has eight main characters, four mothers( Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St.Clair) and 4 daughters (Jing-mei ¡°June¡± Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong and Lena St.Clair). These mothers all left China to America before 14 when China was still a very old feudal society. Women had no rights, no social status and no respect at that time in China. Women had to follow the willingness of their parents at any case, such as their marriage. They did not have the right to choose their own husbands, which should be decided by their parents. In the chapter named The Red Candle of The Joy Luck Club, it described how Lindo Jong¡¯s husband was decided by her parents when she was only two-years old. Well, when they got married, Chinese women must follow the orders of their husbands and their parents-in-law. The lucky one would have a husband who treated her like a person and the unlucky one would had a husband who treated her just like a dog, even worse. Each of the mothers of this book The Joy Luck Club had a very painful history. Therefore, when they stepped on the free land, America, they had lots of expectations to a new life and they gave their best wishes to their dearest daughter. They hoped that everything they could not gain in China their daughter could own in America. So, in the beginning of the book, Suyuan Woo made her promise to herself that ¡° In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband¡¯s belch. Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow and sorrow!¡± (P) Unfortunately, their American-born daughters could not understand their mothers¡¯ ideas. They were born in a very wealthy and open-minded country and they took everything for granted. They evaluated their mothers in their American-style way of thinking. They refused to speak Chinese and they even teased their mothers¡¯ English speaking. They despised the culture and traditions from their ancestors, however, no matter how hard they wanted, they still could not turn these heritages of China all away because they still had yellow skin and black hair just like the other Chinese. They argued with their parents all the time and they thought their mothers¡¯ advices were all out-of-date and worthless, but sometimes in the deep of their hearts, they had to accept their mothers had a more profound understanding to the life. Help with essay on The Book Report of "The Joy Luck Club"

The Joy Luck Club is composed of four parts, and each one had four chapters. In the first and last parts, it separately described the stories of these mothers¡¯ history life in China and their perspectives when they were in America, while, in the second and the third parts, it mainly talked about these daughters¡¯ experiences of their growing-up and how their mothers affected them in their education, marriage, career and family. With a very good connection, the book unravels the stories of every character progressively, which are very vivid and real. When I read this book, my mood followed the tides of the stories up and down. They give me a very deep touching. I remember in the chapter named ¡°Scar¡±, it told the story of An-Mei Hsu when she was a kid watched her mother how to honor her grandmother. ¡° My mother took her flesh and put it in the soup. She cooked magic in the ancient tradition to try to cure her mother this one last time. She opened Popo (grandma)¡¯s mouth, already too tight from trying to keep her spirit in. She fed her this soup, but the night Popo flew away with her illness. Even though I was young, I could see the pain of the flesh and the worth of the pain. This is how a daughter honors her mother. It is ¡°shou¡± so deep it is in your bone. The pain of the flesh is nothing. The pain you must forget. Because sometimes that is the only way to remember what is in your bones. You must peel off your skin, and that of your mother, and her mother before her. Until there is nothing. No scar, no skin, no flesh.¡±(P41) This word ¡°shou¡± simply can be understood as ¡° respecting the parents¡±, but in a more deep level, I think that it means the younger generation should sacrifice themselves to repay their parents no matter it is the flesh, the blood or others, because it is your parents who give you the most important thing, your life.

The characters¡¯ creation of The Joy Luck Club is incredible. I really like Lindo Jong, a very smart woman, who found a good way to escape from her arranged marriage without breaking up her promise to her mother and without bringing a shame on her family. She was a very strong woman with the merits of diligence, braveness and endurance. Also, I can feel the deep pain of Jing-mei Woo who thought herself would never meet the standards of her parents¡¯ expectations and she thought her mother never understand her and love you. . There was an argument between Jing-mei Woo and her mother that expressed her pain clearly. ¡° ¡°You want me to be someone that I¡¯m not!¡± I sobbed. ¡° I will never be the kind of daughter you want me to be!¡± ¡°Only two kinds of daughters,¡± she shouted in Chinese. ¡° Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter!¡± ¡°Then I wish I wasn¡¯t your daughter. I wish you weren¡¯t my mother.¡±¡± I really sympathize Jing-mei Woo, who had the best personality among the 4 daughters. In The Joy Luck Club, these Chinese mothers put too much pressure on their daughters¡¯ growing, even though which all came from love. They wanted their children to go the roads they paved for them because they thought it would be most beneficial. They hoped their children could be developed into the best they could be. The love and the expectations of them brought their children a lot of pain. I thought the author Amy Tan wrote truly about those mothers¡¯ and daughters¡¯ inner-thinking.I can imagine though those mothers were living at the land of America, they still kept parts of their old, feudal and conservative ideas with them. It was what they learned when they were young and they could not just throw them away.

Although quarrels and small conflicts between mothers and daughters were almost everywhere in this book, but the ending of the story was satisfactory. Daughters and mothers both learned to understand each other. Jing-mei Woo, the daughter of Suyuan Woo, brought her mother¡¯s last unfinished wish with her to China to visit her twin sisters and she would talk with them all the things she knew about their mother. Also, she would try to understand the place where her root was. In my opinion, the author, Amy Tan wrote this story to reflect her strong feeling as being a American-born Chinese, who was not totally an American and also was not a Chinese, who was educated from both-sides. She tried to tell us that as a Chinese-American you may be Americanized, but you should still have a deep respect for the Chinese culture of your ancestors.

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Lord of the Flies

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Side by side the two girls entered the lunchroom. As usual, the typical commotion and persistent conversations were already in progress.Full of giggles and eager to join their friends, the two girls quickly scurried to reach their particular seats.The aroma of the lunchroom circled in the air above, as the daily talk hung from the mouths of the teenagers.As the girls took their seats, a familiar face approached them.

"Did you hear about Angela?" the girl questioned as she reached the table with a concerned look upon her face.

"Yeah, can you believe that?" another replied

"How embarrassing."

Cheap University Papers on Lord of the Flies

As the talk spread from table to table, exaggeration was added, along with opinions, lies and twists of the truth.In minutes, the rumor had spread not only throughout the lunchroom, but throughout the entire school. A joke between Angela's friends that had started with delight had now turned into a nightmare-a cruel and embarrassing lie.It seemed almost impossible that days earlier the amusement which had kept the girls up all night laughing at a sleepover, had now so harshly turned to horrendous mortification.Just as the rumor swiftly twisted from humor to humiliation, the established unity on the island in Lord of the Flies quickly turns to disarray.The order, organization, and integrity once apparent on the isle, quickly fades as evil grows in its place. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrates that good can quickly turn to evil using characterization, scenery, and plot.

Throughout the novel, Golding expresses the persistent development of malevolence each boy secretly possesses within himself.The purity and immeasurable restrictions of the island allow the boys to cease their polite, tame behavior and transform into savages.At the beginning of the novel Jack appears as a harmless choirboy though it's obvious he desires power. As the characters continue to develop and their personalities evolve, it becomes evident that Jack swiftly grows savagely immoral.He leads the boys to participate in violent, intolerable behavior and contributes to the collapse of unity amongst the islanders "Jack ignored them for the moment, turned his mast down to the seated boys and pointed at them with a spear" (150). Jack forces the boys to choose between the civilized society and the savage tribe. Jack says aggressively, still pointing the spear, "Who's going to join my tribe?" (150).The alteration from civilized to savage in Jack's character becomes dreadfully evident and defines him as one the most evil characters in the novel.Roger's disposition also severely alters throughout the time spent on the island.At first, Roger entertainingly throws stones at the surrounding boys, yet deliberately misses the target "Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw" (6).Soon after, Roger's character takes a drastic turn for the worse; partaking in the transformation of temperament, Roger deliberately thrusts an enormous boulder at Piggy "Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever" (180). Roger's pursuit results in Piggy's death. The corruption of unity and lack of authority on the island allow Jack and Roger to harshly influence others.Maurice, friendly and innocent, feels pressure to partake in stealing Piggy's glasses.While planning the brutal attack, Jack says, "The rest of you can go to sleep as soon as the sun sets.But us three, Maurice, Roger, and me, we've got work to do" (161). Maurice allows himself to shred his virtue and contribute to the vile act of stealing from a member of this island.The quest to maintain innocence and a civilized society rapidly alters as the characters unleash their uncultivated behavior and destroy their surroundings.

To also emphasize the theme, Golding uses the setting to depict how the collapse of a civilized society can immensely affect the environment.With expressive words and vocabulary, the island is first described as haven, and unknown paradise "Beyond the platform there was more enchantment.Some act of God-a typhoon perhaps, or the storm that had accompanied his own arrival-had bank sand inside the lagoon so that there was a long, deep pool in the beach with a high ledge of pink granite at the further end" (1).As time passes and the boys become more destructive and careless, the island swiftly turns into an unhealthy place to live.During an assembly, Ralph discusses how filthy the island has become and how the boys need to help preserve its cleanliness.Frustrated, Ralph declares, "we chose those rocks right along beyond the bathing pool as a lavatory…Now people seem to use anywhere" (80).Once occupied by the boys, the purity and exquisiteness of this isolated island almost immediately revolves into filth and disgust. The uncharted waters surrounding the island also alter from a cherished necessity to a symbol of death. Throughout the novel, the serene water supplies the boys with life. Yet, as the plot intensifies the water plays a major role in the deaths that occur on this island.The water swallows the innocence, murdered bodies and leaves the island with nothing but evil "Then the sea breathed again in a long, slow sigh, the water boiled white and pink over the rock; and when it was sucking back again, the body of Piggy was gone" (181). As the malevolence grows within the island, the scenery weakens into the most devastating sight.The dramatic change from good to evil, in both the characters and setting alters the story line itself.

A drastic change in the story line shifts the plot from innocent fun and games to primitive violence and fear.At the beginning of the novel, hunting is made a main priority.To survive, the boys feel hunting is a necessity.As the boys continue to hunt, the quest for meat soon becomes an uncontrollable desire. No longer do the boys kill pigs for survival, but for the sight of blood and death "The afternoon wore on, hazy and dreadful with damp hear; the sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hungers followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood" (15). The boys effortlessly twist hunting, a means to survive, into a cruel an vile act of death as their undomesticated actions unfold. The "pig dance" also shifts to violence.At first, the boys dance and sing out of excitement and their accomplishments of hunting, yet as the novel continues, the dance turns to wild and becomes dangerous. The boys mistake Simon of the beast and instinctively lash out and murder him during this untamed dance "The sticks fell and the mouth of the circle crunched and screamed.The beast was on its knees in the corner, its arms folded over its face.It was crying out against the abominable noise…" (15). Brutally, Simon dies during the pig dance as the boys impel their evil upon his innocence.The alter from good to evil on the island swiftly shifts the prevailing tone of the entire book.

The novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, profoundly incorporates the theme good can quickly turn to evil. With descriptive details, the characters, scenery, and story line express the theme in a powerful tone. The characters Jack, Roger, and Maurice transpire into the three most obvious characters that impose evil.Their civil customs swiftly convert to indecent actions and violent mentalities.As a result, the breathtaking scenery vanishes when the boys arrive. The boys' actions also guide the path of the story line and consequently cause the plot to demise of evil.Hunting swiftly turns into a repulsive obsession and the pig dance abruptly develops into a murder. The boys on the island quickly lose sight of their innocence and evil cultivates in its place, just as a simple joke rapidly spreads into hurtful rumors. As a society, it is important that each member evaluate situations to prevent evil from taking hold and tarnishing the established innocence. Live as the bible states, "Be very careful, then, how you livenot as unwise but as wise, making the most of every opportunity, because the days are evil."

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The anzac spirit

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Many heroes emerged from the disaster. These heroes were the men who saved mates, animals and themselves, and demonstrated incredible bravery. Les Marshall and Michael Page pulled workers and mates from the fire and threw them into empty dams and smothered them in mud as the main fire wall passed over and burnt their ute which left them to walk back to the farm house, where Les worker, Gary Briggs was airlifted to Royal Perth Hospital by the fantastic crew from RFDS (Royal Flying Doctors Service) who that day had made three trips to Perth and from Perth to Pingelly. Lynsey Corkes worker and fireman was thrown from the ute into fire, burning his hands in the fire, now has lost the use of his left hand from severe bums.

The Anzac Spirit was born at Gallipoli in 115. Since then it has been demonstrated not only by Australians in war but also by those whose contribution has been in other fields.

The Gallipoli Campaign, during the First World War (114-118), was the first time that men and women served as Australians in a war situation. The campaign was part of a plan to expel the Turks from the war and thereby weaken Turkeys ally Germany. At first the Australians were considered by some to be untried soldiers, second raters and six-bob-a-day tourists. By the end of the Gallipoli campaign Australian troops had demonstrated some remarkable characteristics and were respected soldiers acknowledged around the world. An Anzac tradition of bravery and service was clearly established from 5 April 115 onward.

The Anzac tradition was established on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli from 5 April 115 to the evacuation of the beaches in December 115. This tradition has continued through other military conflicts in which Australians have been involved. The Anzac Spirit defines Australias military past. No other name so represents the idea of unity in Australia. It was born in a terrible military defeat; a time marked by great bravery, by common soldiers and great acts of arrogance and stupidity by their commanders and political leaders. At the height of the campaign, for almost six weeks, Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick put others before himself and saved many lives on the frontlines of the Gallipoli battlefield until he was shot down by a sniper at close range while serving others in the frontline. This was typical of the spirit of the beaches of Gallipoli. This spirit has lived on ever since as a part of the Australian way of life.

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John Simpson Kirkpatrick was born in South Shields in Yorkshire in England on 6 July 18. He had illegally immigrated to Australia prior to the war in 110. His formal education was slight, but when writing letters to his mum, he wrote of his pleasure, as a committed socialist, in discovering an egalitarian society. He hung around the bush for a while carrying a swag and writing home every month. Kirkpatrick was known as Simpson to most, and was in Western Australia when the war broke out in August 114. Like many migrants Simpson was among the first to enlist joining up under the name Simpson and volunteered medical corps (Third Field Ambulance). He went ashore at Gallipoli on the very first day and became distressed by the agonies of the hurt and the lack of medical attention. Finding a group of stray donkeys in a hidden valley, he asked an officer if he could use one to aid the wounded from the frontline to the hospital on the beach under the cliff. He soon became popular at Anzac Cove; Simpson named his faithful donkey Duffy and gave it a Red Cross hatband. He was said to have lived a charmed life, but was killed tragically by a snipers bullet in Shrapnel Gully on 1 May 115.

Simpson and his donkey have now been known as Australian legends; the pairs story, known to all who served on the beaches and cliffs of Gallipoli, have promoted three talented biographies of Simpson as a parable of Christian compassion and an example of the famous Anzac Cove.

Not just one person, but the group of people I have chosen to write about that have displayed the same spirit and self-sacrifice are the townspeople of Pingelly. They demonstrated this spirit and self-sacrifice when the entire town pulled together at a time crisis, a time when a 0 000 acre bushfire with a 17 km front traveling up to 60 km/h with 70 foot high flames.

During the fire hospital staff was stretched to the limit and with the help of Dr Gogna, flown in from Beverley, treated in excess of 70 patients throughout the day and into the night, with some of the nurses working up to 40-hour shifts. With the help of Lee Steal working the phones, two ways and radio for the hospital and the shire offices from the base at the hospital, all the patients got a bed or mattress on the floor and some returned to the frontline into the night. No one went untreated or was turned away.

In the aftermath of the fires the railway line, the Great Southern Highway and all the electricity were down and unable to operate. 0 000 sheep had to be cleaned up and more had to be shot to end the suffering. All the farmers helped to draft and shoot sheep the next day, giving up their own time to help others before working on their own farms while the guys from Western Power worked into the night to restore the power to the area within four days with temporary poles and stays. The workers from Main Roads and the Shire workers worked 1-hour days to reopen the Great Southern Highway with detours in three days. Within two days the Rail workers had the train lines up and running after working 1-hour days.

Some farmers suffered terribly, some having no insurance what so ever and found it so hard to keep going through the hard times. Thanks to the counselors provided by the Court government to assist with the crisis, also it was all helped by the group of ladies who made over 000 sandwiches between them and would prefer to stay anonymous. In 18 in the face of crisis an entire town pulled together, as did Simpson and displayed an amazing level of Anzac Spirit. Many people made great sacrifices to help their neighbors before thinking of themselves and the horrifying consequences. This example displays that the Anzac Spirit is still alive in todays society.

Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in the early 150s and began a

movement which he called Scientology. This was later registered as a

religion and stands as such today in a number of countries. In the mid

150s he regained the rights to Dianetics and incorporated its techniques

into his Scientology processes. He said Dianetics addresses the body.

Scientology addresses the spirit. (Ref HCOBApril 16)

The fundamental concept behind both Dianetics and Scientology processing is

that the mind stores incidents (as images) in a series of related chains.

If something is troubling a person it is because a similar upsetting

incident has previously occurred to that person. If you find the earlier

incident (which has been lost to the conscious mind) and get the person to

look at it, then this can eliminate the problem. If this doesnt work then

there is an earlier incident and so on. The earliest incident is called

`basic on the chain. The End Phenomenon would be that the person is no

longer troubled by the incident.

The EP of Dianetics is the `Clear. The person has no more incidents in the

past to affect him or her in the present. This is supposed to produce a

completely rational human being. Scientology goes on past this point

(although there are many Scientology processes before the clear state is

reached) and deals with the liberation of the spirit (called the OT

levels). It is after clear that the entire concept changes and the

processes bear no resemblance to the principle explained above.

In 167, supposedly to develop and deliver the OT levels, Hubbard set up

the Sea Organisation (S.O.). This is a branch of Scientology run along U.S.

navy lines with officers and other ranks who sign a billion year contract

to serve Hubbard and Scientology. Here lies the real power and wealth of

the `church and it is commanded at present by its CEO David Miscavige who

holds the Scientology rank of Captain.

Hubbard, who gave himself the rank of Commodore, was born in 111, married

three times and officially died on January 4, 186.

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Discrimination against people with Multiple Sclerosis

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Do Americans Discriminate Against

People with Multiple Sclerosis?

Kevin is a quiet man who has known he has multiple sclerosis (MS) for six years. He hasnt told anyone.[Kevin explains] "I went to a doctor because I had a serious fall. He decided to run some tests and a week later he told me that I have MS. No one can tell when they look at me. Ive learned how to cover losing my balance. Im only thirty-two. Im not going to tell anyone because they might think I cant do my job. Im sure not going to tell any woman I want to date. Whats she going to thinkIm a cripple?" (qtd. in "Disclosure")This story is a prime example of what people who have MS live with every day of their lives.Kevin's initial reactionwas not concern for his health or well-being, but the kind of discrimination he would now have to face because of this devastating disease.People with MS are discriminated against in several aspects of life.

According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Web page, MS is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord.When a person has MS the tissue called myelin which protects the nerves are damaged.The damage to the myelin is called "sclerosis," commonly known as scar tissue, and "multiple" means many.These scars impair the activity of the nerves, by making it difficult for commands to reach and leave the brain.This causes the different symptoms of MS ("What is MS").According to the NMSS approximately one third of a million Americans acknowledge having MS ("About MS").

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MS is a disabling disease. It is common practice that people who suffer from the disease end up in a wheel chair. One way people who suffer from MS are discriminated against is in public accommodations.In the article, "A Ruling on Co-op and Disability," Jay Romano tells a story about a woman who as a result of having MS had to be in a wheel chair.Romano explains that the building she was living in didn't have a ramp so that she could easily get in and out of the building.Romano states she made several attempts to rectify the problem with the co-op board of the building but has not been accommodated.Further Romano informs us the woman sought out a lawyer and took the board to court.Romano reports that she won the court case, not only where they ordered to build her a ramp but the court also awarded her monetary damages.Most MS suffers are forced to become aware of their disability rights.As maintained by the NMSS, "Every individual should be able to lead a full, productive life and participate in community activities.For people with multiple sclerosis and other disabilities, there are many obstacles to full participation in transportation… [and] recreation." As stated by the NMSS, recently their Long Island Chapter has taken steps to make all pools in Nassau County, New York, accessible to wheel chairs by making waterproof wheelchair ramps.This seems like a small matter.However, when was the last time a person not in a wheel chair had a hard time getting into a pool?This is part of our everyday lives that we take for granted.These types of average aspects of public accommodations are ways in which people who suffer from MS are discriminated against.

People who suffer from MS are people who can not afford health benefits for many reasons.Many of them are facing the need to been on some sort of disability.Another way in which people with MS are discriminated against is in healthcare.The NMSS informs us that "many members of Congress believe that the current budget deficit requires limitation of prescription drug coverage to low-incomebeneficiaries… others believe a universal benefit is needed and that incremental steps to limit drug coverage to low-income beneficiaries will reduce the likelihood that Congress will enact a universal Medicare benefit in the future." However, in most cases disability benefits are not granted immediately creating monetary hardship (Shaw)."Of MS patients who were diagnosed with the disease more than five years ago, 4 percent are not taking drugs…the Harris poll interviewed 56 MS patients and 51 neurologists who treat MS patients.In addition to the patients who weren't taking drugs because they didn't have physical symptoms of the disease,percent said they couldn't afford the medicine"(Neenan). This is a continuous problem for suffers of MS.According to the NMSS Congress is unlikely to pass any form of Medicare prescription coverage in the coming year ("Advocacy").Unfortunate for many MS suffers discrimination in healthcare will be an on-going battle that does not seem to be ending in the near future.

Further people with MS are discriminated against in the workplace.There are many different forms of this discrimination.They range from inappropriate treatment at the workplace to monetary troubles because of the disease.For example, in the article "When Disease Conflicts with Police Duty," written by Ralph Ranalli, he relates the story of a police officer who is reduced to a desk job in a storage closet because of his disease.Ranalli explains this officer had an outstanding record and was a very productive member of the police department before being diagnosed with the disease.Ranalli goes on to inform us that the humiliation does not end there.Ranalli tells us about the standing order from the Police Chief is that when this officer has occasion leave the station in a car, he must use his personal vehicle and he must wear his civilian jacket over his uniform so that the public does not mistake him for an officer who might be able to help in an emergency situation. While this type of discrimination is mostly damaging to the character of the MS sufferer.There is also the kind of discrimination that is damaging to their pocket.For instance, in the article "Shrewd moves…State & Local Government Employees, Take Note!" written by Laura Cooper, we are told how new legislation has given new rights to employers against people with disabilities.Cooper informs us that because of this new legislation if you work for a state or local government you may or may not be eligible for social security disability insurance (SSDI).Cooper explains that the qualifications for SSDI are very difficult.This is another way in which discrimination takes place in the work force primarily in that people who thought they have or had good paying jobs with some sort of financial security are now in jeopardy of losing benefits.

In summary, discrimination against people with MS is a regrettable problem that people who suffer from the disease have to live with on a daily basis.The discrimination exists in many forms of life that individuals can easily help change and some that are going to be more difficult for the people who suffer from MS.Hopefully as a society those of us who do not suffer from MS are enlightened to the presence of discrimination and can look to ourselves to help eradicate it from our society.

"About MS." National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

"Advocacy." National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

Cooper, Laura."Shrewd Moves…State & Local Government Employees, Take Note!" Inside MS.001 Fall. National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

"Disclosure."National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

Neenan, Julia."What MS Patients are Missing."Health Scout Reporter.11 May 000.http//www.Nmss.orgDec. 00

Ranalli, Ralph."When Disease Conflicts with Police Duty."Boston Globe 7 Nov. 1A1.ProQuest.Orange County Community College Library.1 Nov.00

Romano, Jay."A Ruling on Co-Ops and Disability."New York TimesMay 1, late ed..ProQuest.Orange County Community College Library.1 Nov.00

Shaw, Katherine."A Place in the Work Force."Inside MS.Fall 001. http//www.msfocus.org Dec.00

"What is MS?"National Multiple Sclerosis Society.1 Nov.00 http//www.Nmss.org

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Piracy a silent terrorist

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Piracy is the process of the illegal copying and distributing the work of art of a certain person who has his or her intellectual property rights. As obviously seen, the selling of pirated CD's and VCDs are known on almost everywhere. People tend to patronize these products to meet their demands and give themselves satisfaction of needs for entertainment. Piracy is not a new issue today. Even though incessant fight against this matter has been established, people tend to use these products because of lower price and almost the same quality they offer. Furthermore patronization of people with piracy only enhances the indirect stealing and keeping this silent terrorist alive.

Piracy is known over the world. Even here in the Philippines piracy is the most unrestrained act other than drugs. It is clearly seen all over the country that indeed piracy is dominating the market. We can see these stuffs sold in Quiapo, Greenhills and many other parts of the country. As a counterstrike, many drives had been instigated by the Videogram Regulatory board just to wipe out this tremendous issue. The country is even recognized internationally for its determination to permanently erase the face of piracy in the society. But still these this drives remains to be a drive with no proper implementation. Even though continuous raids had been done and even though they had presented tons of pirated items that are burned and crashed, still piracy is still alive.So, the proliferation of pirated CDs and VCDs continue to rule the market not just they offer the kind of entertainment people wanted but also it is being sold for a very low price. Even though media had exposed the confiscation of thousand pirated paraphernalia, still, the selling of these items are somewhat not to be affected by the drives imposed by the government. They say that as long as there are people who are willing to buy these products and as long as benefactor exist to produce these materials piracy will not disappear in the market.

There are thousands of reason why is the presence of the continuous proliferation of pirated CDs and VCDs in the market. One major reason is poverty because society today is currently under poverty. With no money on hand, people are also on scarce with their wants making them crave for something that they cannot afford. As a result, they to tend to patronize pirated CDs rather than the original ones because it satisfy their wants without spending money for entertainment. Another reason is that, in the wide variety or in the mass production of CDs and VCDs, the availability of products that are not sold in the market are made possible by piracy. They can find lots of selections to choose from, from old, new and sometimes for items that are not yet out in the market are now sold from every corners of the Philippines. Thanks to piracy because it made the production of new and amazing items for the consumer. People are now satisfied with entertainment given by the pirated materials but totally different in amount. People loved piracy because they don't have to buy that super expensive materials sold in the malls and other legitimate producers of CDs and VCDs. based on the response of the people who consider themselves as a patron of piracy, told that they tend to patronize these products because of practicality in choosing what you want without spending lots of money. Now, they can experience the entertainment at its fullest without knowing that in that little thing they have done, they are stealing the rights of the people concerned in this issue.

Another reason why there is an outbreak of the production of these materials is that benefactors are continuously providing the distributors the supply of such materials even though number of raids and confiscations had been done. They say that until there are patrons that are satisfied with their products, the production will not end. The presence of big time financiers behind this issue is not yet unveiled because of political and social intensions. Having them behind the production will not end the issue of piracy. Producers tend to produce these materials because they wanted to earn big income at the shortest possible time without knowing that they are violating the intellectual property rights of the legitimate producers of these items. Furthermore, piracy is seen to be a slowly dominating the entertainment industry because the perpetrators themselves who help in the drive against piracy are also patronizing these materials. Policemen, Politicians and other of the governments are sometimes seen tolerating these materials. So, how can piracy be abolished if there are some people who instead help in the drive against it are patronizing pirated items. The toleration seen in every local government is one proof that there is an outbreak of these materials in every part of the country.

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As a result of the continuous dissemination of pirated items in the country, artist and producers are the main victims of these unlawful acts. They suffer from great bankruptcy because pirated items do not have the full authorization of the law to be sold and propagate in the market. As an effect to them, they are now only producing less talents because stealing of their rights as a talent is obviously seen everywhere. Moreover, people who tend to patronize these materials are not aware that they are already stealing the right of ownership of other people. Buying pirated items just made stealing a better look because it made stealing almost a legal process. People are not aware that they had committed the indirect stealing of rights and even the means of living of other people because they are being robbed out by these parasites without even knowing. On the other hand, as the issue on piracy burgeons, the impact of this in our economy is severe for economists who tend invest their ventures in the country are now afraid because of the threat of sabotage with their products. The image of the country both in the economy and people will be affected because of the stigma that will be attached to the Philippines as the center of piracy in the world. Not only the people will suffer from the impairment done by piracy but also the country as a whole as well.

Indeed, piracy is a never-ending issue. For as long as people still continue in the patronization of this materials continues. As they achieved the satisfaction of their wants, it has never reached their minds that they look like parasites because they had performed the indirect stealing of goods, talent and living of other people. It is not merely practicing practicality or merely saying that piracy is the best policy because as people get satisfied in these pirated items, there are also people who are harmed not physically but emotionally and financially. As long as there are financiers and benefactors that are not exposed and put behind bars, the promulgation of pirated items will not be stopped and still continue to attract the eyes of consumer regardless of their personality or status in life. In addition to, drives can be really very helpful for as long as the perpetrator themselves are really serious to do their jobs. Expos and other press releases are not enough to prove that they are continuously fighting this terrorist that dwells in our community but by means of continuous perseverance and little by little exposing those people behind this illegal business and not accepting any bribe just to save their reputation. And for as long as there are people who patronize pirated CDs and VCDs, the production of these items will not be stopped because they serve as the basis of the manufacturers to produce more items for it satisfy the needs of the customer and their needs as well. As long as people don't cooperate in the drive against piracy, it will remain untouched and indestructible. Cooperation among the people is the only thing to solve this tremendous problem that is striking every country in the world. If this is not done, the government and the society will only continue to tolerate the indirect stealing of living and in some way only keeping this terrorist a part of everyday life.

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Marijuana Prohibition

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"The greatest service which can be rendered any country is to add a useful plant to its culture."-Thomas Jefferson. One of the biggest controversies that currently plague the U.S. is the debate over the legalization of marijuana. There are numerous factors to be considered in the debate, the drug's effects, how it affects crime, and it's medicinal uses. Federal law has prohibited marijuana since 1937. It is currently illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana in the U.S.

Marijuana goes by more than 200 names, the most common being weed, pot, and herb (Ravage 6). Marijuana is made from the dried leaves of the cannabis sativa plant. The active ingredient is THC and when smoked it produces a "high" (Ravage 7). Marijuana is considered a mind-altering drug (Monroe 16).

The effects that marijuana has on its user varies from person to person. It depends on how it is taken, other drugs involved, and the expectations of the user (Monroe 17). The "high" consists of a dreamy relaxed state (Dupont 1). Other effects include an increased appetite, paranoia, tiredness, short-term memory loss, loss of coordination and balance, trouble with thinking and problem solving, and distorted perception of sight, sound, time, and touch (Monroe 17-18). Marijuana causes the heart to beat rapidly and blood pressure to rise (Monroe 18). Because the drug is stored in fat cells and slowly released its effects can last up to 24 hours after use (Ravage 8). The long-term effects of marijuana use are not entirely known. It may cause damage to the immune and reproductive systems (Dudley 6).

One of the arguments against the legalization of marijuana is the high potential for abuse associated with it. Many people develop a dependence on the high, which causes stunted emotional and social maturity. It also causes many people to lose interest in school, job, and social activities (Dudley 6). The other standpoint to this is the fact that marijuana is about as addictive as caffeine. It's far less addictive than alcohol, nicotine, heroin, and cocaine (Fortang 101). 9 out of 10 people who have tried marijuana have since quit (Dudley 7).

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Marijuana is relatively harmless. Used in moderation, it is less harmful than tobacco or alcohol (Dudley 7). There is no known case of a person dying from an overdose of marijuana. According to Susan Terkel, "To cause death, a person would have to smoke 1,500 pounds of marijuana- 720,000 joints- in fifteen minutes."(75). No one has ever died from an overdose of marijuana, while hundreds of thousands of people are killed by tobacco and alcohol every year.

The current drug laws are causing more harm than good. Many crimes are committed in order to pay for a drug habit (Terkel 98). 600,000 marijuana-related arrests were made in 1995, 80% of which were for possession alone (Dudley 6). People are being arrested for having marijuana and being thrown in jail for a crime in which there was no victim. Many of these people are in jail for many years because of mandatory prison sentences. This presents a new problem of jail overcrowding. The U.S currently has 1.6 million people in prisons, more than any other industrial nation. Drug offenders make up 60% of the federal prison population (Terkel 51). In order to make more room for these drug offenders, violent offender are being released early (Terkel 51). If marijuana were decriminalized, meaning there would be no possibility of arrest- only a fine, there would be 500,000 less arrests per year (Terkel 51). Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter supports the idea of decriminalization, "Penalties against possession of a drug should not be more damaging to an individual than the use of the drug itself."

The other crime aspect of legalizing marijuana would be that of organized crime. Marijuana makes up most of the international drug trade (Ravage 9). Only about 25% of marijuana available in the U.S. is grown here, majority of it comes from other countries including Mexico and Colombia (Ravage 9). Because marijuana is illegal, drug cartels can make an enormous amount of money from growing and selling it. This is similar to the effects of alcohol prohibition in the U.S. in the 1920's. After alcohol became illegal speakeasies sprang up all over the place. Organized crime grew rapidly. The famous gangster Al Capone had a bootlegging empire that netted over $60 million a year (Danzer 615).If marijuana was legalized it would drive these drug cartels out of business (Terkel 99). It would no longer be economical for them to try to sell expensive marijuana to a country that can grow it cheaply.

The U.S. has spent $16 billion on the "war on drugs" (Terkel 102). If marijuana was legalized the government could collect $4-6 billion in taxes on the marijuana (Terkel 105). This money could go into educating people about drugs. "The goal of legalizing drugs is to bring them under effective legal control. If it were legal to produce and distribute drugs, legitimate businessmen would enter the business. There would be less need for violence and corruption since the industry would have access to the courts. And, instead of absorbing tax dollars as targets of expensive enforcement efforts, the drug sellers might begin to pay taxes. So, legalization might well solve the organized crime aspects of the drug trafficking problem. On average, drug use under legalization might not be as destructive to users and to society as under current prohibition, because drugs would be less expensive, purer, and more conveniently available"-National Institute Of Justice.

The strongest argument for the legalization of marijuana is for its medicinal use. 73 % of Americans support seriously ill patients having access to marijuana ("Medicinal Marijuana"). Marijuana is an effective treatment for something as mild as a headache to cancer and AIDS patients. Marijuana can help glaucoma patients. 2-8 million people have glaucoma, a disease where pressure on the eyes and optical nerve can cause blindness. Marijuana can lessen the pressure on the eyes thus avoiding blindness. For 10-20% of glaucoma patients, marijuana is their only hope of keeping their eyesight. For the 1 million people who have epilepsy, marijuana can reduce the amount of antiseizure medicine needed or even eliminate the need for antiseizure medicine. For AIDS patients marijuana can help deal with the side effects of AZT, a drug used to treat HIV and AIDS. It can also help combat extreme weight loss, nausea, and vomiting associated with both AIDS and cancer treatments (Terkel 71-73). One solution developed by scientists is a pill by the name of Marinol. This is a pill of THC- the active ingredient in marijuana. Marinol does not effectively take the place of marijuana because Marinol takes up to 4 hours to take effect. If a patient is trying to combat vomiting, they have no hope of trying to get a pill down. Marinol can cause hallucinations, dizziness, anxiety, and it can last up to 10 hours (Terkel 76). Marinol is expensive it cost around $200 a month, more than actual marijuana (Thompson 149).

If marijuana was legalized the purity of it would be controlled by the FDA. There would be fewer crimes committed to support an expensive habit. The government would save money on enforcement of drug laws and collect more money from tax revenue. Sick patients would be able to receive effective treatment. Drug cartels would slowly fade out of existence. People would be happier.

Works Cited

Danzer, Gerald. The Americans. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 1998.

Dudley, William. Marijuana. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999.

DuPont, Robert L. "Marijuana," World Book Online Americas Edition, http://www. worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/344500, April 12, 2002.

Fortang, Erika. "Is Pot Bad For You?" Rolling Stone 4 Mar. 1999:101.

"Medicinal Marijuana." Drug Policy Alliance, http://www.lindesmith.org/library/

focal12.html, April 12, 2002.

Monroe, Judy. "Marijuana- A Mind Altering Drug." Current Health 2 23 Feb. 1998: 16-19.

Terkel, Susan N. The Drug Laws. Danbury: Franklin Watts, 1997.

Thompson, Stephen. The War on Drugs. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998.

Ravage, Barbara. "Marijuana Update." Current Health 2 28 Sept. 1994: 6-12.

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Philosophy Mill

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Is the quest for liberty an incontestable political good?

John Stuart Mill was born in London in 1806, the son of James Mill. He was a philosopher, economist and senior official in the East India Company. Mill gave a vivid and moving account of his life, and especially of his extraordinary education in his autobiography of 187. He was also a Liberal MP for Westminster from1865 to 1868, and as a young man in the 180s he edited the London and Westminster Review, a radical quarterly journal. He died at Aix-en-Provence in 187.

Mill was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He learned Greek at three, Latin a little later and by the age of 1, he was a competent logician and by 16 a well-trained economist. At 0 he suffered a nervous breakdown that persuaded him that more was needed in life than devotion to the public good and an analytically sharp intellect. From 180 to his death, he tried to persuade the British public of the necessity of a scientific approach to understanding social, political and economic change while not neglecting the insights of poets and other imaginative writers.

During his lifetime, it was his essay On Liberty, written in185 that aroused the greatest controversy, and the most expressions of approval and disapproval. The essay was sparked by the feeling that Mill and his wife, Harriet Taylor, constantly expressed in their letters to one another that they lived in a society where bold and adventurous individuals were becoming all too rare. Critics have sometimes thought that Mill was frightened by the prospect of a mass democracy in which working-class opinion would be oppressive and perhaps violent. The truth is that Mill was frightened by middle-class conformism much more than by anything to be looked for from an enfranchised working class. Custom Essays on philosophy Mill

Utility, writes Mill, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. (1)

This fundamentally hedonistic concept is further elaborated by Mill to equate happiness with pleasure and the absence of pain. This sounds fine, until we consider the very real necessity of pain in the process of growth, both as individuals and as societies. In this regard, Utilitarianism seems to be static, in that it fails to address fundamental processes of human development. In addition it is excessively simplistic and shortsighted in its attention to the pleasure principle. Such a doctrine could never realistically be applied to a system of colonisation such as advocated by the John Stuart Mill of the East India Company; part and parcel of colonisation is to place the Greatest Happiness Principle of the colonisers over that of the colonised.

The ideals of individualism and individual liberties also play a large role in Mills writings. These individual liberties included liberty of conscience, thought, opinion, and pursuits. Mill is very specific as to when individual liberties may be violated when he states

...that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection.()

Yet, in the same essay (pages 75-5), as Mill discusses what he believes an individual owes society, careful reading reveals that he considered many types of rebellious behaviour against the government or status quo should be regulated and restrained. Therefore, a colonised population, such as India, is not allowed to express their desire for individual freedoms if those freedoms pose a threat to the prevailing system, in this case the East India Company and, as of 1858, the British Empire. Hence, the prohibition of Indians to market their own produce. In the light of such restrictions, the idea of individual liberty seems secondary at best.

Mill goes on to apply these problematic ideals of individual liberty to economic entities.

Restrictions on trade, or on production for purposes of trade, are indeed restraints; and all restraint...is an evil.()

England exercised this policy, commonly known as Free Trade, with great vigour during the Nineteenth Century in its economic dealings with its colonies. However, the freedom implied by the term was somewhat one-sided. This was due to the fact that in those instances where the liberty of the individual clashed with the liberty of the economic entity, according to the doctrine of utilitarianism, the economic entity will predominate, in that it presumably provided the greater amount of happiness to society, and was, therefore more useful. In short, the rights of the individual are put on the back burner, individual liberty is co-opted by larger economic interests which, as we have seen, have now taken the ideological place initially reserved for the individual in the first place.

Mills attitude toward democracy is sounded as he proclaims that one of the main conditions essential to good government is

that it be government by a select body, not by the public collectively that political questions be not decided by an appeal, either direct or indirect, to the judgement or will of an uninstructed mass, whether of gentlemen or of clowns; but by the deliberately formed opinions of a comparatively few, specially formulated for the task.(4)

Here, Mill is clearly advocating an unfair system wholly suited to an imperialistic ruling class, yet not terribly concerned with liberty on an individual to individual basis. In fact, in regards to India, his opinion of the superiority of the English race is stated in no uncertain terms as he writes

...the conquerors and the conquered cannot in this case live together under the same free institutions.(5)

He goes on to express his opinion that

...these less advanced people...must be governed as subjects.(6)

On the one hand we have a Mill who expresses contempt for the masses and a general lack of confidence in the principles of democracy, advocating instead an oligarchy ruled by an intellectual aristocracy; then, on the other hand, we find an almost sentimental Mill, expressing confidence in a mankind whose own drive for happiness will lead it inevitably towards that perfect society in which, if not impeded by outside interference, the greatest good will come to be. Which Mill are we to believe?

The overriding flaw in Mills utopian vision of human intercourse is his stated belief that, given the chance (i.e. no interference from outside entities such as governments) the best in human nature will ultimately prevail. Even the most superficial reading of history will show that this is simply not the case.

Mills ideological legacy thrives to this very day. The endowment of individual liberties upon economic entities advocated by Mill has become the cornerstone of modern capitalism. Indeed, in America, the foremost industrial power in the world, Mills concept has been adopted and sanctioned by the U.S. Supreme Court. The Bellotti ruling of 180 granted corporations first amendment free speech rights, thus equating, in the realm of expression, the corporation with the individual. With the enhancement of corporate power by such Supreme Court rulings, the inevitable consequence is the diminishment of the liberty of the individual.

Another consequence of Mills theories is the current state of affairs brought about by a decade of relatively unrestrained free trade. This social unaccountability has left us with savings and loan scandals, corporate domination of the media, and a vast concentration of wealth at the top of the economic food chain. I am forced to conclude that the quest for liberty is not an incontestable political good, but a 'survival of the fittest' race in which we are all striving to come out on top.

In conclusion, while I admire John Stuart Mills brilliance, his prolific output, and his writing style, I feel it important to point out that he was, in my opinion, operating on two planes of thought simultaneously, the two frequently came into direct conflict.

References and Bibliography

(1) John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (excerpt), p. 7.

() John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, p. .

() John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, p. 6.

(4) John Stuart Mill, Essays on Politics and Society, p. 64.

(5) Ibid., p. 550.

(6) Ibid., p. 550.

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Digging A poem by Seamus Heaney

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In this poem Digging by Seamus Heaney, there is an element of ambiguity. The author writes this poem about a Father digging potatoes - this however, is only on the surface.Underlying the true intention or meaning of the poem reveals the great admiration and respect for how hardworking his Father and Grandfather was. All though this may just be a poem about digging potatoes. The poet reveals the tremendous skill in digging and conveys certain artistry in this physical act.The poet also uses this poem to speak out against the past political situation of farming in Ireland.

He uses his words as a weapon to speak out what he personally feels to be wrong.

The poem is written in free verse.Although the first two stanzas of the poem show the start of regularity and rhyme, this changes to the use of free verse continuing to the end of the poem. This form of free verse allows the poet a freedom for subtle rhythmic variety, for example using assonance.Or making words look like they rhyme. Which is shown quite regularly through this poem.

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Free verse also complements the style of the poet connecting with the reader in the way that it seems like the poet is writing directly to the reader.Making it a more in touch and personal poem to subjects that we can relate to. In this case. Having a respect for your Father or your heritage.

The poems opening line, in a simple, complete one line statement, conveys the impression of the poet talking to us directly and also sets a snapshot of time for the reader

Between my finger and my thumb/The squat pen rests; snug as a gun

This opening line focuses our attention to the fact that this is set in present time.It is as if the opening lines in the first stanza is creating the beginning of his memories being told by the poet.

When Seamus Heaney uses the word gun in relation to his pen. The author uses this simile gun to express his relief that he can use his pen instead of a gun as a weapon.It shows a new belief that you do not have to use violence to achieve your goal.

Seamus Heaney is careful n choosing the word gun - almost a starting point in what else that he chooses to say as a weapon for the subjects raised in the rest of the poem.

Seamus Heaney is able to document time successfully.In the opening lines of the poem, it is as if he sets the beginning of his memory or starting to tell the story of his father digging.

He moves on to say Under my window, a clean rasping sound/When spade sinks into gravelly ground

So we move on to the next stanza to his father digging.These lines are extremely effective in producing this image in ones mind using onomatopoeic words such as rasping and gravelly which depicts the image of the act of digging.This shows to be clever technique in the poem.

As mentioned, the ambiguity shown in this poem is particularly evident.The poet conveys one thing, but can be interpreted that he means something different.It could be a case of trying to disguise what is really trying to say.

In the second stanza of the poem he uses the word gravelly not only to create the image of digging, but can be seen as symbolic.Seamus Heaney is alluding to the one crop law that was imposed on Ireland by England.The law later blamed for the famine that struck Ireland when the potato crop failed. Seamus Heaney shows the ground is grave like because it was the physical cause for the famine.The soil retained too much water, resulting in the potato crop rotting.The message in just this word gravelly is to the reader and the way that Seamus Heaney uses ambiguity, it is to educate the reader of the hardship that these farmers had to go through under the English oppressive rule.This is an example of how a pen can be a weapon.

In the third stanza where Heaney uses twenty years he is watching his Father digging in the flowerbeds, this brings back memories of his father working in the potato filed.This memory is what the author is choosing to document in order to give the reader a sense of time and taking the reader with his memories.Going back to the point made that Heaney creates a close relationship with the reader using this method.

This poem shows to be particularly descriptive.At the same time shows admiration and artistry that Heaney employs to the physical act of digging.

As Heaney recalls a memory about his Father digging, he shows his love and admiration by his use of alliteration that creates a powerful image for the reader

In the fourth stanza he uses it in this way

buried the bright edge deep, potatoes that we picked and hardness of our hands.

At this stage of the poem it suggests an emotional tone in the author by the language and alliteration used.

The way he puts his words together and the short syllables used such asHe roots out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep orLoving their cool hardness in our hands.

This creates an artistic view of what seems a simple act of digging potatoes

Heaney also shows appreciation of accuracy and the skill needed in order to be a farmer.He uses delicate language to describe an act of digging which cant really be described as delicate. This shows to be a powerful contrast.

Heaney uses Nicking and slicing, neatly. These indeed is a delicate description of digging.

As mentioned earlier we can see that through the language used, he respects what his father and grandfather did, as farmers, a great deal.

The first evidence of this is shown when he almost boasts

By God the old man could handle a spade

In the sixth stanza of this poem he recalls a memory of how hardworking his grandfather was

My grandfather cut more turf in a day

than any other man on Toners bog

This does show the immense pride he felt towards his father and grandfather.

In the fifth stanza when he uses the phrase in reference to his father of old man this points out that his father can dig as good as his grandfather, it is relevant because Heaney is providing a reader with a sense of time. Which is an important element in this poem.

As the poet shows admiration and respect he has towards his father and grandfather, Heaney shows disappointment that he can never be like his father or grandfather, for reasons not mentioned by the poet.

In the seventh stanza, he describes the smell of the potatoes and recalling his memories in the last line of this stanza. Heaney writes

But I have no spade to follow men like them.

He shows great respect for these men but knows he can never be like them.In this, he compares himself to these men.However, the poem ends when he reflects on what he can do-what he as an individual can do, that being writing.He ends this poem with a confident line where he writes Ill dig with it. This can be interpreted in the way that their lives are connected between his Father, Grandfather and himself, being that they are all skilled in what they do.

It is surprising that the parallels of digging and writing are so strong.

A writer digs with his own mind and digging and writing are both constructive.

The farmer digs in order to get the potatoes for nourishment for the body, as a writer writes for nourishment for the mind. This poem succeeds in conveying the poets thoughts of admiration in what his Father and grandfather did.As well as using his poem or pen as a weapon to speak out for what he believes in.The use of simple, yet clever language shows admiration as well as depicting the hidden meanings found in this poem.

The entire poem has ambiguity involved; almost three points are made at the same time.That is being admiration and respect, how he uses his pen as a weapon, and his comparison to his father in what he does. All though he knows that he cant be his Father he searches for something he can do that lives up to what his father did.

A sense of strong emotion is depicted form the author by how he describes the act of digging in itself, as well as the language used to show the respect in his Father.

Seamus Heaney shows a clever technique of bringing the reader to his memories as well as how he documents time to the present or the past.

He is also successful in making the reader read between the lines, so to speak.In order to show the readers the true intention of this po

Please note that this sample paper on Digging A poem by Seamus Heaney is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Digging A poem by Seamus Heaney, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research papers on Digging A poem by Seamus Heaney will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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