Black fiction

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in black fiction, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your black fiction paper at affordable prices

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Example of a Protocol Protocol Prompt from Kurt Vonneguts Harrison Bergeron What is the ambiguity of Harrisons heroic rebellion against his society?

Anonymous

Custom writing service can write essays on black fiction

D.K. Peterson

English 10

February , 1

Harrison Bergeron

Harrison Bergeron by author Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. tells the story of a town in the twenty-first century where everyone is equal. Equal by any means necessary. The individuals who are above average in any capacity are given artificial handicaps from the Handicapper-General so that their individual talents are not above anyone elses.

It is the exceptional, intelligent, and handsome Harrison Bergeron who is put in jail for the extraordinary qualities he possesses. Harrison is a genius, and outgrows handicaps faster than they can put them on him. Harrison escapes from jail and goes to the news studio and announces to the town his intentions.

Vonnegut uses Harrisons rebellious act as a tool in the last scene to give the story its open-ended conclusion. In the last scene of Harrison Bergeron, Harrison claims, I am the Emperor! Cried Harrison. Do you hear? I am the Emperor! Everybody must do what I say at once! He stamped his foot and the studio shook (15). It is in this scene Harrison is demanding that the people listen and do what he says immediately. Even as Harrison is screaming, the people are bowing down before him at his mercy, thinking they will die if they do not follow his orders.

Vonnegut is showing the audience that Harrison is powerful and above all those in his community and that he is going to exercise his power. This act of rebellion allows the audience to think Harrison wants to be ruler of the people, and shows that the people in town feel Harrison has authority over them, an example of exactly what a ruler is. It is in the following scene that Vonnegut gives his audience unsure feelings about the storys end. Harrison says, Even as I stand here-he bellowed, crippled, hobbled, and sickened- I am a greater ruler than any man who ever lived! Now watch me become what I can become!(15). In this scene Harrison speaks in a rage, but also in somewhat of a desperate manner towards the people. The authors careful choosing of words illustrates the ambiguity of the last scene. The author states that Harrison bellowed, which means he cried or uttered in a loud voice. The audience is left to wonder whether Harrison was forceful, or pleading. However, Harrison expresses to the people that he is physically torn down, but even with this, he still is mentally powerful.

It is when Vonnegut ends the story with Harrison tearing off his handicaps that leaves the ending of the story open to interpretation as to what Harrisons true intentions are. Does Harrison really desire to be the ruler of the people? Or does Harrison just want to be the ruler for the moment so that he can persuade the people to rid themselves of their handicaps, in order for them to see what they can become? By ending the story like this, the audience can only know what truly happens. Otherwise, the audience must use its own interpretation and provide their own ending.

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Research Writing & the Revision/Rethinking Process

Example of an Anonymous Proposal/Research Paper/Revision on Zora Neale Hurston

Example of a Research Proposal

Anonymous

Professor D.K. Peterson

English 10

March ,1

Word Count 46

Zora Neale Hurston was a very controversial writer. My interest in Hurstons writings concerns her use of strong female characters and the language they used. My research paper will analyze Hurstons reasoning for using such strong female characters during a time when females were not supposed to be outspoken. I also intend to explain why Hurston used the dialect she used in her stories and why it became controversial. The language of Hurstons characters is a mixture of slang and southern accent. I will discuss how although language of this type ordinarily labels one as illiterate and weak, Hurstons female characters, despite using this language, are portrayed as strong.

Throughout my research paper I will discuss the many questions surrounding Hurstons writings. I will do this by focusing on two female characters, language, and the setting. I believe that using these three areas of analysis will allow me to successfully answer questions about Hurstons writing style. In my approach, I plan to use two of Hurstons works, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and her short story, Sweat. These two works will allow me to explore the female aspect of my project. Through two of the women characters in these works, I will explore linguistics, dialect, word choice, pacing, syntax and moments of long speech. Observing these areas of language will allow me to see how and why Hurston has such strong female characters. I will briefly touch upon the setting within these works, to bring out social and historical factors, which may have contributed to Hurstons deliberate choice of characters and language. In my research paper I will use the two works previously stated, along with a Website dedicated to Hurston. There are at least four other scholarly secondary sources I plan to use for my research.

I suspect that my research of Hurstons writing approach will reveal that it was racial and gender discrimination that inspired Hurstons style of writing. It is important to know that Hurstons writing was not socially accepted until years after her death. Nevertheless, Hurstons works make a great contribution to female literature and black history. My research will cover every aspect mentioned, as well as help one understand why an author would choose such an unpopular writing approach at that time.

Works Cited

Hurston, Zora Neale. Sweat. The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short

Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford St. Martins, 1. (678-687).

Hurston, Zora Neale. Conjured Into Being Zora Neale Hurston. Tim Gallaher, USC E texts. Online. Internet. 8 October 17. Available

http 11 www. ñ hsc. usc.edu/ ~ gallaher/ hurston/ hurston. html.

Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Philadelphia Lippincott, 17.

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Example of a Research Paper on Zora Neale Hurstons Work Using a Feminist and Semiotic Approach

Anonymous

Professor D.K. Peterson

English 10

March 0, 1

Word Count

The Cultural Voice

The author, Zora Neale Hurston, was a very controversial writer. During Hurstons life-time, she chose to use southern black dialect as the primary language for her works. In addition to this literary style, Hurston voiced southern black dialect through black women. It was the use of this dialect, as opposed to standard English, and Hurstons choice to allow women to have a more affirmative role in her stories, that made Hurston so controversial among both whites and blacks. Hurstons writings were not accepted among whites because she declared her first novel a manifesto against the arrogance of whites assuming that black lives are only defensive reactions to white actions (Gates 18). Black authors did not embrace Hurstons writings because they were not written in the protest tradition, not bitter enough, and did not depict the harsher side of black life in the south (Washington vii-viii).

Hurstons use of southern black dialect is no reflection of her own literacy of the English language. Hurston achieved several academic accomplishments by obtaining her degree, teaching, and later studying linguistics overseas. Hurston also had famous acquaintances, such as Fannie Hurst and Robert Hemenway, who were also writers. It was this flourishing background that enabled Hurston the opportunity to produce published works that are considered successful today, however the success of her works were not recognized until after her death.

Hurstons accomplishments would, however, be enjoyed and benefited by a new generation of new black female writers, such as Gloria Naylor, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker. Alice Walker has stated that Their Eyes Were Watching God had a profound effect upon her writing and that if she were marooned on a desert island with only ten books, Hurstons masterpiece would be among those she would choose to take with her (Johnson 501). These writers have continued Hurstons tradition by writing and publishing works in southern black dialect. It was Hurston who pioneered the movement to keep black dialect alive. As Karla F.C. Holloway expressed, Hurston understood that the language of a people is as important an indication of their culture as are other behavioral manifestations (Holloway ).

In Hurstons works the use of black dialect is very prevalent, and it appears Hurston was trying to involve the reader in the African-American Culture. For example, in Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God and her short story Sweat, each story took place in an African-American community. In both works, the black race politically and socially ran a community of their own during a time when freedom was only slowly coming about. To the scholarly reader, it was difficult to imagine blacks in such affluent positions while at the same time speaking broken English. How could blacks have power yet, could not even speak standard English? In Hurstons world it was possible. Hurston even went a step further and developed within these stories two strong black women, Janie Starks and Delia Jones. These women had strong opinions and Hurston would allow them to voice them one way or another. How was Hurston able to create such strong female characters, who spoke a language not widely accepted, during a time when women were not allowed to voice themselves at all? Hurston was so talented she used a combination of writing styles, involving word choice, pacing, and silent and explosive speech to develop the characters voice. These styles of writing allowed Hurston to show readers that voice can be represented in several varieties and still be powerful.

Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God opens with Janie telling her best friend, Pheoby, about the events of her dramatic life. The reason Hurston frames the story in this manner is to indirectly provide Janie with voice. As analyst Karla Kaplan explained, Like Jane in Jane Eyre, Janie wants to narrate her own story, exercise her voice, and participate in what Jane calls the joyous conversational murmur (Kaplan 101). By allowing Janie to tell her story with minimal narrative intrusion, Janies character is put into an authoritative position. Although the scene begins with Janie ending her story, it is only at this point that Janie can tell her story effectively and show the audience the strong black female she has become.

In Janies early years, she decides to do what is pleasing to her grandmother and becomes married at age 15 to a much older man, Logan Killicks. All along, Janie has not felt the blissful love she had dreamed of so many times and Janie decides less than a year into the marriage that Logan is not for her. Janies recent offer to leave and marry a new comer, Joe Starks, opens the doors for Janie to leave. Janie does not leave solely to be with Joe Starks, however. Janie leaves because she realizes there was nothing in her marriage for her. Janie is maturing and making decisions that are in her best interest. Hurston says, What was she losing so much time for? A feeling of sudden newness and change came over her. Janie hurried out of the front gate and turned south. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good (Hurston, Eyes 1). In this scene Janie is silent in her decision making. Janies silent voice is so boisterous because the action she has taken is very bold. Janies choice says her leaving will take place, whatever the consequences may be.

Janies decision proved favorable for her after she married Joe Starks, a man with big dreams and determination. However, when Joe Starks becomes Mayor, Janie realizes that Joe intends for her to be silent at all times and beautiful in the publics eye. When Janie is asked by the towns people to make a speech on behalf of Joes victory as Mayor, Joe speaks for Janie saying, Thank yuh fuh yo compliments, but mah wife dont know nothin bout no speech-makin. Ah never married her for nothin lak dat. Shes uh woman and her place is in da home (Hurston Eyes 41). This leaves a restless feeling inside Janie and it begins to open her eyes to many things she never thought of doing.

After several times of being publicly demeaned by Joes insults about her weight and age, Janie decides she will no longer be the target of Joes abuse. Janies reaction to this humiliation is to voice her deepest feelings about Joe. On one occasion, Janie takes the center of the floor to talk right-into Joes face (Hurston, Eyes 74 Eyes), and loudly insults Joe in front of all the community. Janie subconsciously knew there would be a price to pay for this act, but nonetheless, voicing her opinion seemed more important. As a result, Joe struck Janie fiercely and for years to come the couples conversation comes to a cease.

Soon after, Joe would suffer a premature death due to a failed liver. After Joes death, Tea Cake comes to town and Janies dream of a blissful marriage begins to resurface. Tea Cake is much younger, and loves Janie unconditionally. The two soon wed and Janie experiences the marriage that she so often dreamed of.

The voice Janie acquires in her relationship with Tea Cake is not controlled, it is free, spontaneous and loving. However, a few years into the marriage Tea Cake is poisoned by a rabid dog and in his delirious state, attempts to kill Janie. Janie is forced to kill Tea Cake and save her own life and has to stand trial for his death. In the scene of the trial, Janies voice develops in three forms language, silence and speech. Janie is aware that her trial will be held in front of her community, as well as white people and it would be the white folk who would decide her outcome. Janie knew her language was different than the white folks language and her testimony could be misinterpreted to mean that she meant to kill Tea Cake. As Hurston says, It was not death she feared. It was misunderstanding (Hurston, Eyes 17).

In this scene, it is Janies speech in her own defense, the choice of words and language she uses and the silence she expresses while waiting for the verdict, that show Hurstons overall development of Janies true voice. While Janie tells such a lengthy story in her own language, Hurstons point of Janie being a strong black woman with voice is given a fuller meaning. As Evelyn Thomas stated, With her gift for capturing authentic sounds and syntax, she can write long passages in dialect without wearying her reader (Helmick 58). The talent Hurston possessed was very important when writing about her culture because it allowed any reader to be culturally involved. Hurstons other works operate with the same premise and writing style, in particular her short work Sweat. Sweat tells the story of Delia Jones struggle to escape the torture of her violent husband, Sykes, without Delia compromising what she has worked so hard for. Unlike Janie in Eyes, Delia is outspoken in the beginning of her story, but as the story progresses, she speaks only to herself.

Delias first confrontation involves her defending herself against her husband regarding her livelihood, washing white folks clothes. Hurston combines black and white races in this town to show a higher level of authority. This is important to the story because as another quarrel occurs between the two, Delia threatens ahm goin tuh de white folks bout you, mah young man, de very nex time you lay yo hans on me (Hurston, Sweat 684). Hurston allowed Delia to voice her refusal to be abused anymore and at the same time strip Sykes of his power.

During this period of time, the men were the leaders and the women had no say so. Furthermore, the black man was just coming into his own freedom and he definitely did not want a white man involved in his affairs. When Hurston allowed Delia to voice herself by this method, it was the most potent speech Delias character voiced. Thereafter, Delia is portrayed as one who speaks silently to herself, with such strong words and actions that they would have profound outcomes. For example, when Sykes left the house after an argument with Delia, Somehow, before sleep came, she found herself saying aloud Oh well, whatever goes over the Devils back, is got to come under his belly. Sometime or ruther, Sykes, like everybody else, is gointer reap his sowing. After that she was able to build a spiritual earthworks against her husband. His shells could no longer reach her. Amen (Hurston, Sweat 680). The purpose of Delias silence is to show that there were other avenues women could call upon, a higher Being that could hear their silent voice in time of need. Delias role would be to silence herself and wait patiently for the ultimate power.

In the closure of this story Delia is almost killed by a snake her husband placed in the home to kill her. After Delias courageous escape and fleeing to the barn, Finally she grew quiet, and after that came coherent thought. With this stalked through her a cold, bloody rage. Hours of this. A period of introspection, a space of retrospection, then a mixture of both. Out of this an awful calm (Hurston, Sweat 685-86). Delia goes on to say, Well, ah done de bes Ah could. If things aint right, Gawd knows taint mah fault (Hurston, Sweat 685-86). When Delia speaks these words, the audience is aware Sykes will die. Hurston purposely did this to build Delias character of strength and perseverance. Delias character of a true black woman is illustrated through the language she speaks as well as her unspoken words of conviction.

Although Hurston crafted both characters in an opposite manner, Janie more verbal than Delia, Hurston gave the women similar qualities such as enduring violence, speaking out when seemingly defeated, and the strength and the energy to keep on going until their silent voices came into fruition. Within these two works Hurston has kept black literature alive and opened the eyes of black females everywhere who not only face racial discrimination, but gender discrimination as well. As Henry Louis Gates, Jr. stated, Their attention to Hurston signifies a novel sophistication in black literature they read Hurston not only for the spiritual kinship inherent in such relations but because she used black vernacular speech and rituals in ways subtle and various, to chart the coming to consciousness of black women, so glaringly absent in other(Gates 186-87).

Please note that this sample paper on black fiction is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on black fiction, we are here to assist you.Yourpersuasive essay on black fiction will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Development Psychology

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Development Psychology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Development Psychology paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Development Psychology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Development Psychology paper at affordable prices! Several learning theories and are going to be looked making connections to illustrate some of the points made. The theories looked at are; Classical Conditioning, Behaviourism, Social Learning and Constructivism.

Classical Conditioning

The main theorist who has looked at Classical Conditioning is Ivan Pavlov. Classical Conditioning is all about learning through association.

Most of Pavlovs experiments were carried out using dogs. Pavlov recognised that dogs that were hungry would salivate at the sight of food, but if a bell was rung before it would have no relevance. Pavlov conducted an experiment in which he rang a bell just before he fed the dogs. After several trials the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with being fed. They then began to salivate just at the sound of the bell because they knew that they were going to be fed straight after.

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The bell is known as the conditioned stimulus because it is conditional when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The food in the mouth is known as the unconditioned stimulus because salivating is a natural unconditioned reflex to food. This reflex is known as an unconditioned response because it occurs naturally and cant be controlled. Salivating at the sound of a bell is known as a conditioned response because it can be controlled, as the dogs have learnt to associate the bell with the food and, therefore, would be expecting to be fed.

The Process of Classical Conditioning

ProcedureResponse

Before Conditioned

Food (UCS)Salivation (UCR)

Bell (CS)No relevant response

During Conditioning

Food + Bell

(UCS) (CS)Salivation

(UCR)

After Conditioning

Bell (CS)Salivation (CR)

(Source Malim, Birch and Haywood 16)

Ref. Birch 17 Developmental Psychology page 18

This process can also be used to what is known as discriminate. For example using a bell and a buzzer and only feeding the dogs when one of them is sounded. The dogs would soon learn the sound that they associated with feeding and would only salivate to that particular sound.

Theoretically, the process can reversed by starting to sound the bell without presenting the food. Eventually the dogs would no longer salivate at the sound of a bell.

Studies have also been conducted by Watson who took Pavlovs idea of conditioning and did his own studies on infants. Through his studies he was able to condition children to be afraid of white rats and other fury things. He did this by presenting the rats to children followed by a loud noise. Repeating this several times resulted in the children becoming afraid of the rat because they associated it with receiving a loud noise, which they did not like. The children also became afraid of other fury things that resembled the rat.

The process was then reversed by presenting the rat to the children without the loud noise. After repeating this several times, the children no longer became afraid of the rat. Phobias and fears can be the result of conditioning. For example, if a child has been bitten by a dog then they may associate dogs with pain.

Behaviourism

Behaviourism is the theory that children can be trained to behave in certain ways. This theory focuses on positive and negative reinforcement and shaping behaviour.

Marquis (11) concluded that systematic training of the human….can be started at birth. This can be applied to children through positive and negative reinforcement. For example, if a child behaves in a good way and we reward them through a smile or praise then they are more likely to repeat this behaviour hoping to receive the reward again.

This is also true with language development. For example, if a child says mummy or daddy etc, and the parents praise the child and show the child affection, then the child will keep repeating the word to receive similar treatment. Similarly, this can apply to negative language and behaviour. For example, if a child uses incorrect vocabulary, the parents may choose to ignore this and the child is less likely to repeat this language. They may choose to correct the child but in a subtle way that doesnt knock the childs confidence.

Repetition can also work because if the parents/carer repeats (reinforces) good behaviour and language then the child is more likely to continue repeating their actions.

The main theorist who looks at behaviourism is Watson. Watson focuses on the fact that behaviour will change depending on whether children receive punishment or reward. Watson was only concerned with observable activities and believed that thoughts and feelings have little relevance to learning. Behaviourism concentrates on the fact that all babies are born with biological reflexes and all other responses are learned.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner was a major theorist who looked at behaviourism and Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is behaviour that relies on the environment and is reinforcement of a random response. Skinner invented a box, which contained only a lever and a food tray. He placed a rat into the box and whenever the lever was pressed, food was immediately released into the tray.

At first the rat would only press the lever by accident and food would appear. After a while the rat began to learn that in order to receive food, the lever needed to be pressed, this is known as behaviour shaping.

Skinner believed that behaviour could be shaped to learn that certain actions equal a reward. Skinner was also another theorist who believed in positive and negative reinforcement. He believed that intellectual development is through a long process of shaped behaviour, which occurs through positive and negative reinforcement. If behaviour and learning were not reinforced, then the behaviour would not occur as frequent and would eventually disappear.

Skinner believed that when any sounds that resembled speech are reinforced, they would eventually go on to become words and any that were not reinforced would become extinct. By reinforcing a childs first word, such as mummy and showing a child attention, they are been encouraged to repeat the word again. As soon as this word is stopped being reinforced, then the child would move onto something else as they are eager to impress. Behaviour can also be reinforced through rewarding any good behaviour, through a smile or occasional treat and punishing or ignoring any bad.

A child learns their first few words through imitation and the parents help them. For example, if a parent says look at that pussycat, lovely pussycat, stroke the pussycat, then the child may pick up the words pussycat.

From his observations, Skinner came up with two different kinds of response to learning. The first is respondents to a stimulus and the second is operants, which are random responses to a situation. Operants are responses that occur without thinking.

Social Learning

The Social Learning theory is based on the work of Bandura who believed that learning occurs through observation and modelling. Banduras main idea was that children learn ideas through what they see. For example, if a child sees another child throwing food, then they may repeat their actions.

He carried out an investigation on nursery school children. Firstly he showed the children a real life situation or a film, which involved a model knocking down and beating a bobo doll. When the children had seen the video they were led into a room with lots of nice toys but were not allowed to touch them. The children became frustrated because they wanted to play with the toys. The children were then moved into a room containing the same toys that were seen in the bobo doll film. He found that most of the children repeated the same aggressive behaviour shown in the video and some specific actions were repeated.

Bandura also gave the doll to children who had not seen the model and found that they were not as aggressive as the ones who had seen the model. He also found that in the first group of children, some of the models specific actions were repeated.

He then did another study on three groups. He showed one group the model receiving punishment for the behaviour, one a reward and the other neither reward or punishment.

From this he found that the children who saw the model get punished, were less likely to repeat the actions. The children who saw the model get rewarded repeated the actions and showed much more aggression.

One of the most common examples of social learning is through television and media. If a certain brand is advertised by someone famous then more people will by that particular brand because they believe that they will be admired and popular.

Aggression can be understood through the Social Learning Theory. Bandura believed that aggression is learnt through behaviour. He believed that children are not born with an aggressive, violent nature but they learn aggressive responses through observation of others, usually someone important to them such as a parent or carer. Bandura believed that some people behave aggressively because they thought it would result in a reward off others. Bandura believed that if aggression is identified early in children, then it is possible to stop them from becoming violent criminals.

According to Bandura, children use the same aggressive behaviour with others that they have seen their parents use. For example if a child sees his father behave aggressively towards his mother, then they may become a violent husband or father because they would see this behaviour to be acceptable.

Social Constructivism

One of the major theorists concerned with social constructivism was Jean Piaget. Piaget placed emphasis on the environment and his main idea was that children learn through discovery learning and should be left to discover things for themselves.

Central to Piagets thinking was that all childrens thinking passes through 4 stages. These are

 The sensorimotor stage (0-)

 The preoperational stage (-7)

 The concrete operations stage (7-11)

 The formal operations stage (1+)

Piaget came up with these stages through observation of his own children.

Each of the stages derives from the previous and none of the stages can be skipped. They are the same for everyone.

The sensorimotor stage

The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth to aboutyears. In this stage the infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world. They begin with reflexes and end with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills.

Between one and four months the child works on primary circular reactions. This is just an action of their own that serves as a stimulus to which it responds with the same action again and again. This could involve the child constantly sucking their thumb because it brings them pleasure and comfort or they could keep blowing bubbles because they find it fascinating to watch.

Between four and 1 months the infant turns to secondary circular reactions, which involves an act that extends out to the environment. They learn the procedures that make interesting things last. This could involve squeezing a rubber duck at bath time and finding it makes a noise, so repeating the action.

Other things also begin to show at this point. For example babies become ticklish but they must be aware that someone is tickling them or else it wont work. They also begin to develop object permanence, which means that they have the ability to realise that just because you cant see something doesnt mean that it has gone. The younger infants seem to function by an out of sight, out of mind schema. Older infants may remember and even attempt to find things.

Between 1 and 4 months, the child works on tertiary circular reactions. They consist of the same making interesting things last cycle, except with a constant variation. For example, they may hit a table with a stick, then a block with the stick and them something else etc, making a different sound every so often. Children could display this sort of behaviour by making a mess at the dinner table and throwing their cutlery about.

At around one and a half, the child is clearly developing mental representation, that is, the ability to hold an image in their mind for a period beyond the immediate experience. For example they can throw a tantrum after seeing one an hour ago. They can use mental combinations to solve simple problems, such as putting down a toy in order to open a door. This could involve a change in the way a child uses their toys. For example, instead of throwing their teddies around a child could start to sing to them and tuck them in bed at night.

The pre-operational stage

The pre-operational stage lasts from aboutto about 7 years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols.

Children begin to have symbols for things, such as calling everything white and fluffy a rabbit. Along with symbolisation there is an understanding of past and future. For example when if a child is upset and you tell them that their mother will be home soon they may tend to calm down because they realise that mummy is the person who cares for and comforts them. A child may also refer to every male as daddy.

But still the child is quite egocentric at this stage. They still see everything from their own point of view. They may hold up a picture so that only they can see it and expect you to see it too. Piaget did a study to investigate this. He called it the mountains study. He would put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and seat himself to the side, then ask them to pick from four pictures that he, Piaget would see. Younger children would pick the view that they could see themselves; older children picked correctly.

Similarly, younger children centre on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time. They may not understand when you tell them things, such as your father is my husband. Or if you showed them 5 black marbles andwhite marbles and ask them Are there more marbles or more black marbles? they would respond More black ones.

The most famous example of the pre-operational childs centrism is what Piaget refers to as their inability to conserve liquid volume. If you give a three- year old some milk in a tall skinny glass and give yourself a whole lot more in a short fat one, the child would be likely to assume that there is more milk in the tall skinny glass. This is because they will tend to focus on only one of the dimensions of the glass - the highest. It is the development of the childs ability to decenter that marks them having moved on to the next stage.

The concrete operations stage

The concrete operations stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years. The word operations refer to the logical operations or principles we use when solving problems. In this stage the child not only uses symbols representationally, but they can manipulate those symbols logically. At this point they must still perform these operations within the context of concrete situations.

The stage begins with decentering. By 6 or 7, most children develop the ability to conserve number, length and liquid volume. Conservation refers to the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child 4 marbles in a row, then spread them out, the pre-operational child will focus on the spread and tend to believe that there are more marbles than before.

Or if you havefive-inch sticks laid parallel to each other, then move one of them a little, they may believe that the moved stick is now longer than the other is.

The concrete operations on the other hand, will know that there are still 4 marbles and that the stick doesnt change length even though in now extends beyond the other. They would know that you have to look beyond the height of the milk in the glass. If you pour the milk from the short, fat glass into the tall, skinny glass, they will tell you that there is the same amount of milk as before.

By 7 or 8 years children develop conservation of substance. For example, if you take a piece of clay and roll it along a thin rod, or split it into 10 little pieces, the child knows that there is still the same amount of clay. They will also know that if you rolled it back it would look the same as it did - a feature known as reversibility.

By nine or ten, the last of the conservation tests is mastered - conservation of area. If you take 4 one-inch square pieces of felt and lay them on a six-by-six cloth together in the centre, the child who conserves will know that they take up just as much room wherever they are put.

In addition, a child learns classification and seriation during this stage. The child is now able to put things is order of size and will understand the question of the marbles. The child is now ready for some formal education.

The formal operations stage

When a child reaches this stage they are able to reason in more logical and abstract ways. They are able to think about the future and will have their own values and beliefs. Conservation of liquid volume will have been mastered and they will be able to use more complex mathematical and linguistic ideas.

Piaget designed a pendulum task, whereby a child is given some weights and a piece of string held up from a hook. The child is told that if they change the weight or the length of the string or push the pendulum harder, then one of these will cause the pendulum to swing faster. If a child has reached the formal operations stage, they will test everyone to see which it is. At this stage a child should be able to work out problems in their head by trying out several solutions.

Piaget believed that children learn through the processes of adaptation known as

 Assimilation-taking in new information through the childs existing patterns of actions (schemas)

 Accommodation - modifying existing patterns of actions to accommodate new information and knowledge.

 Equilibration - balancing what they already know with new experience to make sense of the world.

One of the main definitions from the work of Piaget is the idea of schemas. These are early ideas or concepts based on linked patterns of behaviour and are parts of the childs powerful drive to understand its experiences. Children need to learn for themselves about how objects relate together and about shapes and where things are positioned. Schemas include the idea or concept in mind of the child and the actions that the child takes as a result of the idea. Often schemas occur in clusters and children will develop them for hours on end and in many ways.

Ref. Nolan 00 BTECH National Early Years Page 1

Bibliography

Bibliography

Birch 17 Developmental Psychology

Meggitt 14 Health and Social Care

Nolan 00 BTEC National Early Years

Walsh et al 000 Advanced Health and Social Care

Pictures from www.google.co.uk/images

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research Paper

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research Paper, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research Paper paper at affordable prices !Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Introduction

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) , although still unrecognized by most people, affects about six million Americans (Neziroglu and Yaryura-Tobias,

11). This paper is written to give others a feel of OCD by explaining what it is, how to distiungiush it from other disorders, the way it effects their lives, the theories behind it, and its treatment.

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What is OCD?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a frequent, chronic, costly, and disabling disorder that presents in several medical settings, but is under-recognised and undertreated (Stein, 00). OCD is a disease of the brain

manifested by intrusive, unwanted, and persistent thoughts that cannot be rejected and keep coming back over and over again (Neziroglu and Yaryura-Tobias, 11.) OCD ranks fifth among the major psychiatric illnesses, with approximately .6% of the population suffering from OCD for at least six months (Yaryura-Tobias, Anderson, & Neziroglu, 000). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is viewed as a good example of a neuropsychiatric disorder, mediated by pathology in specific neuronal circuits, and responsive to specific

pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic interventions (Stein, 00). Obsessive-compulsive disorder was once considered a rare condition, but is now viewed as not only one of the more prevalent psychiatric disorders, but also

one of the most disabling medical disorders (Stein, 00). It is regarded as a neuropsychiatric disorder mediated by specific neuronal circuitry and closely related to neurological conditions such as Tourettes syndrome and Sydenhams chorea (Stein, 00). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by intrusive thoughts or images (obsessions), which increase anxiety, and by repetitive or ritualistic actions (compulsions), which decrease anxiety (Stein, 00).Obsessions are defined as recurrent and persistent distressing thoughts, impulses or images, not due to real-life worries alone, that cannot be suppressed or ignored by these patients and that are perceived by them as originating from within their own minds (Shusta, 1). An obsession is a passive experienceit happens to the person. A person may be engaged in some activity, like reading a book or driving a car, when the obsession intrudes

into their consciousness disrupting their normal thinking or behavior (Silva & Rachman, 18). Compulsions are defined as repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to (Shusta, 1). The behaviour is not an end in itself, but is usually intended to prevent some event or situation (Silva & Rachman, 18). No pleasure is derived from carrying it out, although it provides a release of tension or a feeling of relief in the short term (Silva & Rachman, 18).

Distiungishing OCD from other disorders

Obsessions and compulsions should not be confused with the inflexible character traits that comprise obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (Stein,

00). Obsessive-compulsive or stereotypic symptoms are an intrinsic component of many disorders, including autism, Tourettes syndrome, and frontal lobe lesions (Stein, 00). Patients with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder but a family history of Tourettes can have neurobiological dysfunction more similar to Tourettes than to primary obsessive-compulsive disorder (Stein, 00). Some disorders have such closely related habits that it

is unclear which disorder is really taking place. Dan Stein writes

Although the distinction between axis I (eg, a syndrome such as obsessive-compulsive disorder) and II (eg, a personality disorder such as obsessive-compulsive personality disorder) disorders is unclear at times, the obsessions and compulsions of obsessive-compulsive disorder differ qualitatively from obsessive-compulsive personality traits such as perfectionism and overconscientiousness. Similarly, despite the occasional overlap, the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder differ clearly from the fears and worries seen in other anxiety disorders, from the actions characteristic of mood disorders, and from the delusionns of psychotic disorders (Stein, 00).

Some disorders will overlap with one another. Disorders that overlap with obsessive-compulsive disorder are postulated to lie on an obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum of conditions (Stein, 00). Freud postulated that there was a spectrum from obsessive-compulsive personality to obsessive-compulsive neurosis to psychosis (Stein, 00). More recently, attempts to characterize the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum have emphasised neurobiological findings, including neurogenetic approaches in which obsessive-compulsive disorder might be related to Tourettes, pharmacotherapeutic dissection approaches that emphasise the range of disorders that respond selectively to serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and neuroanatomical approaches that postulate a spectrum of striatal disorders (Stein, 00). Another approach has been to highlight the distinction between compulsive and impulsive disorders (Stein, 00). Compulsive disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder are characterised by exaggerated harm concerns, impulsive disorders involve underestimation of risk, and some disorders such as Tourettes have both compulsive and impulsive features (Stein, 00).

OCDs effect on life

The most frequent symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder are contamination concerns with consequent washing, or concerns about harm to self or others with consequent checking (Stein, 00). To be clinically

significant, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder must be accompanied by marked distress and dysfunction (Stein, 00). Subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms are not uncommon, and are seen during the course of normal development (Stein, 00). Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, however, can cause substantial impairment, including severely affected quality of life (Stein, 00). Patients with OCD may also have to face pharmacotherapy and behavioral instructions. One notes that these patients were far more consistent and compliant with pharmacotherapy than they were with behavioral instructions. Although no definitive statement can be made about this difference in compliance, it is our hypothesis that complying with medications requires far less of an investment of time and effort than does compliance with behavior therapy (Yaryura-Tobias, Anderson, & Neziroglu, 000). Symptoms of OCD can differ in people depending on many different factors or things that go on in there

life. Dan Stein explains one way in which they can differ

Symptoms do, however, differ in patients with and without tics, perhaps pointing to psychobiological differences. Although patients generally recognise the excessiveness of their symptoms, their insight is varied and some are judged as having poor insight. Lack of insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms might be associated with frontal lesions. Patients with obsessional slowness could have another type of obsessive-compulsive disorder characterised by a greater degree of neurological impairment. (Stein, 00).

Brain organicity may cause personality disorders conducive to anancastic thinking and behavior, irritability, mental or physical hyperkinesia, or other

changes observed in abstract thinking (Goldstein, 151).

Theories of what causes OCD

There are a wide variety of theories of what causes OCD. One of the first was the connection between OCD and organic lesion was first postulated by Gadelius in 186, who implied cerebral cortical and subcortical damage existed in patients (Yaryura-Tobias, Anderson, & Neziroglu, 000). The earliest indication that obsessive-compulsive disorder is mediated by specific neuronal circuits probably came from work showing an association between postencephalitis parkinsonian and obsessive-compulsive symptoms together with striatal lesions (Stein, 00). Advances in brain imaging have, however, provided the most persuasive neuroanatomical data for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In some studies, structural imaging has shown abnormalities such as decreased volume or increased grey matter density in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits (Stein, 00). In another article, about OCD and handwriting, nearly a year before Stein made nearly the same remark stating that brain imaging and other studies have shown the involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuits in OCD (Stein, 001). The researchers found that OCD patients have significant impairments in certain features of handwriting, such as a lower peak velocity (a measure of bradykinesia), micrographia, and shortened acceleration phase per stroke and that these impairments correlate with severity of OCD symptoms (Stein, 001). Functional imaging has consistently shown that obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by increased activity in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate, and striatum at rest, and especially during exposure to feared stimuli (Stein, 00). Other regions of the brain might also play a part in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Stein, 00). For example, temporal dysfunction has been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and there is some evidence of amygdala involvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Stein, 00). One cortico-striatal-

thalamic-cortical neurotransmitter system that could be especially important in mediation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in some patients is dopamine (Stein, 00). Early work suggesting that obsessive-compulsive disorder has a familial component has been confirmed by more recent rigorous studies in which investigators used structured diagnostic interviews of probands and controls

(Stein, 00). Stein go further into his view of CSTC breaking it down into three observational steps of how CSTC circuits cause OCD.

Perhaps obsessive-compulsive disorder results from an inability to inhibit procedural strategies mediated by cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits from intruding into consciousness. Such a view is consistent with three observations. First, the limited number of symptom themes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and their apparent evolutionary importance. Second, dysfunction of cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder, with activation of temporal rather than striatal regions during implicit cognition. And third, the role of the serotonin system in

cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits, since the serotonin system is thought to play an important part in mediation of inhibitory processes (Stein, 00).

There is a confluence of thought that implicates defined pathways or connections between prefrontal lobes, cingulate gyri, basal ganglia and thalamus as being involved with obsessive compulsive disorder (Anton, 000).

Brain imaging studies on patients with obsessive compulsive disorder show reduced pre-frontal lobe activity and enhanced basal ganglia activity (Anton, 000). At the University of Florida, a study may settle once and for all the question of whether common strep infections are linked to OCD or tics in some children (TB & Outbreaks Week, 00). Researchers say that a possible link between strep and OCD has prompted the UF and the U.S.Mational Institute of Mental Health to discover whether these infections in children are truly linked (TB & Outbreaks Week, 00).

Treatment and Therapies

Although acute episodes of obsessive-compulsive disorder have been documented, the illness is generally chronic (Stein, 00). Furthermore, obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with substantial direct and indirect

costs, which are compounded by an absence of recognition, and by underdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment (Stein, 00). Few investigators have done fixed-dose studies of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and these have not always yielded similar conclusions. Nevertheless, a general impression, supported by clinical consensus, is that a serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial of long duration (10-1 weeks) and high dose (increasing gradually, at -4 weekly intervals, to maximum recommended dose) should be prescribed (Stein, 00). Although response to treatment does not necessarily imply remission of symptoms, it could be associated with a large improvement in quality of life (Stein, 00). The best evidence for augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors is for low doses of dopamine blockers; earlier

work was undertaken with traditional neuroleptics and more recent work has confirmed the value of better tolerated new generation antipsychotic agents in adults (Stein, 00). A recent study about several months ago showed a way of

treatment. The study group implanted subthalamic electrodes to alleviate parkinsonian symptoms in two patients who had Parkinsons disease and a history of severe OCD (Mallet, 00). Parkinsonian disability improved postoperatively in both patients andweeks after the prodedure, their

complusions had disappeared and obsessive symptoms improved (58% improvement for one patient and 64% for the other on the Yale-Brown obsessive complusive scale) (Mallet, 00). Because the electrodes were implanted medially to the lateral hypothalamus, which is known to regulate emotions, they couldnt exclude the possibility that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus contributed to the change in their patients behaviours (Mallet, 00). However, even though the intensity of the stimulation was moderate and not applied directly to the lateral hypothalamus, they believe that the improvement of OCD symptoms in their patients was probably mediated by the subthalamic nucleus (Mallet, 00).Psychoanalytical treatment for obsessive-compulsive neurosis was suggested by Freud, and for a long time was thought to be an effective approach to management (Stein, 00). However, despite the contribution of investigators in delineation of the characteristics and psychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, at present, insufficient data support use of psychoanalytical treatment (Stein, 00). Behavioural therapy was the first psychotherapy for

which careful empirical support was obtained, and is useful in obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults and children (Stein, 00). Cognitive interventions might also have a role in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Stein,

00). Consensus ratings suggested that several belief domains are important in obsessive-compulsive disorder, including inflated responsibility; overimportance of thoughts; excessive concern about the importance of controlling thoughts; and overestimation of threat (Stein, 00). In practice, a cognitive-behavioural approach is often used, administered individually or in groups, with the contexts ranging from self-help computer instruction through to treatment in an intensive care unit (Stein, 00). Because symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder

can greatly affect the patients family, assessment of such an effect and inclusion of the patients partner or family in development of a treatment strategy would seem appropriate in some cases (Stein, 00). Unfortunately, few

investigators have assessed how best to sequence or combine

pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (Stein, 00).Combinations of antidepressants have been useful in some studies of adults (controlled) and children (uncontrolled). Various augmenting agents from

other classes (eg, lithium, buspirone, pindolol, inositol) have also been assessed in controlled trials of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder, but to date, findings

have been negative or inconsistent. In patients resistant to treatment, several monotherapy and augmentation approaches can be considered, but to date perhaps most data support use of intravenous clomipramine in adults (Stein,

00). With all these different forms of treatment and therapies still some are treatment refractory. Though pharmacological and/or behavioral interventions

have proven highly effective, 0 to 0% of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) population is treatment refractory (Yaryura-Tobias, Anderson, & Neziroglu, 000). Although it is certainly premature to make any causal

statements about the relationship between brain abnormalities and treatment-resistant OCD patients, clinicians will want to explore the possibility of organic

involvement if they see patients who are indifferent to their illness, are treatment resistant, lack motivation, have rigid and concrete thinking, are nonanxious, or

are nondepressed (Yaryura-Tobias, Anderson, & Neziroglu, 000).Unfortunately, many patients with OCD fail to respond to clomipramine or SSRI therapy (Shusta, 1). Various permutations of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy

have been used, some with considerable success (Shusta, 1).

Conclusion

OCD is a very serious disorder that is becoming more and more open to the American public. It is not to be taken lightly. Although many treatments and therapies are out there nothing is one hundred percent prove to work yet. This disease henders the six million people that suffer from it and I hope this paper opens the eyes of others to this disease.

Work Citied

Anton, Raymond F. ( 000) Obsessive-compulsive aspects of craving development of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale. Addiction, 08/10/000, Vol. 5 Issue 8 supp , (pp. 11)

Goldstein, K. (151). La structure de lorganism [The structure of the organism]. Paris Gallimard.

Mallet, Luc; Mesnage, Valrie; Houeto, Jean-Luc; Pelissolo, Antoine; Yelnik, Je;rme; Behar, Ccile; Gargiulo, Marcella; Welter, Marie-Laure; Bonnet,

Anne-Marie; Pillon, Bernard; Cornu, Philippe; Dormont, Didier; Pidoux, Bernard; Allilaire, Jean-Francois; & Agid, Yves (00). Compulsions, Parkinsons disease, and stimulation. Lancet. 10/6/00, Vol. 60 Issue 4, (pp. 10)

Neziroglu, Fugen & Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A. (11). Over and Over Again. Lexington, Massachusetts Lexington Books.

Shusta, Shielagh R. (1). Successful Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, Summer, Vol. 5 Issue , (pp. 77).

Silva, Padmal de & Rachman, Stanley (18). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder The Facts. Oxford Oxford University Press.

Stein, Dan J. (001) Handwriting and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet, 8/18/001, Vol. 58 Issue 81, (pp. 54).

Stein, Dan J. (00) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 8//00, Vol. 60 Issue 0, (pp. 7).

UF researchers probe possible strep link. (00) TB & Outbreaks Week, 11/1/00, (pp. 1).

Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A.; Anderson, Mark C.; Neziroglu, Fugen A. (000) Organicity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Behavior Modification, Sep000,

Vol. 4 Issue 4, (pp. 55).

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Employee Consultation

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HRM 40 - Employee Relations and Employment Law

Consultant Report

Collective Consultation

Submission Date May 00

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Contents

1.INTRODUCTION

.THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ACT (1)

.THE INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION DIRECTIVE4

4.TRADE UNIONS6

5.WHAT EFFECT WILL THE REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATIONS HAVE?7

6.CONCLUSIONS

7.RECOMMENDATIONS10

8.BIBLIOGRAPHY14

1.Introduction

1.1As Employee Relation Consultants, the purpose of this report is to advise Healthcare Professionals Ltd, a body representing employers in the health sector, of the result of changes to law relating to the collective consultation of employees.For this reason, the implications of the Employment Relations Act (1) and the Information and Consultation Directive will be discussed.

1.For the purposes of this report, the industry being advised is the Health Service, which at present recognizes many Trade Unions locally varying on the type of service being covered.The report discusses the relevant items from the legislation and regulations that will affect the Health Service.

.The Employment Relations Act (1)

.1The majority of the requirements of this Act form part of a group of reforms to employment law and trade union law outlined in the Governments White Paper, Fairness at Work, published in May 18.With regards to employee consultation the Act details new statutory procedures for the recognition and derecognition of trade unions for collective bargaining. This applies when unions and employers are unable to reach agreement voluntarily.

A large part of the Act consists of amendments to the Trade Unions and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1 and the Employment Rights Act 166.

.The Act was last reviewed in February 00, with no major changes for employers. The review focused largely on the statutory trade union recognition procedures introduced by the Act and concluded that these are operating smoothly and there is no case for reforming the central features of the legislation. The review does however propose a number of amendments, including providing earlier access rights to unions in recognition cases.

The statutory trade union recognition process was found to have been remarkably successful with approximately about three times as many voluntary union recognition agreements as statutory claims. This is, perhaps, unsurprising since the statutory process is tilted in favour of recognition.

.The Information and Consultation Directive

.1OnMarch 00, the Information and Consultation Directive (Directive 00/14/EC), was approved.The Directive establishes a framework for national information and consultation arrangements and will apply to all UK undertakings with at least 150 employees or establishments with at least 100 employees.The Directive gives new rights to employees to be informed and consulted about a range of business and employment issues.The UK Government has until March 005 to translate this into UK law.

By March 005, legislation to comply with the Information and Consultation Directive comes into force. The proposed Information and Consultation Directive, which establishes a general framework setting out minimum requirements for the right to information and consultation of employees in undertakings or establishments within the European Community, comes into force.

.For the purpose of the directive the following definitions are provided

•Information - the transmission by the employer to the employees representatives of data in order to enable them to acquaint themselves with the subject-matter and to examine it and

•Consultation - the exchange of views and establishment of dialogue between the employees representatives and the employer.

.The Directive should ensure that employees are consulted prior to decisions that seriously affect them. The courts will be likely to take a very dim view for instance of closure decisions announced to the press in advance of consultation with the workforce. The Directive will require employers to facilitate wide-ranging disclosure of information and consultation with employee representatives with a view to reaching agreement on changes in terms and conditions of employment and work organisation. Consultation will no longer be a cosmetic exercise, as it has been for some employers in the past, and must be carried out in such a way as to allow representatives to influence managements decision.

.4The Information and Consultation Directive brings about increased employee rights on various issues thus prevent employers from announcing changes that left their employees severely disadvantaged due to lack of prior consultation even with the presence of recognised Trade Unions.Recent high profile organizations who have left their staff in such a position include Corus Streel, Marks and Spencer, Rover and Royal Mail.

.5The Commission will, in consultation with the member states and the social partners at Community level, review the application of the Directive with a view to proposing any necessary amendments no later thanMarch 007.

4.Trade Unions

4.1The Employment Relations Act represents and attempts to find a middle way between the extreme action in the 170's and the then government's anti-union policies.The Act has a major impact on two areas the right to strike and trade union recognition. 'Trade union recognition' means the recognition of the union by an employer for the purposed of collective bargaining.Trade unions were first given a legal right to recognition in 171, in legislation, which was rejected by the unions.The second attempt was the Employment Protection Act 175, which created a cumbersome procedure whereby ACAS would ultimately decide whether a union should be recognised or not.Following a number of bitter recognition disputes, this right was abolished by the Conservative government in 180.

4.From 180 to 1, trade unions had the right to be recognised but where it was, it had limited rights as a result.A union is recognised where they have been given the right to negotiate on terms and conditions of employment, physical working conditions, hiring, firing and suspension, discipline, trade union membership or trade union facilities.

As is the norm in British employee relations (Farnham 17), multi-union recognition is the common in the National Health Service which recognises and works very closely with trade unions when making changes that will affect its employees.

5.What effect will the regulations and legislations have?

5.1The Employment Relations Act sets out a procedure whereby a trade union can obtain compulsory recognition.This applies to all employers with at least 1 workers.Where a union is seeking recognition the Act focuses on the 'bargaining unit', which is the workers who will be considered in relation to recognition.The Act sets out a procedure for the bargaining unit to be agreed between the employer and the union.Failing that, the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC), a body with members appointed by the Secretary of State from both side of industry, will decide.The bargaining unit will include workers in different locations, i.e. various hospitals and clinics and of different characteristics, grades and levels of management (i.e. nursing, ancillary, admin and clerical staff etc) and will clearly have an effect on the support a union can obtain and the results of any ballot.

Once the bargaining unit is agreed, the trade union has the opportunity to show that more than 50% of the bargaining unit are members and, if so, will automatically gain recognition, unless the CAC think that it is in the interests of good industrial relations, or for certain other limited reasons, to have a ballot.In any case other than automatic recognition, the CAC must decide whether the union has membership of at least 10% of the bargaining, at which point it will appoint an independent person to run a secret ballot.If recognition is to be gained the ballot must result in the union being supported by the majority of workers voting of whom at least 40% are workers in the bargaining unit.If unsuccessful, the union cannot make another application recognition for a further three years.

If the union achieves recognition, it can then agree with the employer the method by which they will conduct collective bargaining, if they cannot agree, the CAC will specify the method by which the parties must do so.Hence compulsory recognition has been criticised as toothless, the only remedy available to the trade union being a court order for specific performance.

5.The implementation of the Information and Consultation Directive provides trade unions with an opportunity to establish stake in workplaces, and if implemented carefully, could compliment the trade union recognition procedures and thereby give unions a stronger voice.The UK has until January 005 to implement the directive for organisations with more than 150 employees; until 007 for those with more than 100; and until 008 for those with 50 or more.The Directive will require the introduction of legislation whereby employers will be required to provide information about the business's activities, and consult on any measures which will threaten employment, and about decisions likely to lead to substantial changes in work organisation or contractual relations.Failure to comply with these obligations should be met by sanctions that are 'effective, proportionate and dissuasive'.These are minimum standards that can be improved upon and adapted to the British experience. But they need not be implemented in a grudging and minimalist way.The legislation should specify the purposes for which information and consultation must take place.

There are nevertheless a number of concerns, which will have to be overcome if the full value of the Directive is to be realised in the British context.The assumption is that it is to be an effective channel for the communication of information to workers' representatives, and an effective channel for worker consultation.

6.Conclusions

6.1In the 180's the NHS went through a period of major change in its consultative and negotiating arrangements below national level from which a number of developments are clearly recognizable.The 150 concept of a standard formula for the NHS has gone, and it has been increasingly recognised that individual Health Trusts and Authorities have developed ways appropriate to their own circumstances.

It is already clear that these ways involve considerable variation in structure, in operation and, more importantly, in the degree to which they formally extend and develop the role of staff side representatives.Genuine collective bargaining has now been recognised and established within the NHS at operational level.

6.The complexities of the Employment Relations Act create a legal minefield for unions to negotiate to achieve recognition.It was such complexities that led to the breakdown of the previous legislation on recognition, whereas the government's intent in their Fairness at Work White Paper was to create a procedure that was 'simple, clear and quick', but whether this has been achieved is open to question.Nevertheless there is little doubt that the Employment Relations Act 1 contributed to the increase in trade unions seeking recognition as employers worked out they would be worse off if the union pursued a statutory claim.Therefore have many employers have done voluntary deals in the hope of getting a collective bargaining process they can live with.

6.Effectively the Information and Consultation Directive will mean that in all forms of business activity from day to day decisions to situations such as redundancy and closure, employers will be increasingly obliged to inform and consult with employee representatives with a view to reaching an agreement.

In future, employees will have the right to be

ɨInformed about the business's economic situation;

ɨInformed and consulted about employment prospects; and

ɨInformed and consulted about decisions likely to lead to substantial changes in work organisation or contractual relations, including redundancies and transfers.

There are three possible stages to the requirement to inform and consult.Firstly, 'information' must include and cover the recent developments of the business and economic situation.There must secondly be both information and consultation on any measures that are envisaged, especially when this will result in significant changes to the work organisation on in contractual relations.Finally in matters such as sale or redundancy, consultation must be conducted with a view to coming to some agreement.

7.Recommendations

7.1In order to make the transition from current state to compliance with the Information and Consultation Directive as smooth as possible, initiatives, precautions and possible practices to ensure adherence to the current legislation and law in force should be taken. It is strongly advisable that employee participation and employee voice schemes should be actively encouraged to take place over the next few years.

The following recommendations are split into two parts.The first part seeks to advise on how to comply with the legislation with regards to collective consultation, and the second suggests ways in which to improve the communication channels across the Health Trusts.In the second section ways to inform employees are discussed.These are particularly important in non-unionised organisations.

7.1.1Redundancies

If a Health Trust is planning on making more than 0 people redundant within 0 days, it is likely that there is a need to collectively consult.0 days consultation is required is the workforce is to be reduced by more than 100, however asking for voluntary redundancy will not speed up the process even in cases where all redundancies are taken voluntarily.

The staff being made redundant will need to be from the same establishment for collective consultation to apply.Deciding on what an establishment is can be difficult as there are not firm rules.This may mean a particular clinic, hospital or site.

In some Health Trusts, various services may be shared across neighbouring Trusts but located in only one.Collective consultation also only applies if the redundant staff are employed by the same employer.Where there are different employers putting forward plans of redundancies, each one must propose to make more than 0 redundancies for the collective consultation obligation to stand.

It is possible to avoid collective consultation by making staff redundant in groups of less than 0, however, this is not looked upon favourably by tribunals.

7.1.Costs

As costs in the NHS are always an issue, with budgets tight and funding limited, a Trust may find it more cost effect to start consultation and give the employee their dismissal notice after about a week, as consultation can take place during the notice period.The notice can be retracted if the consultation determines that an employee will not be made redundant after all.

7.1.Who to consult

The NHS currently recognises many trade unions already therefore, when redundancies are planned, the concerned Trust should simply consult these recognised trade unions so that consultation may begin immediately.In the rare instances where no trade union is recognised, some other form of employee consultation should be consulted with.In such cases it is important to look at the suitability of the forum and the reason as to why it was initially set up as well as the staff it represents.In cases where this representation is not appropriate, the Trust should seek to elect staff representatives.In the instances where a group of employees are only partially represented by a trade union, the Trust should take steps to consult with the employee representative also.

Once collective consultation is completed, the Trust should then seek to consult individually with each employee affected.

7.1.4What to consult on

Consultation should be held with a view to reaching an agreement, even though this may not happen.Items to be covered should include whether redundancies can be avoided (if this is the subject matter), if the number of people affected can be reduced, the selection procedure to be adopted and in appropriate circumstances, how much compensation will be received by employees.

7.1.5How to consult

Employee representatives should be provided with the information required in a form that enables them to give it adequate consideration.The Health Trust should then allow the representative to put forward a response to its proposals in sufficient time to allow for dialogue in relation to the process.

7..1Communication

With the NHS Plan coming into to action in 001, the Health Service has been very efficient and active in communicating with its employees.This will be key when the directive comes into force and below are some further suggestions of how communications channels can be maintained.These are vitally important to non-unionised organisations in particular.

Notice boardsThis is a cost effective way of instantly getting messages across to employees.It is important to remember that although email is wide spread throughout the Trusts, there are many people who either do not have access to it or are not able to use email. This method is however ineffective if placed in a bad position and is cluttered and not maintained.

Letters to employeesThis method is useful in transferring information to employees on a single important topic.Circulation is either internal, by attachment to payslips or by posting it directly to the employees home.

Newsletters, Bulletins and Briefing notesThis is a good way of keeping employees up to date with changes happening in the Trust.Many Trusts have newsletters in circulation already keeping their staff up to date and informed of important matters and staff open meetings that are occurring.

7..Interactive Communication

MeetingsThere should be regular departmental and Directorate meetings held, allowing information to flow bottom-up as well as top-down.Meetings are a basic way of communicating and passing on information to staff.They can provide a forum for staff to raise issues of immediate concern to them.

Briefing/Discussion GroupsThe advantage of briefing groups is that they enable supervisors to take on the role of workgroup communicators.They also provide staff with a 'safe' environment amongst people they know to allow genuine two-way communication.

Conferences/SeminarsThese are meetings of selected employees who come together to discuss a particular issue/problem. The emphasis of these is placed on questioning and group discussion.

Quality CirclesConsisting of a group of people within an organisation, a quality circle is where the objective is to identify, analyse and solve problems on quality, productivity and other aspects of everyday working life.

No one way of communication will be sufficient to accommodate for anyone organisation, nor will all be necessary to implement.Each organisation is different as will the culture be, and this will be reflected in the communication channels chosen to use.

8.Bibliography

Books

•Bosanquet, N. (17) Industrial Relations in the NHSa search for a system. Pitman Press Bath

•Ewing, K. D. & Hendy J. (Editors) (00) A Charter of Workers' Rights.The Institute of Employment Rights, London

•Farham, D. (17) Employee Relations in Context. Institute of Personnel and Development, London

•Hollinshead, G., Nicholls, P. & Tailby, S (00) Employee Relations (nd Ed) Prentice Hall, Financial Times. Essex

•Mailly, R., Dimmock, S. J. & Sethi, A. S. (18) Industrial Relations in the Public Services. Routledge.London

Publications

•Personnel Today. "Legal Questions and Answers Collective Redundancies" by Sarah Howlett. 5th February 00

•Health Law Bulletin Number 58 (April 1) Beachcroft Stanleys Solicitors

Websites

•www.dti.gov.uk/er/erareview.htm- Review of the Employment Relations Act. February 00.

•www.legal500.com - "Information and Consultation Directive Published" Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. April 00

•http//www.partnership-at-work.com/eunat1.html (April 00)

•http//www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/archiveitem.asp?id=86(April 00)

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Nz wines

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on nz wines. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality nz wines paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in nz wines, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your nz wines paper at affordable prices !The New Zealand wine industry was still in its infancy in 14, when Yugoslavian immigrant Ivan Yukich planted his first vineyard. He called it Montana, meaning mountain, after its location in the Waitakere Ranges west of Auckland. Thirty years later his two sons used the same name when they founded their wine company and started producing what soon became the trendsetting wines in New Zealand.

Looking for a greater grape resource, Montana Wines played a key role in the development of Gisborne, on the eastern tip of the North Island, as a premium winemaking region. This coincided with a concerted effort to increase the quality of the wines produced.

In 17 Montana took the bold step of planting the first commercial vineyard in the traditional sheep-farming region of Marlborough, on the Northeast corner of the South Island. It proved to be an inspired choice, as was Montanas decision to grow Sauvignon Blanc. Marlborough has since become New Zealands main viticultural region, with Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc undoubtedly the countrys signature wine on the international market.

Montana also entered the Hawkes Bay viticulture region when the company bought the historic Church Road winery near Napier, some 00 km south of Gisborne on the east coast of the North Island. At this small winery, Montana is pushing the boundaries to create exquisite boutique wines.

Cheap University Papers on nz wines

With vineyards and wineries in all three major grape-growing areas of New Zealand, Montana produces an extensive range of premium still wines. Montanas finishing winery and bottling facility in its original hometown of Auckland packages all the wines and completes the winemaking for the companys internationally acclaimed mthode traditionnelle wines, Lindauer and Deutz.

While Montana has long been the most enjoyed wine in New Zealand, the international market is showing increasing interest in the distinctive qualities of these wines. Montana wines are already sought out by wine lovers in more than thirty countries, while the United States is getting to know the wines under the name Brancott Vineyards.

In November 000, Montana purchased Corbans Wines, enabling the enlarged company to extend its grape resource, achieve greater economies of scale and optimise opportunities in international markets.

At the moment Montana is energetically extending its vineyard resource and further honing the winemaking expertise available to the company. These steps are yielding outstanding results. The new Pinot Noir, in particular, is giving every indication of rivalling Montanas greatest successes of the past.

Management

Management Culture

Growing world class competitiveness at Montana

Nearly half a century ago, Montana Wines was little more than a small family vineyard, founded upon a field of dreams, high up in the Waitakere Ranges. Its owners, the Croatian Yukich family, aptly named their slice of Kiwi paradise Montana, meaning mountain, and set about pioneering the production of some of the countrys early wines.

Montana Wines is the countrys leading winemaker, ranked as the number one selling New Zealand wine company in both the domestic and export markets. A perennial pioneer in the wine business, the company was the first winemaker to trail blaze the planting of commercially grown grapes in Marlborough. Its vines now reach across the nations three major grape-growing regions Marlborough, Gisborne and the Hawkes Bay. Everyone, it seems, knows the companys wines regularly win top prizes at international competitions. Fewer people realise it employs a total of 600 staff and boasts an annual turnover of $05 million, having attained success beyond anything old Ivan Yukich could have imagined.

So how has Montana grown its world-class competitiveness? It planted a culture, tended it well and is now reaping a bountiful harvest. Growing a successful wine company depends on growing a successful company culture, says Montanas plant manager, Les Evans. For a number of years, weve put a lot of emphasis on developing the staffs values, attitudes and beliefs, as well as helping them develop the technical skills they needed to do their jobs.

Developing a culture involved Montana identifying how it wanted to do business. First up, the company decided its structure should be as informal as possible. Youll rarely see Montanas managing director, Peter Hubscher, winner of the Deloitte / Management Magazine 1 Executive of the Year Award, in a tie, for example. Open neck collars are de rigueur at all Montanas workplaces. Peters management style is one of openness and accessibility. Because of peoples closeness to Peter, decisions can be made and quickly put into action, says Les.

Its a style which promotes a flexible working environment where staff thrive on taking personal responsibility for their activities. Work tasks and projects are carried out by the employees best able to accomplish them - not necessarily by those with the loftiest titles or biggest salaries. If theres a job to be done, we dont have a lot of formal bureaucracy to wade through first. We simply bring the necessary people together and let them get on with it.

The attitude permeates throughout the company. Take this early example of how the companys flat structure has worked to its advantage Several years ago, when Montana amalgamated with another wine producer, the company had to come up with ways to boost the warehouses production by 50 per cent. Traditionally, management would have nutted out how to handle it and then told the staff what to do. Instead, we gave the problem to the people on the warehouse floor and asked them what they thought should be done. We imagined theyd ask for more people and extra forklifts. We were wrong. They came back to us and said we can do it if we organise things a bit better. And they did. They got so much satisfaction from doing that.

Getting people to work together effectively in teams doesnt just happen, of course. The company chooses its staff carefully Job applicants take psychological profile tests before any employment offers are forthcoming. Says Les Besides looking for people with the right skills, we seek team players, people with a degree of assertiveness who like to accept personal responsibility. The Montana culture is an achievement culture.

At the end of the day, its our people who make us competitive. Achieving our goals depends on employing very good people - people with the right values, attitudes and skills.

Once on board, all staff undergo an induction programme and teamwork training, facilitated by Montanas long-time human resource partners, Human Synergistics.

Whats more, everyone learns about wine and the wine industry through the companys in-house, multilevel, staff wine education programme. Dont be fooled into thinking it just imparts factual information on winemaking, says Montanas wine education manager, Mark Polglase. The education programme helps people become an integral part of the business It gives them a sense of ownership and a feel for what the company is about.

That process doesnt end when staff members leave the training room, either. In another example of how Montana engenders a sense of belonging among employees, every staff member has the chance to visit one of the wineries during vintage. Its regarded an experience not to be missed. Employees leave their workplace with overalls and gumboots in tow and head off to a winery for a couple of days to help with the harvest.

Staff return to their jobs with a renewed sense of purpose and understanding of what Montana is all about, says Mark.

Montana places equal weight on forging sturdy, long-living relationships outside the company too. We havent changed any of our major packaging suppliers for many years now, says Les. Weve gone out into the market periodically to test whether were getting good value, but weve chosen to build value in through working with them. Weve formed joint development teams with them so we can work together. If, for instance, the price of materials goes up, were not faced with automatic price hikes Rather we work with them to take out costs wherever we can.

Because we have a very open relationship with our suppliers theyre pretty honest with us about whats happening inside their companies.

We tend not to have formal relationships with suppliers - certainly not sophisticated contracts anyway. More than anything, the way we work with them is about developing products and services to meet our needs.

We value personal integrity very highly. I guess it comes down to a belief that we should largely be able to run our business on a handshake.

Over the years, the Montana name has become synonymous with quality. But once again, its well-earned reputation didnt just magically happen. In the mid 180s Montana made a conscious decision to learn about all aspects of the wine industry from the very best in the world. The search led the company, rather inevitably, to France, and its 500-year-old wine industry. There Montana formed close alliances with two top producers Champagne Deutz, a member of the exclusive Syndicat des Grande Marques champagne houses, and Cordier, a major owner of premium chateaux, or wineries, in Bordeaux.

Says Montanas chief winemaker Jeff Clarke Initially, our French partners top winemakers came out every vintage to help us manage our grapes. And during their vintage, Montanas winemakers would go to France. By forming partnerships with wineries in the Northern hemisphere, we were able to learn from two vintages each year. It wasnt all one-way, of course. We learnt from each other.

We were never interested in copying them. Rather, we wanted to understand the winemaking process better, so that we could take our own ideas, apply that knowledge and experiment to come up with something uniquely New Zealand.

The strategy has paid major dividends. Cordier has helped the company make pinnacle red wines, such as Tom, at the Church Road Winery in Hawkes Bay. And Champagne Deutz winemakers helped the company formulate the techniques to create New Zealands finest mthode traditionnelle wines Deutz Marlborough Cuve, Deutz Blanc de Blanc, Pinot Noir Cuve and, of course, the Lindauer range.

Garnering international expertise in the area of brand marketing has also given Montana a competitive edge. The company works with prestigious designer Maurizio di Robilant of Milan to create its bottle and packaging designs. Its an approach which allows members of Montanas own highly creative design team to pool their expertise with that of their Italian counterparts.

Montana takes the attitude that if something is done with excellence in its field anywhere in the world, the company had better go and find out where and how they do it. Then Montana adds its own brand of Kiwi ingenuity. The result? Superb, world-class wines.

New Zealands Executive of the Year in 1, Peter Hubscher spends as much time in the vineyards and wineries as he does in the companys corporate offices.

The son of Czechoslovakian parents who fled Prague in 18, Hubscher grew up in a household where good food, good wine and good music (his father was a founding member of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra) were much appreciated. He first tasted wine at a very young age and still recalls visiting the homes of his parents Dalmatian friends and enjoying the aromas of their homemade wines.

After finishing school Peter set his sights on becoming a cheese maker and embarked upon a degree in food technology at Massey University in 161. But his plans changed when the legendary Hawkes Bay winemaker Tom McDonald offered him a job as trainee winemaker. Peter spent the next eight years at the winery, becoming intimately involved in every stage of the winemaking process and learning directly from Tom McDonald.

After a period spent travelling Europe, visiting some of the continents great wineries, Peter returned to New Zealand and joined Montana Wines in 17. For the next 17 years he directed the companys winemaking. Inspired by Tom McDonalds quest for the great New Zealand red, Peter convinced the Montana board to invest in Hawkes Bay vineyards. The company later purchased the winery where Peter had first learned his craft, renaming it the Church Road Winery.

In 11 Peter became Montanas managing director, steering the company through a decade-long period of massive expansion. Peter was made a member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 18 for his services to the wine industry. He is also the current chairman of the Wine Institute of New Zealand. A lifelong supporter of the arts and an official advisor to the countrys national arts development agency, Creative New Zealand, Peter has been a driving force in establishing Montanas commitment to the arts.

Montanas motto, In Vino Felicitas et Caritas, translates to, In wine there is happiness and friendship. The company has extended this belief into the business arena, forming mutually beneficial partnerships with other winemakers.

Prominent among these partnerships are two that give Montana the benefit of age-old French winemaking expertise and the opportunity to apply it in a New Zealand context.

The first of these technological partnerships was formed in 187 with the House of Deutz in Champagne. In 10 Montana entered into a similar partnership with another renowned French wine producer, Domaines Cordier in Bordeaux. Both these partnerships have already led to the production of outstanding wines by Montana, based on the French styles.

Montanas European winemaking connection found further expression when the company initiated the New Zealand distribution of not only Deutz and Cordier wines, but those of a select group of other premium producers as well.

In 000, similar partnerships were formed with Australian and American producers, as well as a number of New Zealand boutique wineries.

Bringing Champagne expertise to Marlborough

Montanas technological partnership with Champagne Deutz is geared towards realising New Zealands full potential to produce sparkling wines of exceptional quality. The work of this partnership is centred at the Montana Brancott Winery in Marlborough.

Champagne Deutz was founded in 188 and became a founding member of the Syndicat des Grandes Marques, an exclusive group that includes only the top Champagne houses in France, later in the nineteenth century.

Since forming the partnership with Montana, Champagne Deutz has played an integral part in the viticultural and winemaking developments that have allowed Montana to make world class mthode traditionnelle wines in the Marlborough region. This includes Deutz Marlborough Cuve, Deutz Blanc de Blanc and Deutz Pinot Noir Cuve.

Montana imported specialist equipment, including the only Coquard press in the Southern Hemisphere, to help duplicate many of the techniques used in the Champagne region. Initially a winemaker from Deutz supervised the blending of the base wines from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir grapes in Marlborough. This task is now performed by Montanas own winemakers.

Champagne Deutz was so impressed with the quality and consistency of Montanas mthode traditionnelle wines that the company allows the Deutz name to be used on the New Zealand label.

The alliance between Montana and Champagne Deutz also benefits Montanas other sparkling wines, including the highly successful Lindauer range.

Enhancing the sophistication of Hawkes Bay red wines

In 10 Montana entered into a technological partnership with Domaines Cordier to further develop the quality of Montanas red wine. The Church Road Winery in Hawkes Bay became the focus of the association between Cordier and Montana.

Founded in 1886, Cordier is one of the largest negociants in Bordeaux, France. Cordiers technical director, Georges Pauli has worked with Montana since 11 to develop red wine of excellent quality at the Church Road Winery. New measures introduced as a result of Paulis involvement included selecting new vineyard sites, adopting different viticultural methods, installing six 18,000 litre oak cuves and refining existing winemaking techniques.

The results have been most impressive. Church Road red wines have evolved to become riper, richer and more complex. While the success of the partnership can already be measured in the acclaim that the wines receive, further research and development continues.

New Zealand Wine Partners

Boutique wines complement Montanas range

In 000 Montana embarked on a strategy to further improve its service to New Zealand retailers, restaurants and specialist resellers by offering selected wine from other leading New Zealand winemakers.

To this end, Montana formed partnerships with five boutique wineries whose products complement the companys own portfolio.

Montanas New Zealand agency partners are Waiheke Vineyards from Aucklands Waiheke Island (producers of Te Motu Cabernet Merlot), CJ Pask from the Gimblett Road area of Hawkes Bay, Wither Hills and Lawsons Dry Hills from Marlborough, as well as Babich Wines, with vineyards in Auckland, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay and Marlborough.

The distribution agreements with these wineries add 4 different wines to the selection Montana can offer our trade customers throughout New Zealand.

International Partners

Bringing a world of wine to New Zealand

Montanas partnerships with Deutz and Cordier created a wonderful opportunity to introduce wines from these producers in the New Zealand market. Importing wines from top European producers exposes New Zealand wine lovers to the classic wine styles that lay the foundation of world wine culture.

Currently Montanas catalogue of French wines includes prominent producers from major European wine regions - Louis Latour from Burgundy, Schlumberger from Alsace, Mas de Daumas Gassac from the Languedoc and Delas from the Rhne. Italys famed Tuscany region is represented by Frescobaldi and Portugals signature wine by Barros port.

In 000 Montana added wines from South Australias Tatachilla Winery and Californias Sterling Vineyards to its international catalogue.

Montana has a winery in each of three major grape-growing regions of New Zealand, as well as a finishing winery and bottling facility in Auckland.

Having wineries close to the vineyards means that Montana can maximise quality by getting the grapes from the vineyard to the winery with the least possible handling and time delay.

The proximity of the wineries to the vineyards also allows great synergy between winemakers and viticulturists. In each of the regions they work together with the final product in mind, starting with the identification of new sites and the choosing of varieties to plant there, through to co-operation in all aspects of vineyard management, right down to the final decision about when to pick the grapes.

For the viticulturists this has the benefit that they know exactly what it is they should strive to achieve with each variety in every vineyard, while intimate regional knowledge enables the winemakers to make spot-on selections for their base wines. To these they can then apply all the skill, technology and experience at their disposal to create the wine styles most suited to their region.

Owning its own vineyards allows Montana the greatest possible level of control over grape quality and yield, so that the company can harvest grapes with the best flavour and ripeness. Vineyard ownership also provides stability of supply at reduced costs, as well as the flexibility to experiment and innovate as required.

Montanas vineyards are spread throughout Marlborough, Hawkes Bay and Gisborne, the three most important wine-growing areas in New Zealand. Montanas vineyards continue to expand every year. Within each region the sites have been carefully chosen to ensure that a range of soil profiles and mesoclimates provide the diverse resource required to make a wide variety of wine styles. Grape varieties most suited to each region are planted after careful evaluation of individual vineyard sites.

Premium grape production on Montanas vineyards requires the use of the latest viticultural techniques. These include canopy management, irrigation scheduling and computerised monitoring of weather conditions conducive to disease. The companys viticultural research and development programme works closely with scientific organisations on a range of viticultural projects.

All of Montanas vineyards are managed using New Zealands recently developed Integrated Winegrape Production (IWP) programme. The programme has a human and environmental focus and all participating vineyards are independently audited. The measures taken are based on international best practice in relation to environmental integrity and sustainable grape production. Apart from staff and consumer safety considerations, IWP encompasses issues such as environmental health, biodiversity and the preservation of resources such as water, the sustainable and responsible use of sprays and fertiliser, and vineyard management decisions made by appropriately trained staff.

At Fairhall Estate in Marlborough, Montana operates one of the largest grapevine propagating units in New Zealand. It supplies the companys own vineyards and those of contract growers in the country. About 750,000 grafted vines are produced every year for new planting and variety upgrades.

Montana also purchases grapes from numerous contract growers in each of the countrys three main regions. These growers liaise closely with Montana staff, who advise them on all aspects of viticultural production, including yield and quality expectations.

Please note that this sample paper on nz wines is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on nz wines, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on nz wines will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!