Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Mabo Case and the Doctrine of terra nullius paper at affordable prices !Doctrine of terra nullius

Terra nullius literally means 'land belonging to no one', and referred not only to territory that was inhabited, but also yo territory inhabited by people who had no system of law or social or political organization that was recognised by the English.Instead of recognising the laws and customs that existed at time of colonisation, the British government declared the land of the colony of New South Wales to be terra nullius.

Subsequent legal developments

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The federal Parliament, in response to the Mabo case enacted the Native Title Act 1(Cth).Sectionoutlines the purposes of this Act

•To provide for the recognition and protection of native title

•To establish ways in which future dealings affecting native title may proceed and to set standards for those dealings

•To establish a mechanism for determining claims to native title

•To provide for, or permit, the validation of past acts invalidated because of the existence of native title.

Once native title has been recognised it may only be extinguished with the approval of the holders of the native title, or by compulsory acquisition by the government.

The Mabo and the Wik Case

The Mabo case led to the native title legislation but also gave indigenous Australians recognition.Indigenous Australian traditional land ownership was not recognised under the doctrine or terra nullius.

In 171, Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (Gove Rights Case) affirmed the applicability of the terra nullius doctrine to Australia.However in 1, the High Court of Australia overturned the doctrine of terra nullius, in the leading case of Mabo v the State of Queensland (No.).Following the case the government passed the Native Title Act.The Act allows indigenous Australians to claim land where they can prove that they have maintained traditional links with it.

In 16, the High Court held in Wik peoples v Queensland that pastoral leases did not extinguish native title.Both pastoral leases and native title could co-exist (A pastoral lease is a grant of rights by the government, pursuant to legislation, to the lease holder to use the land for the purpose of raising livestock or related purposes.Pastoral leases cover over 40% of Australia.)From the Wik decision, indigenous Australians may have the right to continue the traditional uses of the land given to them by native title, in spite of pastoral leases, which have been granted over the land.They would still have to establish that they have title over the land.The decision created much confusion and uncertainty in farming communities.

The Commonwealth Government's response was to publish a 'ten point plan'.

The plan summarised the government's proposed changes to the Native Title Act 1.The Senate rejected the first version.In 18 a revised version of the plan was passed and the Native Title Act was amended to reflect the changes.Under the amendments indigenous Australians rights to negotiate with the Government was abolished.The right to negotiate has been merely replaced with the right to consult.

Land Rights and Native Title Mabo v State of Queensland (No 1)(188)

The case concerned the Murray Islands, in the Torres Strait, with a total land area ofsquare kilometres.The Murray Islands were annexed to Queensland in 187(in other words, became part of Queensland.).The original occupants were known as the Meriam people, who settled several generations before European Contact.

In 18, three Murray IslandersEddie Mabo, David Passi and James Rice brought an action in the High Court of Australia against the State of Queensland.They claimed that Queenslands sovereignty (ownership) over the Murray Islands was subject to the land rights of the islanders based on local custom and traditional title.

They attempted to claim that

•That the Meriam people are entitled to the Murray Islands as owners; or as possessors; or as occupiers; or as persons entitled to use and enjoy the islands; and

•That the State of Queensland has no power to extinguish the Meriam people's title.

Issues

The plaintiffs, Mabo and others, claimed that

•A system of native title existed on the Torres Strait Island of Mer; and

•Native titles are recognised under common law

The defendant, the State of Queensland argued that

•Native titles were not apart of Australian law; and, in the Alternative,

•The 185 Act retrospectively extinguished any native titles (in other words, applied 'back in time' to override any claims to native titles which might have existed before the Act was passed.).

The Queensland Coast Island Declaratory Act 185 (QLD)

Section three of the above Act provided that the annexation by the crown in 187, became owned by the Crown, free of all other rights, interests and claims.By passing the law, the Queensland Government hoped to stop any potential claims for land rights by the Torres Strait Islanders.

Decision

The first decision, the High Court Of Australia made did not address whether native title existed in Australia.The High Court found that the Queensland Coast Island Declaratory Act 185 (QLD) was trying to limit the land rights of Torres Strait Islanders, simply due to their race.The Act would have meant that the land rights of the Torres Strait Islanders would have been different to other groups.Therefore, the High Court held that the 185 Act was invalid because of Section 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act 175(Cth).Section 10 of the Racial Discrimination Act held that no law could limit the rights of a particular group on the grounds of race.

The High Court then referred the matter back to the Queensland Supreme Court for determination of the facts of the case, before going to consider the issue of Native Title in the Mabo case (no ).

Mabo v the State of Queensland (No.)(1)

Justice Moynihan of the Queensland Supreme Court visited the Murray Islands in order to gather evidence.

Issues

The main issue was whether the annexation of the Murray Islands by Queensland in 187 had the effect of vesting in the Crown absolute ownership of all land in the Murray Islands, thereby extinguishing native title.

Decision

Briefly, the High Court held

•That the Meriam people are entitled to possess, occupy, use and enjoy the Murray islands.

•That the State of Queensland has the power to extinguish the Meriam people's title, as long as it exercises that power validly and in a manner consistent with Commonwealth Laws.

On the issue of terra nullius, the High Court said

The terra nullius doctrine is not apart of Australian Law.The historical facts do not fit the 'absence of law' or the 'barbarian' theory, which underpinned the reception of English law into Australia.Thus, the notion that Australia was terra nullius was dismissed by the High Court in Mabo.

On the issue of Crown sovereignty, the High Court said

The common law of England, which applied to the colony of New South Wales, included the general system of land law.One of the basic principles of that land law was and still is that the Crown is the ultimate owner of all land.The practical effect was to enable the English system of private land ownership to be observed in the colony.But this did not mean that any traditional native interests in the land existed under native law or custom at the time the colony was established could not be preserved and protected.

On the issue of common law recognition of native titles, the High Court stated that

•The recognition and protection of native title interests extended to traditional interests to use or enjoy land;

•The interest would normally belong to a community or group, but it could belong to an individual;

•The interest could relate to lands that were cultivated, or lands left uncultivated but which, under the law or custom observed in the territory, were traditional homelands or hunting grounds.

What common law required was that the group claiming native title interests

•Must have maintained their traditional identity and system of culture and customs

•Must have maintained a substantial connection with the land

•Had interests that, under customary law, entitled a group to occupy and use the particular land claimed

The High Court also held that indigenous Australians continued to hold native title so long as they have maintained their traditional links with the land or until the government takes lawful action to extinguish their native title.The Court, however, denied that indigenous Australians had the right to claim compensation.

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Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis paper at affordable prices !1. Meyers-Briggs Keirsey Sorter Personality Test classifies temperament into four general types -

i)Artisans ii) Guardians iii) Idealists iv) Rationals

Each of these temperament categories are further subdivided according to specific traits and characteristics into INTP, ENTP, INTJ, ENTJ etc. After taking the Keirsey Sorter Personality Test I found myself belonging to the Rational Temperament Category with the ENTJ type. This represents a character of Field Marshall's who are very good in marshalling and organizing their resources through systematic planning. The most important trait of this temperament is that the people believe that they have a rationale for everything they do and that whatever they do makes sense. They always have some logic or reasoning behind their actions and try to be very analytical in their approach. Though the Field Marshall's are very structured and systematic, these qualities are often overshadowed by their rapidly growing skills in organizing. They have some similarities with the Supervisor type which is evident by their tendency to establish plans for a task, enterprise or organization, but they search more for policy and goals rather than regulations and procedures. The Field Marshall's are often motivated by goal directed reasons for doing a task rather than feelings and intuition. Efficiency and effectiveness are the trademarks of a good Field Marshall.

Thus the Field Marshall's have good organizational and coordinating skills which means that they are likely to be good at systematizing, ordering priorities, generalizing, summarizing, analyzing and at marshalling resources.

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) The character sketch of a Field Marshall is in concord with my personality type. I am person who is very logical and methodical in my work. I am often described as a person whose "Head rules the heart". I have a very analytical mind and always try to do things in a step by step approach. This has been reflected a number of times during my projects, which I have done in other courses. After receiving the project I do not hasten into it and immediately start working on it, instead I spend a few days in figuring out the problem, then developing ways to solve it and once all this has been done, get down to executing it. I am only convinced into doing something if it has a rationale behind it rather than emotional content. I am very systematic in my work and try to do everything according to a preplanned schedule. I maintain a calendar and have all the things to do and important dates noted down. I also love organizing and managing events which has been evident from the fact I organized a couple of cultural shows as well as a college fest during my undergraduate years. During these events another strong characteristic which became overt was my ability to come up with backup plans whenever something went out of order. Thus a majority of the traits of my personality relate to the characteristics of a Field Marshall as described by Keirsey Sorter and so I would say that this test definitely represents a true image of my personality.

) Different people have different personalities and each personality has its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of my personality type are listed below

Strengths

i)Good at marshalling resources and organizational skills

These skills come into play while organizing some big event or a function where all the resources have to be appropriately utilized. Eg. The person organizing a career fair.

ii)Highly developed analytical skills and very systematic and structured in performing tasks. They also have uncanny ability to organize units into smooth functioning systems to achieve short term and long term objectives.

iii)Eg These qualities are very important to people in positions of Production Managers. The managers have to carefully plan, schedule and execute and the production of a component in coordination with other departments.

iv)They have tireless devotion to their jobs

They are very dedicated and motivated to their jobs which leads them to be sometimes over engrossed in their work

v)They are very tolerant of established procedures and are also capable of abandoning these procedures if it comes in the way of accomplishing their goals.

Eg Consider a bureaucratic organization in which the communication and flow of information takes place only according to the chain of command. In this case the Field marshals would disregard this procedure if they feel that the information to be conveyed is more important in terms of achieving the organizations goals.

vi)All these above qualities when put together makes them very effective and efficient

Weaknesses

i)Structural and functional engineering techniques as practiced in organizations are not that highly developed as compared to organizational skills.

Eg these people tend to concentrate more organizing and executing a project rather than the technical details of the project

ii)Less desire to communicate the results of their efforts to others

Eg They might be working on an innovative idea which if implemented might result in great benefits. They are generally less inclined to disclose the progress they have made, unless they are absolutely certain that their plans have been a success. They lose out on valuable opinion and insights other people might have to offer.

iii)They cannot build organizations and even more so cannot push to implement their goals

Eg A typical example here would be of bright engineer who comes up with a great idea and puts it across to the management, and does not persist with it once the management rejects the idea.

iv)They may often have to turn to an inventor or architect to come up with new and innovative ideas since they are often to engrossed in doing things the logical way and thereby lose their creative touch.

v)Their tireless devotion to their jobs mentioned as a strength above could sometimes be detrimental as they could easily block out other areas of their life for the sake of work.

vi)They often do not take into account people's feelings while doing things and are only motivated by rationale, which might lead to sour relationships.

. Managers and leaders have contrasting styles and characteristics. Managers thrive in a orderly work environment whereas a leader would thrive in a more chaotic environment. Managers goals arise out of necessities rather than desires and they tend to adopt impersonal attitude towards goals. They are known to be problem solvers with emphasis on rationality and control. They tend to view work as an enabling process involving some combination of people and ideas interacting to establish strategies and make decisions. They help the process by calculating the interests in opposition, planning when controversial issues should surface and reducing tensions by acting as mediators. In terms of relating with other people managers prefer to work with people avoiding solitary activity. The need to seek out others with whom to work and collaborate stand out as an important characteristic of managers. They relate to people according to the role they play in decision-making and they may lack empathy or the capacity to sense intuitively the thoughts and feelings of others. Managers strive for a win-win situation by trying to reconcile differences between people and maintaining the balance of power. Managers thus make the organizations fatter in bureaucratic and political intrigue and leaner in direct, hard activity and warm human relationships. They are linked in a process whose purpose is to maintain a controlled as well as rational and equitable structure.

Leaders adopt personal and active attitude towards goals. Leaders always look around for potential opportunities, inspire subordinates and fire up the creative process with their own energy. Leaders views on work are totally opposite to that of managers. Where managers act to limit choices, leaders develop fresh approaches to long-standing problems and open issues to new problems. They are temperamentally disposed to seek out risk and danger, especially where the chance of opportunity and reward appears promising. Leaders are primarily concerned with ideas of people and this forms their basis developing relationships. They relate in more intuitive and empathetic ways. They attract strong feelings of identity and difference or of love and hate. Human relations often appear turbulent, intense and at times even disorganized. Thus their relationships with employees and coworkers are often dynamic and therefore considering all the above aspects their work environment appears to be chaotic.

Please note that this sample paper on Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Meyers Briggs Leadership Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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CREATING WORLDWIDE MARKET DOMINATION

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in CREATING WORLDWIDE MARKET DOMINATION, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your CREATING WORLDWIDE MARKET DOMINATION paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!McDonalds has dominated the fast food industry for nearly three decades. With global sales of over $40 billion, its closest competitor, Burger King, would need over $7 billion in sales to take over the number one position in the industry. (Dailey, 000, p. 8) The company has achieved prosperity through the application of highly successful marketing procedures first in the United States, and then globally.These procedures include (1) educating their consumers, and () brand consistency.

When McDonalds first opened, they served people quickly and efficiently. Thats one of the things that appealed to Ray Kroc when he opened his own franchise. (McDonalds History, 001.) People learned to expect fast service and consistent food at each McDonalds as they opened across the country.

When McDonalds spread globally, they had to reeducate their consumers. Many customers were not familiar with the American menu of burgers, fries and shakes, or the concept of quick service. (Editors, 1, p. 1) Their first television ads in the United Kingdom showed the food, the restaurants, and stressed that McDonalds was new and different. (Editors, 1, p. )

McDonalds continued this marketing strategy as they opened other worldwide restaurants, and tailored their marketing to the local population. For example, in I6 in India, fast food was already a well-known concept. McDonalds tailored its menu to non-beef items like the Fish Sandwich, the McChicken Sandwich, and the Vege Burger with cheese. Consumers were already aware of the fast food concept, so McDonalds concentrated on building traffic. Their strategy was simple. Get them in. Trade them up. Get them back. (Shatrujeet, August 000)

Educating the consumer in India began with educating the fathers, who usually make the decision where to eat when the family eats out. Marketing studies showed that fathers thought of McDonalds as a drag on the wallet. To educate fathers on the value of McDonalds, television ads were created that showed the value of ice cream cones, and also showed McDonalds as more than just a restaurant, they treated it as a destination. (Shatrujeet, June 000)

McDonalds encourages their owners to be innovative. It was a Canadian restaurant owner who first created the McFlurry, by adding bits of candy bars to his milkshakes. McDonalds liked the idea, and adopted it system-wide. (Venkatarman, 000)

Brand consistency has always been a number one priority with McDonalds. Their food and restaurants are as recognizable in Hong Kong as they are in Hannibal, Missouri. This total reliance on consistency is McDonalds most effective marketing strategy, and has been for decades. The almost military planning of the company means that, from Birmingham to Beijing, if you walk into a McDonalds and order a Big Mac and fries, you know how it will taste and what the wrapping will look like. (Editors, 1, p. 1)

The company creates standards for everything from style of dress to exactly how much ice should be in each cup of soda. This strategy makes the consumer comfortable with the McDonalds brand, no matter where they are in the world. McDonalds is the most recognizable brand in the world. Their strict attention to detail has helped vault them into this position, and helps maintain their dominance over their competitors.

MARKETING MIX STRATEGY

A companys marketing mix is the combination of factors employed with respect to the Four Ps of marketing ? product, price, place, and promotion.McDonalds application of the Four Ps is discussed for each factor.

Product Strategies

As weve discussed, the product strategies employed by McDonalds include brand consistency and assessing location when creating a product mix. In India, beef is not served on the menu. A lamb burger called the "Maharajah Mac" is served as the mutton version of the Big Mac. In Israel, kitchens are maintained to Kosher standards, and in Saudi Arabia they close five times per day so customers and employees can pray. (Venkatarman, 000)

Company officials insist that their 6,000 restaurants have been uniquely shaped by the local cultures of the countries and regions in which they operate. They call this multilocalism." (Venkatarman, 000)

McDonalds also responds to consumer change, and add to their product mix when consumer tastes change. When consumers began demanding healthier fast food, McDonalds responded with items like the McSalad Shaker, and Fruit 'n Yogurt Parfait. (McDonalds Nutrition, 001) This flexibility, even when blended with such strict brand consistency, gives consumers more choices, and helps keep them coming back to try new menu items.

Pricing Strategies

Pricing strategies since the first McDonalds opened have always been to offer competitive pricing, with good value for the customers dollar. In many countries, prices are kept extremely low on some items to bring in customers, and keep them coming back. So sprung the Happy Meal concept, where kids got a burger, a Coke and a toy, all for Rs 45. (Incidentally, the toy alone cost more than the meal.) The value-for-money proposition hit home. Another pull was the ice cream cone for Rs . (Shatrujeet, June 000)

These strategies are employed throughout the company, and revised for each country and location. Marketing has been de-centralized from the corporate headquarters. Now, advertising is handled separately in each country, and is geared more specifically to each market and its consumers.

Place Strategies

McDonalds place strategies include global expansion and fast food dominance. Brazil is a prime example of how McDonalds franchises operate at the community or country level. In Brazil, McDonalds employees and suppliers are all local. The potatoes and beef cattle are raised in the Brazilian countryside. (Venkatarman, 000) Not only does this strategy keep products fresher and readily available for delivery to the consumer, it also adds to the local economy.

Its been said that distribution is a key component of a competitor or branding. McDonalds place strategies keep them number one in the fast-food market.

Promotion Strategies

As weve discussed, promotions often stress value to the consumer, and also may promote some products at a loss in order to bring in customers. Global marketing strategies are geared to the locale, and owners are encouraged to gear their menus to local tastes, as well as the global standards of the company. In India, for example, The new baselineMcDonald's mein hai kuch baat - is in keeping with the 'make Mac the destination' strategy. McDonald's is not a 'food place' alone. It's an experience. (Shatrujeet, June 000)

CONCLUSION

Is all of McDonalds global marketing successful? No. Witness the famed McLibel court case in Britain in 17. McDonalds sued two British environmentalists for leaflets they handed out, which took a negative view of the company and its products. McDonalds won the case, but lost their image in Britain. Almost overnight, McDonalds was being talked of in the same breath as the worst excesses of American corporate culture. (Editors, 1, p. 4)

Even with an occasional PR disaster, McDonalds is the most recognizable brand in the world, outpacing even Coca-Cola in popularity and recognition. McDonalds has created their global dominance by building a continually consistent brand, value for the consumer, and educating consumers in the nuances of fast food. It is almost impossible to fathom what might topple McDonalds, forcing the burger behemoth to bid adieu to the No. 1 slot it has so formidably carved out. (Dailey, 000, p. 8)

References

McDonalds Corporate - Financial Press Release 01/4/001. McDonalds Corporation. 4 January, 001.

http//www.mcdonalds.com/corporate/press/financial/001/014001/index.html

Editors of Forbes. McDonalds on the Forbes 500. Forbes Magazine. 001.

http//www.forbes.com/finance/lists/8/000/LIR.jhtml;$sessionid$0RYKOYAABWA1QFIAGWCFFI?passListId=8&passYear=000&passListType=Company&uniqueId=LPV&datatype=Company

McDonalds Corporate - History. McDonalds Corporation. 001.

http//www.mcdonalds.com/corporate/info/history/index.html

Dailey, Patricia B. Numbers Game. Restaurants & Institutions 15 July 000

v110, i1, p8.

Editors.How McDonalds Conquered the UK. Marketing 18 February 1

pps. 1-5.

Shatrujeet, N.McDonalds Pumping up the Volumes. AgencyFaqs!August 000 http//www.agencyfaqs.com/www1/news/stories/000/08//56.html

Shatrujeet, N. McDonalds Bringing up Father. AgencyFaqs! 1 June 000 http//www.agencyfaqs.com/www1/news/stories/000/06/01/44.html

Venkatarman, Bina. McDonalds' 'Multilocalism. The Earth Times 0 June 000

http//www.earthtimes.org/jun/business_investingmcdonaldsjun0_00.htm

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WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS.

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS. paper right on time.

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In the play 'Othello' by William Shakespeare, we are introduced to the character of Iago at a very early stage. From the outset, we see that he is the main protagonist in the play and that he engineers situations to his advantage. In some respects, however, the audience may feel sorry for Iago, as he has been denied the post of lieutenant. This refusal, nonetheless, is the basis of all the underlying schemes and manipulations from Iago in the play.

Generally, Iago is seen as a determined character. At the beginning of the play we see him as a malevolent and bitter person. He is manipulative in his ways, and twists many situations for his own benefit. All his actions have malicious intent and this makes him very disruptive. However, he is a very intelligent and ambitious person, but it is evident from the start that he uses this in the wrong way.

In the very first scene of the play, we see Iago's deceitful character in action. He has just been denied the post of lieutenant by Othello and is rather upset and annoyed. He decides to, "wear his heart upon his sleeve" and act as if he is loyal and trustworthy to Othello, when actually he is plotting against him. The first stage of his plan is to let Othello and Desdemona's secret be known to Desdemona's father Brabantio. Iago goes round to Brabantio's house and lets him know that his daughter is going to marry Othello. Brabantio is upset when he hears this and when it is proven he disowns Desdemona. He also reports it to the senate, as a black man marrying a white woman was not a common event. This puts Othello in a very difficult position, thanks to Iago.

Another example of Iago influencing a situation is when he provokes a fight between Montano and Cassio. Despite Cassio telling Iago, "I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking." He is still persuaded into taking a drink. The end result is a fight, which finishes with Cassio being demoted from the post of lieutenant. This puts Iago into a brilliant situation as the place of lieutenant is now free, all Iago needs to do is prove himself to Othello so he can get the job.

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When looking at the language that Iago uses, it is unmistakable that he is a quick-witted, bright person. Immediately after the fight, there is a dialogue between Iago and Cassio in which Cassio is distraught over losing his reputation. However, Iago manages to change Cassio's mind about reputation and makes him realise that it isn't that important. "You have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute yourself such a loser." Iago later contradicts himself in a conversation with Othello by saying, "he that filches from me my good name, robs me of that which not enriches him and makes me poor indeed." These lines, along with others emphasise Iago's skills in utilizing situations to his own advantage.

In this case, Iago creates a situation with which he seizes the fantastic opportunity that he has made. Cassio is in desperate need to regain his reputation; he also has a thriving relationship with DesdemonaOthello's wife. Desdemona is in the position to persuade Othello to do anything and Othello is not on good terms with Cassio. Iago therefore sets up a situation to make it look like Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. "Our general's wife is now the general…Confess yourself freely to her, importune her help to put you in your place again." By saying this, Cassio will now ask Desdemona to persuade Othello to allow Cassio to regain his lieutenant ship. "…and I'll devise a mean to draw the Moor out of the way, that your converse and business may be more free." All Iago has to do now is put the thought into Othello's mind that his wife is having an affair.

In doing this, Iago reveals his cunningness. He 'poisons' Othello's mind by saying things like "I speak not yet of proof." Or, "In sleep I heard him say, 'Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves.' … and then cried, 'Cursèd fate that gave thee to the Moor.'" This last quote particularly got to Othello as it gave him as close to hard evidence that he was going to get. However, he doesn't seem to realise that Iago is making it all up. At this point in the play, Othello is having doubts as to how true his wife is being to him, but he has not seen any real proof, only hearsay from Iago. This shows just how sly Iago is at keeping things low-key, and keeping himself hidden from blame.

Iago gives the real proof that Othello needs to him in a very clever way. His determination to make his plot go to plan is shown when he involves more innocent people. With Othello hiding out of sight, but within earshot, Iago questions Cassio of the courtesan Bianca with whom he often courts. Othello, in the meantime, is thinking that Cassio is talking about Desdemona. "He, when he hears of her, cannot refrain from the excess of laughter … As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; and his unbookish jealousy must construe poor Cassio's smiles, gestures, and light behaviours quite in the wrong." This situation shows how much of Iago's plan relies on other people and their actions. Iago himself is taking a huge risk and hoping that the people he uses react in the ways he needs them to. However, the audience won't be able to help but think that, no matter what the situation is, Iago will manage to manipulate it to suit his own needs.

Another example of Iago's calculating and deceitful nature is that none of the characters realise that Iago has an underlying plot beneath all the arousing situations. This can be explained by the fact that Iago tells people what they want to hearwhether he believes it or notand manages to put a convincing face on what he's saying. "Emilia He called her a whore … Iago Why did he so? … Desdemona I do not know … Iago Alas the day! … Beshrew him for't!" In this situation, Iago tells Desdemona what she needs to hear to make her feel better, when actually he is the root of all her problems. She, however, finishes off the conversation by saying, "O good Iago … Good friend …" This shows just how subtle and underhand Iago actually is.

The selfish aspect of Iago really shows at the end of the play when he has been found out. Even when all the proof and evidence needed is there; he still denies that he had anything to do with the recent events. The conversation with his wife Emilia shows this to great effect. "… I found it and did give't my husband. Iago Filth, thou liest!" this scene, when Emilia is telling everyone the truth, shows just how selfish and villainous Iago is. The fact that he then stabs his wife to stop her letting any other information out, shows just how determined and malevolent he is. The last thing Iago says in the play is, "Demand me nothing; what you know, you know. From this time forth I will never speak a word."

In conclusion, it is evident to see just how bitter a character Iago is, the way he uses people to his own advantage and seems to have no remorse when doing so emphasises this. Although he pretends to get on with everyone, and he is often called 'honest' and 'good', inside he is a deceitful, vindictive and self-serving character. He has great intelligence and is very confident and assertive, but unfortunately he uses this gift in completely the wrong way, and ends up being very destructive and disruptive. Worst of all, he inflicts a lot of physical and mental pain on the majority of people he interacts with. It is obvious from the beginning to the audience that he is the 'baddy', but by the end of the play, they just think he is a sick and twisted monster.

Please note that this sample paper on WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS., we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom research papers on WITH CLOSE REFERENCE TO THE TEXT, EXPLORE THE CHARACTER OF IAGO, HOW HE IS PRESENTED TO THE AUDIENCE, HOW WE ARE GIVEN AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATIONS. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Creating a New Internet Business

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Brawny Luggage Inc. began as a single store in a small city in the Atlanta region. They provided their customers with low-priced luggage and with a staff that would guide them in selecting a bag. Today they store has grown regionally due to their efforts to provide their customers with good service. Brawny Luggage now is looking to enter the Internet by establishing a website to expand their market and provide better services to their regional customers.

1.What Internet business model would be appropriate for Brawny Luggage Inc. to follow in creating a website

The Brawny Luggage Inc. website would follow the Virtual Storefront business model. Brawny would sell physical goods online aside from selling them in a physical storefront and or retail outlet.

The goods would be purchased with a credit card or online check (other methods of payments will have to be evaluated.) After the transaction is approved the product would be shipped directly to the customer. The Brawny Luggage Inc. website will provide customers with a notice of purchase through e-mail as well as physically attaching this notice to the product they purchase.

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This method is one of the most common online transaction systems. Many small business around the United States are developing this type of websites and soon a transactional website will me not be an advantage but a requirement.

.In what ways can Brawny Luggage Inc. benefit from the website?What function should the website perform for the company? (Marketing, sales, customer support internal communication etc.)?

Brawny Luggage will receive numerous benefits from establishing a transactional website. The most beneficial aspect of having a website is the ability to have global connectivity. The Internet's global connectivity, ease of use, low cost, and multimedia capabilities can be used to create interactive applications, and to provide services and products. A website that is well-implement and applied correctly can reduce communication and transaction costs, enhance coordination and collaboration, and accelerate the distribution of knowledge

The value of having a well-placed website in the Internet is its ability to easily and inexpensively connect many people from many places all over the globe. This allows the Brawny Luggage expansion to be technically unlimited (if well advertised around the web.)

A website also reduces communication cost. Instead of the taking hundreds of phone calls a day, Brawny Luggage could develop a customer support area in their site. This would allow customers to ask questions about products, warranties etc. Those questions would then be forwarded to the right person who would provide the customer with an answer as soon as possible

The website would also lower transaction cost. Businesses have found that conducting transactions electronically can be done at a fraction of the cost of paper-based processes. Using Internet technology reduces these transactions costs even further.

A website would also decreases agency costs. A successful website climates the expenses normally incurred in opening physical stores in different regions. This not only includes the cost of the physical building space, but also management cost, and employees and inventory cost.

A great thing about having a website is that it has interactivity, flexibility and customization. A website can interact with the user, unlike printed media. Well-developed graphic design can attract users to an area of the site that the company wants to promote (one must be careful, as this could irritate the user.) A website is also flexible. It can be changed completely without affecting the backend system and it can also be customized to what customers want.

.In what other ways might Brawny Luggage Inc. use the Internet for its own benefit?

There are many ways that Brawny Luggage could benefit from the Internet. The Internet would not only provide them with a better way of selling to customers, but also a better way of purchasing from suppliers. It would also provide them with better, cheaper and faster communication with their suppliers.

The Internet could also provide them with access to their accounts. Brawny could manage customers and view their business from anywhere in the world. The CEO could be on vacation is Aruba and could see the number of sales the company had in the last 8 hours by simply using his cell phone or PDA. All of the transactions made by the company would be automatically input in a database. This database then could be administered and reviewed 4 hours a day.

Brawny could also develop an Extranet. The Extranet would only be available to employees. There they could check inside company information such as sales statistics, due dates, news, projects and even company e-mail (This would required cost-analysis before implementation.)

4.Prepare functional specifications for the company's use of the Web and the Internet. Include links to and from other sites in your design.

Brawny Luggage can access millions of sites that contain useful information by using the Internet. Brawny Luggage is a luggage company so it should evaluate other luggage companies and see how its competitors are taking advantage of the Internet.

The Luggage Factory Outlet has developed a site that provides customers with different brands of luggage of all sizes and occasion. Brawny Luggage can evaluate the Luggage Factory Outlet site and base its functional specifications on that site. Brawny Luggage could develop a small site that would provide the customer with general information about the company, show their products and allow customers to purchase them. Brawny Luggage could also develop a page that would allow the customer to contact them if any problems occurred or if they had any general questions. Other pages could be created that would have content about guarantees, security and order status.

The site could be linked to other non-luggage sites such as travel websites, insurance sites etc. Linking to luggage suppliers might take away business from Brawny Luggage. This is how the basic site would be laid out

5.Prepare a cost-benefit analysis of a proposal to implement Brawny Luggage Inc.'s use of the Internet.

Before developing its Internet-based projects, Brawny Luggage should do a cost-benefit analysis to be more confident in completing a successful project. When dealing with a cost-benefit analysis, the company must look at its cost in relation to both tangible and intangible benefits. A tangible benefit is a benefit that can be quantify and assigned monetary value. These may include lower operational costs and increased cash flow. Intangible benefits are benefits that are not easily quantified. This may include more efficient customer service and enhanced decision-making.

So, what are the costs when dealing with the Internet? First, be able to access the Internet a computer would generally be needed; therefore, hardware would have to be purchased. Another cost would be a required Internet Service Provider (ISP). This would be needed if accessing the Internet via modem or network. Also, there might be software cost, depending on the function of the use of the Internet. Software such as Dream Weaver or FrontPage would be needed for the design or/and maintenance of the site (If site being developed/maintained internally.) Also, software such as Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro would be needed for graphic design. Technical maintenance costs may be incurred. This would cover troubleshooting, etc. Personnel also may have to be added. People to do Internet research or maintenance may be needed to increase the Internets productivity.

The tangible benefits that the company would obtain from the Internet might include an increase in productivity, lower operation costs, a reduction of work force, lower supplier costs and reduction of facilities.

The Internet can increase productivity because it enables the company to complete tasks is less time. Lower operation costs can be available when a website is implemented, decrease paper usage, advertisement and printing costs. If a website is developed, it can also reduce the general work force. The site would be available 4hrs a day, no matter the customer's location (Unless there is not Internet available.)Lowering outside vendor cost may save the company a great deal of money. By having Internet access the company could find online suppliers that might give them better prices or even better products. If a well-developed site is created, the company could also reduce its facility cost.

The intangible benefits that could be achieved by Internet implementation include more timely information, better corporate image, higher client satisfaction, improved operations, improved decision making, better market segmentation and even the ability to develop as technology continually develops and changes and to stay abreast of the latest technology trends.

Please note that this sample paper on Creating a New Internet Business is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Creating a New Internet Business, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on Creating a New Internet Business will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Role of Supernatural in Macbeth

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The Role of the Supernatural in Shakespeare's Macbeth

The infamous story of Macbeth is a tragic tale of an honorable man who makes a decision to sin, causing him to rapidly become an evil tyrant.The play begins with the self-titled lead character as a noble soldier who is loved and adored by his king and many of the townspeople.Upon hearing of the chance that he could be king himself one day, however, his character starts to go awry.Unable to stand the suspense of waiting to become king as his supposed "fate" beholds, he usurps the throne in an untimely fashion by murdering the present one.This first offence leads to a multitude of other killings as Macbeth grapples to keep his position and justify to himself that he is rightful in doing so, which only directs him to his eventual downfall.The aura of darkness, deception, and horror created by William Shakespeare is this tragedy envelopes the entire play and is created mainly by the sense of violence and foreboding that is evoked by the imagery.The dominant use of nature and the supernatural contribute significantly to the atmosphere throughout the story.Indeed, one can argue that Macbeth constantly scuffles on the blurring line between the two.In Macbeth, a series of unnatural forces initially coerce the main character to commit his first crime.After the murder of King Duncan, however, Macbeth not only ignores the signs of danger present in supernatural illusions, but uses them to justify his immoral and tyrannical acts.

The most prominent evidence of the supernatural are the Weird Sisters (meaning 'fate determining'), a trio of witches that seek out Macbeth to announce his "fate" of becoming Thane of Cawdor and "king hereafter" (1..17).Prior to their arrival, the idea of becoming king had apparently never occurred to Macbeth.In the process of returning home after a victory in his army's battle, he looked forward to receiving praise from King Duncan and his people.Shocked by the witches' unexpected prophecy, he exclaims, "…the Thane of Cawdor lives/A prosperous gentlemen, and to be king/Stands not within the prospect of belief" and continues to demand more information from the sisters (1..1).As they vanish without another word, and messengers come to announce his reign as the new Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth slowly begins to contemplate the truth in their final prediction.

Although the idea sounds quite appealing to the soldier, Macbeth still expresses his loyalty to Duncan and brushes away any immoral ideas that cloud his mind.He states to himself, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may/crown me/without my stir" (1.4.5).This conviction is challenged when he returns home to his wife, Lady Macbeth.She has already received his word about the prophecy of the witches and invites the evil spirits into herself in order to be able to convince her husband to kill the king and take the throne.She says, "Come, you spirits/That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full/Of direst cruelty" (1.5.).Armed with these unnatural demons inside her, she develops a plan to kill Duncan that Macbeth is too weak to refuse.When he expresses his uneasiness about committing the crime, Lady Macbeth mocks him by questioning his manhood "Wouldst thou have that/Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life/And live a coward in thine own esteem/Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would,"/Like the poor cat I' th' adage?" (1.7.41).

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While still unsure of the morality of the deed he has agreed to, Macbeth encounters a floating dagger on his way to Duncan's room.Although only a figment of the imagination, he uses this sighting as a confirmation to go through with the murder.He pronounces that he will now draw a weapon just like the "dagger of mind" (.1.5), and continues to say that soon there will be blood on the blade of his real dagger.With a timely reminder from Lady Macbeth, a bell is rung to signal that she has completed the preparations.He rushes off to Duncan's room and commits the crime that inevitably begins his further corruption.

Up until this point, the reader feels a sense of pity for Macbeth.Despite all the forces against him that encourage him to sin, he has aptly expressed his doubt towards killing the king or otherwise unnaturally taking over the position.Following his initial horror after murdering Duncan, however, his mentality and actions transform him in to an antagonist that the audience despises.He claims the reign of king as the witches had predicted, but left unsatisfied and obsessed with the prospect of losing it, Macbeth quickly becomes power-driven and greedy.Remembering the last aspect of the witches' predictions, which stated that his friend Banquo's heirs will also be kings, he begins to fear Banquo and decides to arrange for his death.As Macbeth's fate twists due to his sins, several supernatural signals are given to warn him that he chooses to ignore.The first is a visit from Banquo's ghost the night of his murder.The ghost arrives and ruins Macbeth's great feast, causing fear and confusion in Macbeth.He thinks that he may be in danger because what he sees "might appal the devil" (.4.101).Scared for his life and what is to come, he returns to the Weird sisters for further assurance.

Upon meeting with the witches the following day, he receives a rather deceptive prophecy.The sisters create three apparitions that give advice to Macbeth.The first, an "Armed Head", tells him to "Beware Macduff" (4.1.15).This worries Macbeth but he quickly forgets about it after hearing the next two apparitions.The "bloody child" tells him, "None of woman born/Shall harm Macbeth" (4.1.15), and a child holding a tree announces that "Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him" (4.1.16).Greatly reassured but still worried about the security of his position, Macbeth asks the witches if Banquo's lineage will still be kings.They blatantly show him with eight crowned heads that look like Banquo that, yes, the prophecy still runs true. This revelation as well as the first warning about Macduff should have alerted him to the dangers that followed.Instead, he foolishly allowed himself to be calmed by the other two deceptive apparitions so he could justify killing Macduff's family.

In the last act of the play, everything rapidly falls apart for Macbeth.The opening scene describes Lady Macbeth's turmoil from the aftermath of the killing.Apparently taken over by the demonic spirits, she goes through fits of madness that lead her to suicide.This is yet another sign of danger for Macbeth that he refuses to acknowledge.Even the doctor senses the doom to come when he announces that "Unnatural deeds/Do breed unnatural troubles" (5..165).In Scene 5, he becomes aware that the rd apparition's prediction has come true; Birnam Wood has indeed begun it's ascent to Dunsinane Hill in the form of branches held by soldiers.Instead of surrendering at that moment and admitting his defeat, he resolves to meet Macduff in battle.By the time he learns of the final truth to the prophecy, when Macduff admits that he was "untimely ripped" from his mother in a cesarean section, Macbeth has little free will left.Afraid to fight, he tells Macduff "I'll not fight with thee" (5.8.185-187).But given the choice to fight or be captured and displayed as a tyrant, he gives in to his final determined fate.Unwilling to realize the previous symbols of doom and destruction, Macbeth aided the supernatural forces against him.

To add in the dramatic irony, Shakespeare used foreshadowing throughout the play in the form of nature being unnatural.For example, he uses stormy weather such as thunder and lightning to symbolize evil and doom.Storms constantly arrive along with the weird sisters, letting the audience know that they possess vicious tendencies.In addition, the horrible storm that howls throughout the night of Duncan's murder reveals that moral and political corruption are present.In Act , several of the townspeople describe the ways in which nature has gone mad.Owls kill falcons and chimneys blow over.Duncan's trained horses feverishly break out of their stalls and eat each other.Lennox says that during the night of Duncan's murder there are "Lamentings heard I' th' air, strange screams of death [,and…] Some say the earth/Was feverous and did shake" (..65).There was clearly something off balance in Scotland, and everyone could sense it but Macbeth.From the moment he plunged that wicked dagger into the chest of his righteous king until the rightful heirs attacked him and ended his life, Macbeth continued to disrupt the natural order of his destiny and the world around him.His nobility gave in to the temptations of power and greed and caused his inevitable demise.This tragedy, while not fully realistic in the slightest, should teach every one of it's audiences a lesson for the rest of timeno one has the right to meddle in nature's affairs.

Please note that this sample paper on The Role of Supernatural in Macbeth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Role of Supernatural in Macbeth, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The Role of Supernatural in Macbeth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The American Identity: Revolution

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The American Revolution 1775-Present

Chelise Fox

A4/B4

"Remember I this day told you that the same spirit of freedom which actuated these people at first, will accompany them still" (qtd. in De Carlo).These words, spoken by Isaac Barrè, have proved prophetic.Barrè, an Irish immigrant, spoke this just prior to the War for American Independence.He foretold that the flame of revolutiononly a spark thenwould become an inextinguishable blaze in the hearts of the American people.Truly, this fire still burns; it is hardly ironic that this country has continued to evolve in the same spirit that began it.The birth of this nation was the revolution; this nation matured in revolution; and revolution defines its present identity.

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Seemingly, this spirit began with the American Revolution, when colonies craving national sovereignty broke loose from the suffocating grip of England.However, this spirit lived even before 1775.It found life in Martin Luther and later stowed away in the vessels that brought some of the earliest settlers to America.Children of the Calvinist movement, the non-separating Congregationalists of England launched a religious rebellion in Boston, Massachusetts.The Protestants of Englanddisenchanted with both Catholicism and Anglicanismjourneyed to the New World in 160 to become "a city on a hill.""It was their intent to establish acommunity, a Bible Commonwealth, based upon what the scriptures revealed of Gods intent" (Brownell). They believed this religious experiment would quickly achieve success, hoping fervently that they could attract the attention of England and thus inspire the world to emulate the Protestant example.Although England failed to notice the little colony due to their preoccupation with the English Civil War, the Puritan spirit of rebellion took root in the rocky soil of New England, and every generation to follow would harvest it.This attempt at religious reform reveals the revolutionary nature of Americans, even in colonial times.

Another example of revolution in America is the Great Awakening, "a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 170s and the 1770s" (Heyrman).Enthusiastic preachers began to rouse a long-sleeping fear of Godpreachers like Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield who led a revolt against impiety with their theatrical sermons, roaring threats of fire and brimstone.The sermons of these men and their contemporaries gave rise to "a new Age of Faith . . . to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, to reaffirm the view that being truly religious meant trusting the heart rather than the head" (Heyrman).This widespread transformation of ideology demonstrates the American tendency towards revolution.

This rebellious quality of the American people is also evident in the government.The political structure of the United States existed only in the minds of a few idealistic political philosophers before the establishment of this nation.The constitution created a leadership "of the people, by the people, and for the people."Inverting the European idea of authority, Benjamin Franklin stated that "In free governments, the rulers are the servants, and the people their superiors and sovereigns" (qtd. in http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm).The authors of the constitution also recognized the necessity of dividing power between three branches of government, thus preventing tyranny.James Madison claimed that "the accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many ... may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny" (qtd. in http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm).Such ideasnew experiments in democracydefined these men as revolutionaries.While the rest of the civilized world lived under authoritarian governments, the United States started a revolution in politics that would eventually spread to the Eastern world.This rebellion against the conventional, modern methods of establishing governments exemplifies American revolution.

Another instance of reform in America is the Transcendentalist movement.Rebelling against traditional ways of perceiving God, this movement believed that "the world and everything in it has a spiritual basis, and that God speaks directly to human beings through intuition as well as through nature" (Griess).They also believed that "the ultimate reality is ideal, not material"a blatant blasphemy to a world that believed all ability to discover truth lies in the physical senses (Griess).From this movement sprung several attempts at Utopian communitiesefforts to revolutionize modern society.Transcendentalism also inspired the first truly American literature.When America was lacking in new ideas, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a prominent Transcendentalist, roused the creativity of American authors with his essay, "The American Scholar."In "The American Scholar," Emerson urges American writerstheir works tainted by their insistence on mimicking their European contemporariesto develop their own literary identity.By having heterodox beliefs, endeavoring to change society, and prompting a literary reformation, the American Transcendentalist movement illustrates the revolutionary nature of the nation.

Another example of rebellion against conformity is the uniquely American poetry of Emily Dickinson, who showed a revolutionary soul through her "reckless genius" (Kinnnell).Dickinson's poems lucidly and colloquially communicate the sublime in personal, compelling moments that reveal what it is to be human."Emily Dickinson wrote about the kinds of experiences few poets have the daring to explore or the genius to sing" (Kinnell).She made yet another innovation by putting a new kind of echo on the list of what qualified as rhyme.To exact and slant rhyme she added assonant rhyme, thus multiplying the number of rhyming words (Kinnell).Although her profound genius remained unrecognized during her lifetime, "the willful Dickinson refused to change her writing style to suit the fancies of others" (Kinnell).Her unique style and her refusal to conform to modern writing standards are rebellious qualities of this American poet that reveal the identity of the nation that gave birth to her brilliance.

Another literary illustration of the flame of revolution is Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.Floating down the Mississippi River with Jim, a former slave, Huck begins to have unconventional views about the African American race.As his affection for Jim grows, he begins to recognize in Jim a heart just as human as his own.When Jim is recaptured, Huck believes that aiding his escape would mean damnation, because the indoctrination of a prejudiced society has taught him so.Despite this, he decides to willingly sacrifice his possibility for eternal salvation to help the Negro, also determining that if he "could think up anything worse, I would do that, too; because as long as I was in, and in for good, I might as well go the whole hog" (14). In doing this, he refuses to conform to the dictates of society.Huck's decision to revolt against modern principles demonstrates an American author's sense of the change and reform that defines America.

This American identity of revolution and reform has a defining effect on me because without it my aspirations and ambitions would amount to nothing.The women's rights movement has made it possible for me to fulfill my dream of attending a good university and getting a Doctorate; before this revolution in the status of women it was near to impossible for women to become scholars.This American sense of change and reform perfectly reflects my choice of career as wellto teach philosophy and revolutionize the way my students think.Without the American spirit of reform, society would confine me within the constrictions of what was once the traditionaland only acceptablefeminine role.

However, I am not destined to conformity because of the constant state of revolution that America is in, defining its identity as a nation.America's reformations of religion, politics, philosophy, literature, and the principles of society make it an ever changing, ever improving nation that has irrevocably transformed the world.The American Revolution is not over yet, and victory is still ours.

Works Cited

Brownell, Bill."Pilgrims and Puritans."1.May 1, 00http//

brownellfamily.rootsweb.com/Pilgrims.html.

De Carlo, Vincent."The American Revolution."Sept. 15, 001.May 7, 00

http//www.geocities.com/vincentpa.geo/patriotic/RevolutionQuotes.html

"Founding Fathers."May , 00http//www.learn-usa.com/q-ff.htm

Griess, Kandis S."Transcendentalism Notes."May 6, 00http//

www.gckschools.com/vhs/eng/fall/transcend/transnotes.htm

Heyrman, Christine Leigh."The First Great Awakening."May 7, 00

http//www.nhc.rtp.nc.us8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm

Kinnell, Galway."Reckless genius."Nov. , 17.May 1, 00

http//www.salon.com/feature/17/11/cov_0kinnell.html

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A comparison of 4 artists and their representation of the female form

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I have chosen to compare and contrast the different representations of the female form by researching artists Andy Warhol who is known for his pop art, Brett Whitley who is known to be more romantic, Gyula Halász Brassai who was a photographer and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec who was a painter. One focal point which links all these artist together is there different perspective on women and the female form, also the way they express it. I plan to compare the different eras, from the 1800s to the 180s, also the different ways they express their lives and surroundings.

Henry de Toulouse-Lautrec was a famous painter of parison nightlife. He stayed in the Montmartre section of Paris, the centre of the cabaret entertainment and bohemian life. Another similar artist around the same era is Gyula Halász more famously known as Brassai a photographer. Brassai photographed prostitutes, opium addicts, lovers, street hoodlums and performers, similar to Lautrec. Brett Whitley is an Australian born artist recognised for his paintings of his wife and the female figure. Andy Warhol raised in America is best known for his pop art.

Brett Whitley is an Australian artist that is well known for his bathroom seris, he is a contempary artist. The painting I chose of his is 'wendy drunk', this painting is of his wife many of Whitleys paintings are of his wife. The reason I chose this painting is because its unusual composition. It's made up of plain black and dark brown brush strokes that make up his wifes arms, face and hair while she is leaning over the back of a chair. Unlike many of his other 'wendy' paintings it is very plain, it captures the relationship between him and his wife. Whitleys influence from japanese brush work is clearly evident in this spontainious composition. It is not precsise, this is what makes the painting unique, he captures and encloses his wife in time in this paticular painting. Henry de Toulouse Lautrec, much like Whitley painted women and the female body. The painting 'naked in front of a mirror' of a naked prostitute standing in front of a mirror wearing nothing but knee high black boots. Lautrec is known for his paintings of the Parisan 'moulin rouge' night life. Lautrec shows his appreciation of the woman as a human being not just as a prostitute, he is very compassionate on his veiw of this prostitute. Lautecs painting was not to degrade the woman but to capture her in an everyday scene. These paintings reming me of each other in the sypmathetic way in which the artists portray women. Both compositions capture the relationship the artist has with the woman.

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Andy Warhol is well known for his pop art imagery, '18 multi-colored marilyns' is a copy of a previous Marilyn Monroe print that he did but it is reversed, and the colors have changed to a mix of yellow, green and mostly red. I believe his work is intentionally repetitive and superficial. '18 multi-colored marilyns'can be seen as an unemotional representation of a sex symbol celebrity. Most people looked at the celebriy not the real marilyn, it can be argued that warhol intentionally made the piece boring and repititious to force people to look at the girl behind the mask that was Marilyn Monroe. The colors used are almost sinister, compared to the original print that had bright fluro lively colors, the copy '18 multi-colored marilyns' may be seen to symbolise her death as the colors are dark red and black. Brassai was a Parisan photographer in the 100's, he captured some of the most famous images of his time. His image is one of a prostitute on an illuminated street corner in Paris, this photo is in black and white and a high contrast image. I beileve Brassai's aim may have been to capture the romantic yet sad truth of the way of life of his time, a prostitute in Paris in the 100's. Brassais 'prostitute' was a victim of the circumstances that reduced her to sex work, it can be said that both women in these compostions are victims. Marilyn was a victim of fame that reduced her to overdose while the circumstances of the women and brassais photo reduced her to sex work.

Brassai captures the romantic nightlife and mysterious poverty surrounding himself and his subjects. In Brassai's'prostitute' photo he captures the sadness and reality of the time unlike Lautrec whose painting ambiguously captures the comfort and glamour of life in a brothel. Brassai's photograph of a prostitute may be seen as depressing, it shows the prostitute vulnerable and out of her comfort zone where as Lautrec's painting of a prostitute is the opposite of this, she looks like she is comfortable and content with a bed and blankets, as if nothing can hurt her. Toulouse was very much a part of all this activity. He would sit at a crowded nightclub table, laughing and drinking, and at the same time he would make swift sketches. The next morning in his studio he would expand the sketches into bright-colored paintings Toulouse told the story of the Parisian streets and nightlife as a part of the life, he was obsessed and in love with it, he told the tale as one of the fantastical people of the underworld. Brassai on the other hand photographed what he saw because it haunted him, he was merely an onlooker, an outsider to the reality of living on the street. That is the main difference of these artists, being a part of something and observing something is completely different.

Whitleys painting compared to Warhols is very different; I see Whitleys painting as very personal and emotionally driven where as Warhols as unemotional and superficial. This is a huge difference between these two artworks, considering both these art works are of a woman's face, one is so much more informal than the other. Warhol took a print of a well-known sex symbol of the 60's and 70's and forced people to at Marilyn in a different way. Warhol wanted people to look past the celebrity and see the real girl behind the mask. Whitely saw something beautiful in his wife and fearlessly captured her intoxicated state. Both women in these paintings are significant in each artist's life. These art works give an insight into the life and time of these women; they also explore the diverse ways in which these artists express their view of the women in their lives.

The only painting in my choice of art works that is strategically designed and carefully proportioned is the Andy Warhol painting of 'Eighteen multi-colored Marilyns'. This is typical of Warhols work unlike the Brett Whitley painting which is clearly impulsive and sketchy as was the concept of Lautrec's painting. I believe Brassai's photograph was taken unexpectedly as it captures something a staged photo could not, but no one really knows whether any design or staging was put into it. Whitleys painting was not typical of his other works; most of his other works are brightly colored and fairly detailed unlike 'Wendy drunk'. Warhols painting is very typical in colouring and duplication of the same face, this is representative of his other work; he has clearly carried on using the same design elements and colouring. Lautrec's painting is toned down from his other work; he uses different shades of browns and reds unlike Warhol who uses over printing with a black broken colour technique that shows glimpses of the original image. Lautrec is also distinct from Whitely who uses no colour but black and brown in this particular painting. Brassai's black and white photo is obviously consistent with the rest of his work and relies on shadow for atmosphere; he uses the light and silhouette to create an intriguing effect.

It is clear that there are many similarities and differences between the artist and their work. Each artist has made an individual statement in the representation of the female form. It still amazes me how diverse the four pieces are, emotionally and artistically, its interesting that one artist can paint something with so much emotion and personal expression while another can make his work so informal and superficial yet still retain sympathy for the subject. Art only reminds and reinforces the fact that we are living in a diverse world with different views and opinions varying from person to person. The one main link between these artists and their pieces is that even though set in different eras, using different materials and living very different lives they still manage to express their view of women as timeless. When you look at an artwork you see the different influences, emotions and talents that lie within that artist and that is bought to life in what they produce. The common theme is the humanity they show for their subject, which overrides all other concerns.

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Islam

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Christianity And Islam

Christianity and Islam are two of the most significant religions since their creation. Islam means "submission" in Arabic, and a Muslim is one who submits to the will of God (Islam page ). Christians were called so because of Jesus' title Christos, which is Greek for Messiah (Christianity page 18). Both religions are very similar with only some of the beliefs and teachings being different. They also give separate messages to outsiders as to what their religions stand for. Both religions are monotheistic with a holy text and they both strive to conquer evil. Islam has a set of rules (5 Pillars of Islam) set forth to reach enlightenment while Christians basically just sin, repent, and then are forgiven for their sins. Christianity is a much easier religion to belong to because it is a lot more lenient to what you can and cannot do as well as when and where you can do it. Islam is also more closed doors because the do not really send out missionaries looking for people to convert to Islam. For Christianity, Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah (the anointed one)God's deliverer, whose coming the prophets had foretold (Christianity page 18). Jesus taught the good Word of the Lord, as was his duty as the Son of God. He is also said to have performed miracles such as curing leprosy and blindness as well walking on water. Roman and Jewish authorities were disquieted by the threat to the establishment that Jesus and his followers seemed to offer, and they conspired successfully to execute him by crucifixion (Christianity page 18). After Jesus was crucified for the sins of all men, he was believed by Christians to have risen from the dead and then ascended to Heaven. After the death of Jesus, his life and teachings were written with many "tall tales" (as I like to call them) about the great battles and accomplishments of Christians as well as success stories about the followers of Gods' Word. All of these stories and some historical facts are written in the Bible, which is the holy text of the Christians. It explains how God created the Earth the creation of the Earth and man and it teaches how to be righteous. The founder of Islam was the Prophet Mohammed who was an orphan from the city of Mecca. Mohammed claimed to be visited by the Angel Gabriel who gave him the basis for this new religion. The Five Pillars of Islam are the basic laws to be a good Muslim. Declaring that there is no God but Allah, praying five times a day facing Mecca, fasting during set times, tithing for needy, and a journey to Mecca at least once in your lifetime. Some Muslims have a sixth pillar, jihad, which is translated into "holy war" (Variety page 4). Mohammed's teachings were not written until his death because there was no compelling reason to set his words down in some definite form. After the sudden death of Mohammed in 6, Caliph Abu Bakr ordered one of the prophets companions to collect, from oral and written sources, all of Mohammed's utterances (Qur'an page 5). They were written in the Qur'an which is basically the "Muslim Bible". The Qur'an is the written version of the teachings that Mohammed preached while he was alive. A second source of guidance for most Muslims is al-Hadith (Tradition), a vast body of transmitted stories of what the Prophet said or did or what was said or done in his presence and therefore approved by him (Foundations page 5). Christianity is a very appealing religion because it seems to be so easy to understand and become a Christian where as Islam is very difficult. There are five set times a day in Islam where you have to stop everything and pray facing Mecca and Muslims go to church on Fridays. Christians are free to pray any way they want at any time they want and go to church on Sundays. The Bible is different in that it contains the teachings of Jesus, the direct Word of God, and many religious stories. The Qur'an contains only the teachings of Mohammed which is said to be the Word of God spoken through man. The religious stories of Islam are in separate sources such as the al-Hadith, The Six Authentic Compilations, and Gardens of the Righteous (Tales page 0). The Bible and the Qur'an are similar in the simple fact that they were not written until the prophets of their religion were dead (although Jesus was resurrected and went to Heaven). While Jesus and Mohammed were on Earth, their stories and teachings were passed on orally, so the need to write them down was not necessary. Christianity is a religion where they welcome outsiders in to convert them and love everyone, Christian or not, for they are all the children of God. Islam teaches to "Be mindful of you duty to Allah and try to promote accord between yourselves (8.). All believers are brothers; so make peace between your brothers (4.11). Fight the idolators all together, as they fight you all together, and know that Allah is with the righteous (.6)…"(Nawawi page ). "Make peace between your brothers", means to make peace with other Muslims. If you are not Muslim, you are not one of their brothers. They also say to "fight the idolators", which means to fight against those who are not Muslim. This message to hate he who is not of the same religion is the complete opposite from that of Christianity's message. I believe that is why Muslims feel compelled to bomb other peoples and fight holy wars. This is another reason why Christianity is more appealing. Both Islam and Christianity offer a rewarding "eternal dwelling" if you live a righteous life here on earth and do the duty of Allah or God. Christians believe that their reward for a righteous life is to go to Heaven. For Muslims, the reward for following the 5 Pillars of Islam is pleasant dwellings in Gardens of Eternity (Nawawi page ). These are the sole reasons for having the religions in the first place. The supreme goal of both religions is to successfully reach a peaceful afterlife. As far as bad afterlives go, Christianity has Hell for those who go against God and are not forgiven for their sins. Hell is an eternal damnation full of torture and suffering. Hell is a deterrent from sin, which makes people more inclined to live holy and righteous lives. As Heaven is a reward for living a righteous life, Hell is the punishment for living a life of sin. I am not sure about Islam, although the book does talk about "Allah saving someone from the Fire" and "Fire" being defined as Hell (Nawawi page ). I can infer this means that they both have a punitive home for the unholy and disbelieving. Both Islam and Christianity have dietary restrictions. Muslims cannot eat from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. Some Christians fast on Good Friday as well as giving up their favorite food during the Advent Season. Christians celebrate the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus while the only religious celebration that Muslims have to my knowledge is the holy month of Ramadan. I do not know why they celebrate this but I do know they celebrate the ninth month on their lunar calendar and that is the holy month of Ramadan. I personally think that Christianity is a much easier religion to deal with being that it has just about the same outcome as Islam does. Christianity also has a lot less work involved. I would say that Christianity is a much more convenient religion. Less time and effort is put into praying and being righteous with Christianity. Plus it is much more believable to me that Jesus was the Son of God than it is to believe that Mohammed was visited by an angel that told him what to do. They were both doing well although the Islamic message is not quiet as nice as the Christian one. Loving everyone as your brother and sister is a good message to give and it is an exceptional way to keep the world peaceful even if you are not Christian. That is why Christianity is a much more successful religion and it is stronger than Islam will ever be. Christianity and Islam are basically one in the same. They both have one God with and the same basic beliefs. Both have a holy text with the teachings of their prophets along with some religious stories. Both religions are very successful although Christianity has a leg up do to its convenience and its willingness to take others and convert them. These religions have been around for almost two thousand years and will continue to strive throughout history.

Bibliography

"Christianity Conquering the World for Christ" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co.18), 18-1. "Islam Universal Submission to God" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), -4. Nawawi, Imam. "Gardens of the Righteous" Reprinted in Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 0-. "The Qur'an" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 5-6. "The Foundations of Islamic Life" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 18), 5. "The Tales of Tradition" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Mifflin Co. 18), -0. "Variety and Unity in Islam" Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfield, eds. Human Record I. (Boston Mifflin Co. 18), 5-4. Buy islam term paper

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The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link

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In William Shakespeare's The Tempest, the theme of usurpation is used to make a statement about how the great chain of being is an inadequate system. The great chain of being is an arrangement whereby all existing things have a precise place in the universe. Should they depart from this position, they would be betraying their nature and would be punished. The two groups of usurpers that will be compared and contrasted in this essay are Caliban, Trinculo and Stephano (Group 1) and Antonio and Sebastian (Group ). They will be compared based on the wildly different justifications for their plans, their similar plans of usurpation and the relative successes of their plots. Through these three points, it will be proven that the theme of usurpation demonstrates the idea that the Tempest has made a strong statement about how the great chain of being is insufficient due to its rigidity and the lack of vertical mobility of its links (people, beasts, angels etc.)

One of the areas in which the two groups are different involves the justification of their plots. Group 1 justifies their plan to usurp Prospero by using the logic that the island once belonged to Sycorax, the mother of Caliban. When she died the island passed to her son and so was rightfully his. Prospero had come along and taken it from him. This is shown when Caliban says

I say by sorcery he got this isle;

From me he got it. If thy greatness willOrder custom research paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link

Revenge it on himfor I know thou dar'st,

But this thing dare not (..50-5)

This quotation clearly demonstrates that Caliban was in control of the island when Prospero came and usurped him and so gained possession of the island. Therefore, group 1 believed it was within their right to kill Prospero, thus restoring the island to its rightful owner. The justification for group 's plot varies greatly in that they do not even remotely have a valid justification. Their justification is greed and lust. The audience learns of this disgusting excuse when Sebastian says, "Draw thy swordone stroke / Shall free three from the tribute which thou payest, / And I the king shall love thee" (.1.87-8). This quotation is spoken to Antonio and signifies that if Antonio helps Sebastian dispose of Alonso and Gonzalo, Milan will no longer have to pay tribute to Naples. Furthermore, Sebastian will be indebted to Antonio. Logically, this shows that Antonio's motivation for the heinous murders is greed (he doesn't have to pay tax) and that he wants some leverage over Sebastian. Sebastian's motivation is of course to become king. When examined, these two motivations clearly equate to greed and the lust for power. Consequently, it is quite obvious that groupdid not have a valid justification. And so, the proposed murder by group 1, being somewhat justifiable, is befitting to a being higher up on the chain than a beast (which Caliban is), while Antonio and Sebastian's act, according to their beliefs, would allow all hell to break loose. As a result, it can be seen that they are clearly not acting as the nobles of their time should and have indeed moved downward into the realm of the beasts by allowing their emotions (lust and greed) to control them.

As with the previous point, the characters' actions in the following paragraph, which discusses the similar nature of the two plots, also give us an idea of which emotion controls the two groups. Group 1 plans to usurp Prospero. The audience learns of their plan when Caliban says "Yea, yea, my lord. I'll yield him asleep, / where thou mayst knock a nail into his head" (..58-5). This quote is self-explanatory and clearly demonstrates the nature of Group 1's plot. They are planning to kill Prospero in a rather primitive fashion (by driving a nail into his head) while he is asleep. The plan of Groupis in many respects similar to that of Group 1, with the exception of the intended target. Groupdesires to kill the king of Naples, Alonso, and his supporter Gonzalo. The audience learns of this wretched plot when Sebastian says

Thy case, dear friend, shall be my precedent as thou got'st Milan,

I'll come by Naples. Draw thy swordone stroke

Shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest,

And I the king shall love thee. (.1.86-8)

To which Antonio replied, "Draw together and when I rear my hand do you the like / To fall it on Gonzalo"(.1.0-1). These quotes show that Antonio and Sebastian are planning to draw their swords and slit the throats of Gonzalo and Alonso, who are both asleep. This reads much the same as the plot contrived by Caliban. Both plans have the targets sleeping, which demonstrates the emotion of cowardice on the conspirators' part and both include primitive means of murder. This clearly shows that The Tempest has made a statement against the rigidity of the great chain of being as Groupis once again acting like cowardly beasts, while Caliban, whose plan it was, is acting quite normally for his station on the chain.

Finally, after having contemplated a similarity, another domain in which the groups are deviant will be examined. This is of course, the relative success of their plots. Group 1's plot failed in principle. The audience discovers this when they hear the cries of Prospero as he shouts "Hey, Mountain, hey!" (4.1.5). This cry signifies that Prospero is urging on spirits in the guise of dogs to chase Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo away. However, although group 1's plot seemed to fail, if you look at the consequences of the failure, it can be seen that this plan results in a success. This is because later in the play, Caliban has taken this failure to heart and has learned from his mistakes. The audience is notified of this when Caliban says

Ay, that I will; and I'll be wise hereafter,

And seek for grace. What a thrice-double ass

Was I to take this drunkard for a god,

And worship this dull fool!(5.1.4-7)

This quote clearly demonstrates that Caliban has learned from his blunder and as such, his failure against Prospero cannot be considered a failure at all, but more of a successful learning experience. The same cannot be said of the results for group . With their swords posed over the throats of the sleeping Gonzalo and Alonso, Ariel wakes Gonzalo from his slumber. He cries out and Alonso awakens and it is asked why Antonio and Sebastian have their swords drawn. Sebastian replies to this question with the following

While we stood here securing your repose,

Even now, we heard a hollow burts of bellowing,

Like bulls, or rather lionsdid't not wake you?

It struck mine ear most terribly.(..05-08)

This quote basically states that while Antonio and Sebastian were protecting the king and his courtiers, they heard the bellowing of a wild animal and drew their swords. The audience is of course not fooled by this excuse and they realize that the plot did not succeed due to the cowardice of group . However, this would not be enough to classify their plan as a complete failure. But once again, Groupproves to be unlike Group 1 as Antonio and Sebastian do not learn the error of their ways. This is shown later on in an incident where Sebastian says, "Ha, ha! What things are these, my lord Antonio? / Will money buy 'em?" (5.1.64-65). This quote has Sebastian asking Antonio whether they would be able to buy Caliban. It clearly confirms that they have not yet learned their lesson and are still immoral beings. For this reason, it is quite clear that there is a statement here that the views of perfection that are the basis of the great chain of being are flawed. Caliban, a more imperfect being than the nobles, can recognize his mistake and acts like a human to fix it, while Antonio and Sebastian do not realise their error, and so once again are portrayed as cowardly beasts.

In conclusion, it is quite clearly demonstrated that while these groups were similar in one instance, they contrasted in two ways. These comparisons proved the thesis that the Tempest has made a statement against the idea of the great chain of being and its fixed levels of perfection. Both groups had the same basic plan to usurp their target. However only Caliban's group had an understandable justification. Antonio's did not. The plan of Caliban's group, although primitive, resulted in some modicum of success as Caliban learned from his mistakes, while the plan of Antonio and Sebastian failed miserably. It must also be noted that those who had crossed into different sections of the great chain of being were not killed. Caliban though he moved from beast to human was rewarded with the return of his island, while Antonio, having moved from human to beast was offered another chance. Therefore, it is quite easy to conclude from the above arguments and the survival of the character who would have supposedly caused "all hell to break loose" that Shakespeare intended this play to question the nature of the great chain of being. To question the belief that things were fixed into a certain state of perfection. After all, who would enjoy having one's position and life pre-determined before time had even begun?

Please note that this sample paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on The Great Chain of Being: A Broken Link will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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