A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TODAY'S MANAGERS; THE WORLD WIDE WEB

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The World Wide Web

ABSTRACT

The World Wide Web has been an innovating concept from which many entities haveHelp with essay on A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TODAY'S MANAGERS; THE WORLD WIDE WEB

prospered a great deal. Having a well-constructed strategic plan has been the key

element for managers in the different areas of this vast world, which in turn help them

deal with the ever-changing world of computers, and it's amazing pace. There are many

individuals who have decided to take on the challenge of the Internet without having the

aforementioned strategic plan, in the long run; this has being the essence for their

failure. Many dot-com companies have come and gone from the very beginnings of the

implementation of this Internet concept however the Internet itself remains the same.

The World Wide Web

Introduction

The Internet consists of thousands of connected networks around the world. A

network is a collection of computers that are connected to share information. In

the late 160's the U.S. Defense Department began the Internet as a military

research project. The government created a network that covered a large

geographic area and that could withstand a nuclear attack. If part of the network

failed, information could find a new route around the disable computers. This

network quickly grew to include scientists and researchers across the country and

eventually included schools, businesses, organizations and individuals around the

world.

The World Wide Web is part of the Internet and consists of a huge collection of

documents stored on computers around the world. A Web page is a document on

the Web, this document can include text, images sound and videos. A Web server

is a computer that stores Web pages and makes the pages available on the Web

for other people to view. A Web site is a collection of Web pages maintained by a

college, university, government agency, company, organization or individual.

The World Wide Web 4

This research is intended to prove that the reason why dot-com companies fail is

due to managerial shortcomings. From the omission of a well-rounded strategic

plan to customer relation's pitfalls, the manager is ultimately responsible for the

failure or success of the business, specially those that customer relationship are

from a distance.With statistical data to back up this hypothesis, my intention is

to help any and all individuals that decide to take up on the challenge to become a

manager of your own business via the Internet, to become familiar with the

endless possibilities and or requirements to be successful. There are steps for

creating a successful business on the Internet.

1.Plan what you want to accomplish with your pages.

.Gather information

.Organize the information

4 Edit your information

5.Publish your information

First and foremost, plan what you want to accomplish with your pages. Notice

that I did not say business, but pages. The reason is simple, start with small baby steps

rather than trying to accomplish too much at the beginning, this approach will pay off

later. A strategic plan is crucial for success, but how do I get one? You don't have to be

an expert at the beginning (although it helps) to implement one. Just think of what do you

really want your site to offer to your customers. You need to offer something that is

unique and that people will accept as valuable. This is called utility.

Gather information about your competitors, your customer targeted, or their specific needs, and then try to see how your business can satisfy those needs. Using an analysis that identifies your business strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), to help you see were you are standing. When I use the term business, it also means site, for we are talking about your business on the Internet.

Organizing the information means to try to narrow it down to just the essentials. I will give you an example of a site that did not do that hence it's failure. A new computer site was started and the developers did not foresee that they were offering too many different product assortments, so they continued to provide services. Time passed and the demand became too great for the site to handle, so in term they had to stop providing their services. This is a case were the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied, which is not good for your site.

Editing and publishing your information go hand to hand, but are separate subjects altogether. You need to have someone with a strong grammatical comprehension to review your site before publishing. There is nothing more disturbing to customers that to see that your site is not accurate. Although a disclaimer will alleviate most of your grammatical errors as far as legality is concern, you need to take time to review your site

prior to the publication of the site, which by the way is not an easy task to do.

By giving you a step-by-step analysis of how? And why? dot-com companies do not succeed, I intend to make you (the reader) aware of the fact that a knowledgeable manager is a successful one when it comes to dot-com companies. The process is rather simple, yet so complicated! Why so many dot-com companies have failed? How did they fail? These and many other questions will be answered through this research.

Neither the research nor the findings in these studies have being conducted before, so the empirical data was based on my own findings and or experiences with the World Wide Web as it relates to my own business. I hope that by reading this article some enlightenment will open your horizon if you are interested in any way to pursue a career in the world of the dot-com business.

The World Wide Web 5

Methods

1. The Internet

The quickest way to search on any subject on the Internet is by visiting one of the many search engines that are available. Yahoo for instance, is one of the major ones. Type any word, and if the search engine has a topic related to that word, it will appear right in front of your eyes. When you type domains in yahoo search engine, there will be a reference to thousands and thousands of sites. This information gives you the Uniform Resource Locator or (URL) for the many sites on the Internet.

There are roughly 1.5 million sites for business on the Internet today, yet not all of them are active. That means that not all of them have kept their URL working as their default URL. Sound complicated but it is not, in other words, these businesses are not operating anymore. Type http//www.business4u.com on your computer, and you will see that and ERROR page will appear. This is for two reasons, either the URL is not a valid domain or the URL is no longer the default URL. This concept is very unique for businesses on the Internet. Today you could be running a profitable business but tomorrow, you may not be there at all.

Hackers have seen these phenomena and have taken advantages of the situation. High price items, for instance, may be offered over the Internet on a bogus site, once the sale is final, the hacker would collect the money, and do the process all over again. This practice is unregulated based on the 1st amendment to our constitution, Freedom of Speech. Anybody can publish a site, regardless of the authenticity of it, on the Internet. There is even a site on the Internet that would teach you how to do bogus sites to profit with fast easy money, and it's legal. Due to the legality of it, the site will not be listed.

The best way to conduct a business is to do it ethically, thus I do not approve of an individual or a company that conducts illegal hacker operations to profit from it.

. The library

The book Creating Stores On The Web by Joe Cataudella 1, gives the reader a broad approach before you tackle the Internet Business world, for it is a comprehensive approach as to what to do to be successful in the business."If you are the management type, you might just outsource the entire project, set the goals, pay the expert to build you a killer store, and watch the cash roll in." Some people however live in the real world, so if you would want to learn some fundamentals and dig in a little so that you could keep

costs low, then more power to you. "The best management comes from being able to do the work but choosing, for the compelling reasons, not to."

The World Wide Web 6

The book Customers. COM by Patricia B. Seybold explains to the reader how to create a profitable business strategy for the Internet. This book was published in 18 and was an inspiration for many dot-com companies to follow the outline step-by-step method of implementation for a successful dot-com business. The book even illustrates eight critical success factors with case studies for entrepreneurship in the dot-com world.

There were many other books utilized for the purpose of this research study. All of these books talked about the success of the Internet business but not a single one talked about the failures. For this reason, I utilized statistical data to make inferences to the mean population based from a sample mean.

. Statistics

A sample mean from a population indicates that from the whole population, a researcher would take sample at random from that population to conduct the studies. For a research to be legit, the sample mean must be randomly selected. Biases from the selection process, would hinder the research study results.

The study must be conducted as a double blind study. This means that neither the researcher nor the subjects are aware of their placement in the studies. In other words, they do not know which subjects are part of the control and which ones are parts of the research itself. The control subjects would get placebo from whichever the researcher is inquiring about. This method of research is useful for the authenticity of the research.

To use statistic research on the Internet phenomena for dot-com companies, the double blind study was performed. From the research the Null hypothesis was utilized, and inference about the population mean was obtained.

4. Surveys

A total of 100 people were surveyed via the Internet as part of this research. The data was collected and statistically analyzed. The downfall of the survey always comes from the rate of response to the survey. To motivate people to answer back the survey is not an easy task.Telephonic surveys were utilized as well, with on the spot feedback related to the subject, however, availability of resources for the people surveyed, was not always the most suitable to obtain an empirical response.

The World Wide Web 7

Results

By utilizing the research methods aforementioned herein, I have come to the understanding that, most of the Internet businesses studied herein, which do not follow the techniques aforementioned in the books, have followed the pattern established by dot-com companies that have failed. The managers for the most part, were not involved in the development of the strategic plan for the company or with the everyday decision making process of the company.

STATISTICAL DATA

COMPANIES THAT SUCCEEDCOMPANIES THAT FAILED

Have knowledgeable managersHad no managers

Have Customer Services availableHad no Customer Services

Are Strategically Planed business orientedHad no plan whatsoever

Have conducted a SWOT analysisHad no SWOT analysis on hand

RATE OF RESPONCE

The Null hypothesis of managerial pitfalls was the cause for the failure could not be rejected. The omega value of .005 was utilized for the studies. Statistical programs available through the Internet were utilized to analyze the data. The data was also manually analyzed.The inference was made from the sample mean to apply to the population mean utilizing T tests of statistical analysis, as well as Z scores of statistical analysis.

Telephonic surveys were also analyzed using the same procedure, however, the Null hypothesis could not be rejected nor accepted. This is because the return sample rate of the sample mean was not proportional to the population mean. In other words, by

The World Wide Web 8

not everyone being able to respond the questions due to unavailability of resources, the inference could not be established.

It is important to mention that several sources of information could be misleading in that many of the subjects studied have applied the disclosure clause to their site hence the data could not be analyzed. This means that many site owners or developers would write a disclaimer form in their site to prevent data from being collected. An example disclaimer would look like this

Disclaimer for all Services and or Information presented at this Website

The Company shall have no liability for the services provided or accuracy of the information contained herein, or for delays, misplacements or omissions. The Company shall not be liable for any third-party claims or losses of any nature, including, but not limited to, lost profits, punitive or consequential damages.

Neither the information nor the services provided within these pages are guaranteed to be accurate, nor does the management take responsibility for it. The information comes from many sources and therefore may be wholly unreliable, and the management does not guarantee its suitability for any purpose.

Even though the information and or services contained herein may be completely useless, all rights are retained by The Company, including, but not limited to, the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, and the right of passage.

THE COMPANY SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND SHALL IN NO EVENT BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

By having disclaimers on a site, it is almost impossible to evaluate a site for its authenticity. The example above was extracted from http//www.pricewatch.com. This company has been one of the entrepreneurs in the e-commerce era.The company was established and still operates in San Antonio, TX. Because of the disclaimer contained herein, the data could not be analyzed. Basically, the owner of the site states that they are not responsible for anything that happens on the site.

Maybe that is the reason why this type of study has never being conducted before. You would have to look at the source of the data to evaluate the study. To publish such a study, would take many resources including but not limited to, lawyers, accountants, as

The World Wide Web

well as web designers and business owners. This project sounds like something that Bill Gates would love to do.

As a business owner myself, on the infinite world of the dot-com companies, I can only speculate on what the future may have for my business as well as for the whole industry, yet I can assure you that by being an effective manager with great customer services for my clients, my business would last longer. I have applied the principles and techniques mentioned throughout the paper and to this date, my business is still growing.

I encourage you to look at my site to see if you can follow the concept and my strategic plan that I developed several years ago. I can tell you that my site is customer service oriented and that I tried to provide a service unique in its class. The address is http//www.musicalprice.com.

Discussion

There are several factors that influenced me to conduct this research.For the most part the mere fact that I am an owner of a dot-com company, secondly that I have friends that also own dot-com companies and finally the fact that my very first dot-com company failed because of the same reasons that I am trying to explain in this research. Doing this research have helped me to put closure in one of the chapters of my life that I had not closed until recently.

Why do dot-com companies fail to stay in business?

1.No strategic plan in place

.No customer services

.Fear for the unknown

4.Incapable managers

We have previously discussed, why businesses fail if a strategic plan is not in place.But the concept of customer services we have not yet tackled. Lisa Ford wrote in her book Customer Service Excellence 17, a detailed guide to customer relationship success. The key is that the service "has to be personalized" to each individual customer. How can you do that, if you do not see your customer via the Internet? The answer to that question is the key to a successful dot-com company.

The World Wide Web 10

Remember that the company only survives with customers, and that a happy customer is a loyal one. If your company can provide a service that no other company does, that's your key for success. In economics we call this phenomena utility of value. Each product or service must have a utility for the customer in order for them to buy or continue buying your product or service. A diamond ring has a higher utility of value than water. How can this be possible? Think about it, people would pay thousands of dollars for a diamond ring, yet only one dollar for bottled water. Still they complain that the gas prices are going up, not noticing that they almost pay the same price for water, ironically speaking.

Fear of the unknown is a hindering factor for dot-com companies. I use myself as an example, for not knowing any better, my first dot-com company failed. I still blame others for that, but had I known then what I know now, everything would have been different, I guarantee it! What do I do if a customer has charge backs on the accounts, or if the credit card number is fraudulent, or even what if nobody visits my site. These were many areas for which I had no answer hence the failure of my business.

An incapable manager is one of those touchy subjects. First we must define what an incapable manager is. According to Gustav Berle "managers incapable of performing at a constant productive rate, are incapable managers" In his book Retiring to your own business he emphasizes the importance of a capable manager at all levels of the managerial ladder.

Although not totally proven, an incapable manager at one level must affect the performance of the other managers working for that manager above their level. Can this be proven, statistically speaking, not really. So the only conclusion from this finding must be a cause-effect reaction. But for statisticians, this cause-effect phenomenon is non-existent.The reason is simple, for an effect to be a consequence of a cause; there must be no other factor to influence that cause-effect relation. Lets look at the following example people die because they get older or are there any other causes to that effect, honestly nobody knows. For that reason statisticians would not agree with the cause-effect theory.

From this we can conclude that an incapable manager is not merely the pure reflection of his/her boss, but that might be one of the predominant factors to reach such a conclusion. As a leader of soldiers in the U.S Army, I have encountered this dilemma many times. The Army argues that a soldier is the pure reflection of his/her leader, "show me a weak soldier and I will show you a weak leader" this mentality is very eminent in today's Army.

I do not accept nor do I refuse to entertain the concept mentioned above however complex it may sounds.

The World Wide Web 11

But how does this apply to my Internet business? The answer is that knowledge is power. I am only trying to explain a rather complex metaphor. Do your superiors tarnish your performance in any way? I believe they don't, but I rather take the more popular approach rather than agreeing with statistical data that makes sense to only those who live it. To say that one thing influence another, is to say that there would be no other factors affecting it.

Business on the Internet must be creditable and have a reputation. A good source to find this information is going to view the sources for any Internet site. This information is available as you view the Internet page. Just go to view, source and BINGO. If the information were accredited or even worthy of reviewing the source would tell you. To do this you must also have an understanding of the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). This coded information allows you to view the author's format, data, the collection of data and execution of the data.

You must remember that the data on the Internet itself is free, unless protected by copyrights. This protection is a legal documentation of the authenticity of the data. For example, many sites do not have copyrights, but that does not mean that the data is not legit. The problem here is, when that data is copyright, who did it? There is only one source of copyrights in the U.S. and that's through a government agency.

Many fraudulent individuals have done copyrights without the legality that is involved in the process. Remember that the data on the Internet is free. Once the data is collected, it could be easily reproduce by anyone. Many sites on the Internet sale products and or services that other sites offer for free. In other words, the Internet is a profitable way to do business, provided that managers take advantage of those resources available at the lowest cost possible.

Another problem encountered on the Internet is that, there are too many sites that offer the same products and or services. I see this as the bread and butter of the Internet. A person can research on many items, and only purchase when satisfied that the product meets the expectations. You could use the search engines mentioned before to aide you with your search.

There are sites on the net that even help other sites to become more prosperous. This is a sponsorship program, which has helped many individuals to achieve their financial freedom. Visit http//www.IBM.com and see what they are capable to do for you.

The World Wide Web 1

In conclusion, I have learned that there are many dot-com companies that will fail because lack of knowledge, and out of those who prosper from this intriguing world of the Internet, all of them are a carefully planed and executed idea that has gone through an extensive methodical managerial concept. Dot-com companies need to be aware of their surroundings, and their competitors. The customer should be your number one priority and risk is what is all about.

My grandmother used to tell me that the Bible said "God helps those who help themselves", although I have not yet found exactly were the Bible says that, or even if it is written there, I do believe that in order for a person to be prosperous in any business they must be willing to take risk and more importantly, they need to take the initial step too, otherwise, nothing will ever happen.

A person who does not play lotto cannot expect to become a rich person because of the lottery. You must buy a ticket to participate and to have a chance, if you don't, you don't have a chance.The same principle applies to business.

The World Wide Web

References

Cataudella Joe (1).Creating Stores On The Web (pages 1-6)

Seybold, Patricia B. (18).Customers. Com (pages160-0)

Ford Lisa (000). Customer Service Excellence. (Pages 1-5)

http//www.business4u.com a previous prosperous dot-com corporation that is no longer

prosperous.

Motulsky, Harvey (Dr) Choosing a Statistical Test Intuitive Biostatistics. Chapter 7

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United States: Allies and Enemies Today

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Guns fire, rockets blast, the sounds echo through the air. The ground rumbles as hundreds of tanks storm along. The sky becomes cluttered as dozens of bomber airplanes soar overhead, unloading their "cargo."Thousands civilians run fleeing for their lives.American tanks break through the main defense lines at Baghdad, the capitol city of Iraq.Soon a stream of American soldier's rush into the streets armed with high-powered machine guns, ready to take out anything and everything.Saddam Hussein goes to his last resort.He gives the call.Saddam Hussein prepares to unleash his arsenal of weapons upon the soldiers who are invading his city.It is his only chance; he will not go down without a fight.He fires into the large group of American soldiers.Many American soldiers are taken down yet they keep coming, like a roaring river, into his city.His weapons are no match for the United States power.Saddam Hussein is simply delaying the inevitable.His time is running out.His forces are nearly all wiped out.He has no chance.Iraq is doomed.A full-scale United States invasion is underway.

As far-fetched as it all may seem the possibility of war is very likely.Not only is possible with the country of Iraq, but also with the small Asian country of North Korea, under the control of Kim Jong II. From broken promises to all-out hatred toward U.S. supremacy, America has earned many enemies, in the process upsetting some allies. The two biggest and most troublesome of those enemies as of late are Iraq and North Korea. The United States has become bitter enemies of the two countries since the early 10's. The hatred has begun to rise as of recent. Tension is very high.

The United States is more than willing to use military force against Iraq."Aggression begets counter-aggression" (Rollins). The U.S. feels it should get in and out as soon as possible because of Saddam's arsenal of weapons and most importantly, his apparent willingness to use them. The only thing standing in their way is the U.N and lack of support from their allies. Many countries are pushing to give more time for the U.N. weapons inspectors and to avoid war if possible. The U.S. would like to resort to diplomacy with North Korea.North Korea has nuclear capabilities and that is something the U.S. does not want to have to deal with. North Korea also has a large ally in China to the west. North Korea has tried to blackmail the U.S. in exchange for them dropping their nuclear weapons program. The U.S. has made it very clear it will not fall for it.The U.N. and all of America's allies have become just as big of nuisance as its enemies.Britain is the only country that is showing full-fledged support in military action in the case of a war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq. Many of America's largest allies have said they will not assist the U.S. in any military action. Some countries see-saw back and forth on the matter struggling to make a decision of whether they should help. Many countries feel war is not absolutely necessary.Many countries have also become upset towards George Bush's "tough-guy" image. They feel as if the U.S is bossing them around. That does not settle well with the Europeans.

North Korea is located in the Far East, with China to the north and west, South Korea to the South and Japan to the east.North Korea is a country in a terrible state. Over the past two years over one million North Korean citizens have died because of hunger (Reynolds). The opium production, also known as dope, in North Korea, has skyrocketed. It is estimated that North Korea produces 40 tons of opium a year. As well as that, they also produce several tons of high-quality methamphetamine each year. It has also been reported that North Korea has printed over 10 million dollars worth of fake 100-dollar bills (Kaplan). While his country starves to death Kim Jong II gambles off fake money. Some experts feel that all the criminal corruption in North Korea will bring an end to the current regime (Kaplan). North Korea is a pitiful country. The thought of country such as North Korea possessing nuclear weapons is scary, if anything. North Korea is in no state to be angering the United States, as well as the whole world.

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The United States bad relationship with North Korea goes back to the early to mid 10s.In 1 North Korea and the United States signed a denuclearization agreement. This agreement took place under the Bill Clinton Administration. In the agreement North Korea agreed to cease any nuclear weapons programs and they agreed to only use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, such as domestic energy. In 14, also under the Bill Clinton Administration, North Korea was promised two nuclear reactors.The reactors were to be used for domestic energy needs. North Korea never received the two reactors (Just Saying No). North Korea rightfully has a reason to be upset. To threaten with nuclear weapons is beyond the line though.

In early 00 North Korea removed surveillance equipment from their nuclear plants and began nuclear activity again.North Korea has also begun plutonium production again. Plutonium can be used to make nuclear bombs (Just Saying No). North Korea is believed to be holding nuclear weapons in return for rewards. Many feel as if North Korea is trying to blackmail its enemies. George W. Bush has made it very evident that he will not be blackmailed by North Korea. United States and Asian officials feel that Pyongyang's nuclear gambit could be the most serious threat to global stability today (Omestad). Pyongyang is the capitol city of North Korea.North Korea is believed to have one or two nuclear weapons.One or two is still one or two more than North Korea should have possession of. Bush is trying to gain the support of as many allies as possible.By doing this he hopes to pressure Kim Jong II into disarming himself of his nuclear weapons and abandoning his nuclear weapons projects. North Korea appears to be scared of the United States. They have requested that the United States sign a treaty non-aggression before they even consider talking about disarming with the United States. Even then it does not sound convincing that Kim Jong II will disarm. Some have suggested that North Korea is building up a nuclear arsenal to deter any possible United States attack.George W. Bush has said time and time again that he would like to resort to diplomacy with North Korea. The threat of North Korea using nuclear weapons is too much to risk. As of recent though George W. Bush has made the conflict personal saying, "I have no heart for someone who starves his folks" (Reynolds). It is not smart politics for Bush to make such a conflict personal.All means of diplomacy should be exhausted before any military action is taken against North Korea (Axis of Incoherence).

The results of a war with North Korea would be devastating.The entire Korean Peninsula, as well as the rest of the world would be affected.It would be a terrible disaster.North Korea has displayed willingness to use their weapons as of late also.Some experts predict that any military attack on North Korea would result in a global nuclear disaster (Just Saying No).North Korea must not be allowed to build up a supply of nuclear weapons. A country with as little to lose as them is more likely to use such weapons. North Korea must be disarmed. Diplomacy would be the way of choice, but if not possible force may have to be taken.No matter how it is done, North Korea must not be stripped of its nuclear weapons and if all possible Kim Jong II should be removed from power.Another country the United States must deal with is Iraq.As of recent it has been under scrutiny for possessing or attempting to get a hold of weapons of mass-destruction.With a mischievous leader who likes to play games, Iraq has become quite a thorn in the United States' side; a thorn that needs to be removed.

Iraq is located in the Middle East just north of the Persian Gulf.It has Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the northwest, Jordan to the east, Saudi Arabia to the southeast and Kuwait to the south.Much like North Korea, Iraq is also a country in a terrible state. Its economy is very weak.Their leader is the dictator Saddam Hussein.The United States bad relationship with Iraq goes back to the Persian Gulf War.Much of the country is still in shambles from then.One important aspect of Iraq, and what makes it so valuable, is that it sets on top of one of the largest oil fields in the world.It is suggested that the United States would turn Iraq into its own private pumping station if it were taken over (Tick, Tock).Such an acquisition would be well worth it.The United States reliance on international oil would drop drastically.

If Iraq is so small and all it has is oil, why bother with war?The answer is weapons of mass-destruction.There is no question that Saddam Hussein possesses some of these so-called weapons of mass-destruction and he is most likely attempting to stockpile more.Saddam Hussein kicked out United Nations weapons inspectors before they were able to finish their inspections the first time.In early 00 a unanimous vote allowed a new resolution to send United Nations Inspectors back into Iraq.Just months later, the United Nations sent weapons inspectors back into Iraq.Cooperation by Iraqi officials was at a minimum upon their arrival. Shortly thereafter United Nations weapons inspectors were presented with a 1,000 page report of Iraq's current stockpile of arms.United Nations Chief Inspector, Hans Blix, found the document to lack much information and to be incomplete.Such failures by Iraq only reassure fears that they do indeed possess weapons of mass-destruction.

George W. Bush has said he is "sick and tired of Saddam Hussein's games and deception and time is running out" (Gatehouse).Bush is ready for war.Saddam Hussein, much like Kim Jong II is a threat to global stability. Something has to be done.George W. Bush is more than willing to use military force on Iraq.He has already been given the OK to declare war without seeking any congressional permission.There are already over 100,000 United States troops stationed in the Middle East just waiting for the call.Unlike the last conflict with Iraq, the United States will not stop this time until Saddam Hussein and all his sons are gone.Some suggest George W. Bush is simply cleaning up his daddy's mess (Gatehouse).Saddam without weapons is not Saddam (The Quiet Man's Moment).Saddam Hussein already holds a massive supply of chemical and biological weapons.It has been said that Saddam possesses enough chemical and biological weapons to wipe out the entire world twice.Saddam Hussein used his chemical and biological weapons in the Persian Gulf War and also on the neighboring country of Iran."The problem with Iraq is not oil; it is chemical and biological weapons today and nuclear weapons tomorrow" (Gatehouse). Although Iraq posses a major threat to the Middle East, the United States has been able to find any sound proof or grounds on which to attack Iraq.Even if no proof is found the United States is still, more likely than not, going to attack Iraq.The main reason why there have been no shots fired upon Iraq is purely mechanical not enough forces in place (McGeary et. Al.).Once there are enough United States soldiers deployed in the Middle East it will be only a matter of time before Iraq is invaded.Saddam Hussein is definitely not a man of sound-mind.To say he was dumb would be a false statement though.Hussein knows that if he uses his weapons against any enemies it will be the end of him and Iraq.If Iraq is attacked though, Saddam will unleash whatever weapons he has upon the invading United States troops.He will not have anything to lose.George W. Bush is very persistent in saying diplomacy is the best way, yet with Iraq he is giving diplomacy no chance at all.Bush is war-hungry and he wants Saddam Hussein out--for good.Once Saddam Hussein is ousted the world will be rid of a large nuisance that it has had to put up with since the early 10's.Saddam Hussein cannot be trusted again.Much like Kim Jong II, Saddam Hussein is a serial shredder of promises (Time is Danger).

Saddam Hussein is beginning to feel the pressure from the United States.He has realized that it is no longer a game.George W. Bush means business and the slightest mistake by Hussein would most likely result in the end of Iraq.Iraqi cooperation with the United Nations weapon inspectors has amazingly increased now that the threat of war looms on the horizon.More troops are continually being deployed to the Middle East.

The United States is capable of going to war with Iraq alone.War strategists feel that it would take 150,000 United States troops to launch a full-scale invasion on Iraq (Gatehouse).If at all possible the United States should try and get some allies for backing going into Iraq.

Having the support of allies would help erase the any doubt that Americans or much less any other person in the world might have.All of the United States most trusted allies in the past have seemed to turn their back on the United States.Some would like to "exhaust" every mean of diplomacy before resorting to war.The problem with diplomacy is that if another treaty is made Saddam Hussein can simply break another promise.If there is war and Saddam Hussein is eliminated the threat of a broken promise will be eliminated.

There is no doubt about the threat that Iraq poses.There is doubt in the United States though.Many strong objections have risen against the United States since their recent talk of a war in the possible near future.Is war really necessary?Is the United States rushing in?Do they really have proof that Iraq has weapons of mass-destruction, and if so where?Is all this just a ploy to improve George W. Bush's chance at re-election?And most importantly does Saddam Hussein pose any bigger threat than any country before?

Several Americans are beginning to question George W. Bush also.Americans are underestimating the economic commitment involved in a war with Iraq.With the constant threat of war on the horizon, markets continually go down while oil prices will continue to soar (Calculating the Consequences).An already struggling economy will be held down even more, with little chance to improve.

The price of war will be great.Assuming everything goes as planned and it is a quick war the cost is estimated to be 55 billion dollars.In a worst case scenario the United States government should be willing to dish out around 10 billion dollars (Calculating the Consequences).These really are not that great of numbers considering the United States is over one trillion dollars in debt.If George W. Bush were really worried about improving the staggering economy war would be avoided at all costs.

Another remote possibility is that a war could stimulate the economy and result in an economic boom.The large amounts of money being spent by the government for defense would be beneficial to many struggling businesses.Some of the largest economic booms in history have to give thanks to large wars.A large economic boost would most likely occur if the United States were to gain control of the Iraqi oil fields.The benefits would be numerous.The United States would be more self-energy-dependent with a large supply of oil coming in from Iraq.

George W. Bush has angered some United Nations leaders.They do not like his cowboy ways and feel as if they are being bossed around.The Europeans see this possible war as hypocrisy.They do not understand why diplomacy can be used with North Korea but not with Iraq (McGeary et. Al.).Possibly the United States needs to re-evaluate itself and look at what it is doing and whether it is right or not.The Europeans do not understand why the United Nations weapons inspectors cannot be given more time in Iraq.The Bush Administration is expecting the inspectors to do a multi-year job in a matter of months.That is an impossible task and it is out of line for the United States to make so many accusations after so little time.

The United States claims they have proof that Saddam Hussein does indeed possess weapons of mass-destruction.United Nations officials want to see such proof yet the United States refuses to show it.This is only making the United States look foolish.More and more people are beginning to take them less seriously.

The United States is finding out who their real allies are during this time.The list isn't very long.Only a handful of countries have shown their support for the United States and have even fewer have offered military backing in the result of a war.Some countries simply don't have the military forces to help or have problems in their own countries to deal with.Other countries just simply refuse to help.Such countries should not expect United States military assistance in the future if they are in need.

The United States biggest ally right now is the country of Great Britain.Tony Blair is offering military assistance to the United States.That is much more that any other country has done so far.Tony Blair, much like George W. Bush feels that Iraq had a connection with the suicide bombers of /11 in New York City, which destroyed the twin World Trade Center towers.Also much like Bush, Blair has no real proof against Iraq and is also considered to be rushing into war against Iraq (Stephen).

Blair seems as if he is simply going along with everything George W. Bush says.Blair is basing some of his information from documents over ten years old.A 11 document made by United Nations weapons inspectors said that, at the time, Iraq was 6 month toyears away from developing a nuclear bomb.Soon after that nearly all of Iraq's infrastructure was destroyed in the Persian Gulf War.After the war United Nations weapons inspectors seen to it that Iraq turn over its highly enriched uranium and plutonium (Stephen).The help of Great Britain is a huge help for the United States and their efforts to invade Iraq, yet Britain, like the United States should not rush into war.

Canada, in the old days, was normally one of the first to join military alliances with the United States.Times have changed. Jean Chrtien and his Canadian government have been reluctant to make any promises about joining the United States in military action against Iraq.George W. Bush has but Canada on the spot by saying that they are either with or against the United States (Well, maybe…).This is a most uncomfortable situation for Canada.

There is not really a winning situation for Canada.They really have no military assistance to offer to the United States, yet if they do not help them they will be considered to be against the United States.Canada is heavily relying on the United Nations and Chief Weapons inspector Hans Blix to offer a more peaceful resolution.

The United States-German love affair, dating back to World War II has seems to have gone sour.The future of the relationship is beginning to look very bleak.The German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder has said that he will refuse any assistance to the United States in a war against Iraq even with a United Nations blessing to do so.The German military forces are weak and are already spread out across a vast area.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.He has also gone as far to say that he will veto any motion in the Untied Nations to allow the United States to take military action against Iraq.Many Germans feel that George W. Bush is too radical in his approach against terrorism and Iraq.George W. Bush is rushing into a war with Iraq.Is he really prepared?Many Germans are pondering that question.To add to that many Germans have expressed concern about the hundreds of thousands of Iraqi civilians that would lose their lives in the event of a war.

The Germans still like the United States.The recent actions by Germany have not shown this but a relationship is still there.Germany has had its share of wars.They know the consequences.Germany wants to be left in peace and let diplomacy do the work.

France has not ruled out military assistance to the United States against Iraq.President Jacques Chirac wants war to be a last resort after exhausting all means of diplomacy (McGeary et. Al.). France also has another motive for not wanting to invade Iraq.France and Saddam Hussein have been good friends since the early to mid 170's. France has financial ties with Iraq. France has invested a large sum of money into the Iraqi oil fields and they make large profit off these oil fields.A war would most definitely destroy any such ties, cutting off some of France's income.France needs to decide who it is going to stand behind.Does it want to support a madman or assist the United States? The United States does not have time to stand around and wait for France to set on this decision.

Possibly the single most important to ally to the United States is the small Middle Eastern country of Turkey.Located just north of Iraq, the location would be excellent for the United States to stage an invasion.Gaining Abdullah Gul's permission to use Turkish military bases would be a great step forward.Turkish bases are necessary for bombing raids.And if American troops are deployed in Kurdish territory they will need to come through Turkey.Gul is reluctant to make any promises though.Because of the fear of a possible rebellion by the Iraqi Kurds lingering in the back of his mind, Gul will not make promises to anyone.He is simply looking out for his home country of Turkey.The United States needs Turkey to launch a successful war.

The Iraqi Kurds are also a strong ally to the United States.In return for their support though, they want undaunted protection from the United States.Memories from the Persian Gulf War still linger in the back of their minds.The United States promised protection then but when the Iraqi Kurds invaded Iraq no United States support was there.A large part of their forces were crushed.The Iraqi Kurds would like a country of their own but they are realistic and know that there is little to no chance at all of them gaining their own country from an American-Iraqi war (Allies from hell).The United States should cater to these small allies request.Their importance is undeniable and immeasurable.The United States needs the Iraqi Kurds just as much as the country of Turkey to help them launch a successful war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq.

To say that the United States loved and respected by all would be a false statement.More countries despise the United States and want to see its downfall.America has earned these enemies by breaking promises and also by the fact that some countries simply hate the United States supremacy.With the threat of war in the near future the United States must not upset its' allies. Saddam Hussein and Kim Jong II are both dangerous men.Men like them possessing large weapons of mass-destruction are a dangerous combination, just asking for a disaster.

If force must be taken against then so be it. Kim Jong II and Saddam Hussein must be taken out of power. If the United Nations desires to stand back and watch as two crazy and dangerous men continue to run rampant then the United States does not need their assistance. The United States has the military power to launch a campaign and start a war. No blessing is really needed from anyone for the United States to invade Iraq. Europe militarily, is a dud and can do nothing to stop the Untied States from invading Iraq. The end of Saddam Hussein and Kim Jong II will rid the world of two great nuisances that it has had to live with for nearly ten years. Something needs to be done--period.

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Strategic analysis of ryanair

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on strategic analysis of ryanair. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality strategic analysis of ryanair paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in strategic analysis of ryanair, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your strategic analysis of ryanair paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help!1. Assessing Ryaianir's failure and success (performance overview)

1. 1 For any firm to be successful, it needs to take into account the following choices of

competitive arena, culture, resources, value chain, capabilities, competences and synergy

(Cole 000).

Therefore, by analysing Ryanair's financial performance from 1 to March 00, we consider the firm to have grown from strength to strength. By looking at Ryanair's load factors from 1-00, we have seen that the firms load factors have increased each year (This can be viewed in figure 1). This shows Ryanairs passengers have increased as the business has grown. (compare with easy Jet load factors).

Figure 1

Key statistics 10000010000

Scheduled passengers4. 5.5 7.4 11.1 15.7

Number of aircraft operated at period end 1 6 6 41 54

Number of employees at period end1,0 1,88 1,4761,51 1,87

passenger per employee at period end4,05 ,6 5,077,44 8,6

(Source Ryanair financial reports 1,000,001,00 & 00)

1. After conducting further analysis, we viewed the operating profit from 1-00, which have increased from 57.8 million in 1, to .4 million in 00 (this can be viewed in the figurebelow). This shows that Ryanair is succeeding in gaining more customers each year by offering a superior service.

Figure

10000010000

Operating Profit 5.8 70.1487.464.1 84.5

Net Profit57.8 7.5 104.5 150.4 .4

Earnings per Share (In euro cent) 7.47 1.6 .61 0.64 1.71

(Source Ryanair financial reports 1,000,001,00 & 00)

1. Ryanair uses various financial measures to assess its performance and does not just rely on one. The following three measures have been used to assess the performance of Ryanair ROCE (Return on capital employed), profit per employee, ROE (Return on equity), to measure performance and earnings per share. .

Figure

10000010000

Return on Capital Employed 5.6%4.4%5.%7.6%1.40%

Return on Equity 0.00%0.016%0.016%0.015%1.%

Profit Per Employee 0.0480.050.0710.080.16

Earning per share (EPS)n/a0.11p0.15p0.1p0.p

(Source Ryanair financial reports 1,000,001,00 & 00)

Figureshows one significant downturn in the ROE figures in 00, where ROE decreased by 0.01%., but it has not had any significant impact on the firm. All measures remained stable and increased each year.

One significant region, where performance can be measured is in terms of EPS.Shareholders funds at June 0 000, increased to 5.16 million compared to 4.17 million at June 0 1. Furthermore, figureshows an increase in EPS each year especially in 00, where it increased by 0.0p compared to 00. This shows that Ryanair is thriving in terms of its financial performance. For this reason it is able to take care of its shareholders and give them a vigorous return in their investment.

1.4 We can place these results in context by competing with those of easyJet, another European "No-frills airline". It is clear that on almost all measures easyJet is outperforming Ryanair.

. Assessing Ryanair's environment and Competitive Advantage

SWOT Analysis (a detailed SWOT Analysis can be viewed in Appendix 4 )

.1 A SWOT analysis is a very important tool in adding a company to find out who their main competitors are and what threat they may pose upon a firm. By analysing Ryanair case study (Haberberg and Rieple 001), we identified Ryanair could be facing competition on three fronts from other low cost operators, low-cost divisions of large international airlines and surface transport.

. StrengthsRyanair has much strength as it's a No 1 European Airline. One of its main strengths is to offer exceptionally low airfares compared with its competitors. In addition, Ryanair has a strong customer service base which enables it to distribute No 1 service to its customers all year around. For example, in June 00 Ryanir was No 1 for punctuality, least amount of bags lost and fewer passenger complaints.

. Weaknesses- one major weakness identified, as they increase destination flights, parts of the air transport infrastructure, such as air traffic control and ground transportation will become more congested. This may increase delay and may pose a threat to safety to both employees and customers. Another weakness which we identified is the restriction on night flying which can produce congestion and delays at other times. This may mean that Ryanair services could be postponed. (a list of other weaknesses can be viewed in Appendix 1).

. Opportunities- one of the main opportunities in the near future, could be to expand into Ireland as it continues to be the only country in Europe to miss out on extraordinary traffic and tourism growth. For example, this could a major success, in the case of social and economic trends that increase the spending power of groups like elder people, in Ireland.

.4 Threats- an immense threat that could destroy No 1 position for Ryanair, is the price of oil which could lead to a decrease in profit. Another major threat is high speed rail links which may have an impact on some short haul flights, for example to France. One of the main threats identified, could be the emergence of new no frill airlines which could affect the rapid growth of Ryanair. Therefore, they need to continue to offer excellent service to their customers and bring down the cost of flights. This way it will maintain its No1 position.

. Macro environmental factorsPEST (Far Environment- Analysing competition)

.1 Political and legal factors - Over the year's political issues have been a major concern for Ryanair. Airports have been privatised or are run by private sector firms on behalf of public sector owners. In the early days, airline industries were heavily regulated in the following ways

(1.) Which airlines were designated to fly a particular route (usually one or two

from each country).

(.) What fares can be charged.

(.) How many seats could be sold?

(4.) Which airports could be used?

But all this changed in 1, when the airline industry de-regulated in Europe. (Regulations imposed can be viewed in Appendix ……).

. Ryanair may face the following political/legal issues in the near future

(1.) Deregulation as the market increases in size, therefore economies of scale may arise.

(.) The inclusion of the Ballken states will make them more stable and accessible to

tourists which will increase the demand for such destinations.

(.) Move towards a federal government for the EU will likely mean attempts to create

heightened competition on a Europe- wide basis.

(4.) Ryanair is now able to operate a base out of any European country. This will give

them opportunity to expand into new markets.

(5.) Airports in the UK (Stanstead, Heathrow, Gatwick) have local noise restrictions, only

can operate at certain times of day and night. These restrictions may cause

curtailment of service on increases in operating costs and could limit Ryanair's ability

to expand its operating of affected airports.

(6.) Slots- currently, only 4 airports served by Ryanair, London Stanstead (one of its

primary bases of operations), London Gatwick, Turin and Manchester, are regulated

by means of "Slots" allocations which represent authorizations to take off or land at a

particular airport with specified time period. Therefore, any future proposals that

might create a secondary market for allocation of slots or allow trading of slots

among airline could create potential source of revenue for certain types of Ryanair's

current and potential competitors, many of which Ryanair's current and potential

competitors, many of which have many more slots allocated at present than Ryanair.

.4 Economic- Economic activity is the major force behind the demand for travel in general, and the demand for air transport in particular. As Ryanair operates globally, exchange rates are very important in determining what prices can be charged within each country it operates. The following table shows

Figure 4

IR £ PER £IR £ PER US$

Q1 11.1610.7116

Q 11.1780.7456

Q 11.060.7507

1-Jan-001.7880.7781

0011.660.646

00-0.666

00 Q1-0.6

00 Q-0.6176

The above table shows the exchange rates that affect the buying power of consumers. In 001 the exchange rates decreased compared to 1 Jan 000. This could be due to September 11th out break. But this is proved to be an advantage for Ryanir as low exchange rates mean Ryanair can compete in different markets more effectively.

Economic outlook for the Future for Ryanair

1.Public expenditure is a major factor in the prosperity of any industry. As personal disposable income increases, more and more people will be willing to travel with Ryanair. Furthermore, although annual GDP growth slowed between 001/0 to 1.8% compared to a .% the previous year the economy is forecast to increase its growth rate in the short-term. In real terms GDP is expected to increase to .5% between 00 and 004. This will also increase consumer expenditure by 10%. This bodes well for the Ryanair and the airline market.

.Currently nearly all of the G7 economies are in or near to recession due to the adverse affects of travel of the IRAQ war and outbreak of Sars. However, since predictions vary over the expected economic climate even for the next few months it is always difficult to ascertain demand.

.Of all the airlines such as British Airways, the low cost airline (E.g. Ryanair, easyJet) ones are the best positioned to withstand recession, but perhaps their stock market- valuations are about to peak.

4.Continued rapid expansion remains Ryanair's policy with new routes between the UJ and western Europe and new continental bases. The company is also planning a major new base at Stockholm's Skavsta Airport to serve to expanding market for low cost within and outside Scandinavia.

5.In February 00, Ryanair announced a plan to increase its existing orders for Boeing 77-800 aircraft by , bring its overall outstanding order book to 15 Boeing jets, with another 15 on option. Some of these will go towars replacing Buzz's existing fleet. These plans are to be completed by 008.

6.Competition from other low cost "no-frills" airlines could affect the economic climate of Ryanair if any of the new established low cost airlines are able to gain foothold in the market.

7.Due to the affect of Sars and Iraq war and the threat of further terrorist attacks, insurance costs may increase. This could be a major disadvantage for Ryanair and other no frills airlines especially new emerging airlines.

Other important economic factors relate to the supply of an demand for key inputs, such as oil. If oil consumptions decrease may affect the profitability of Ryanair as it needs oil in order to run its aircrafts.

.5 Social/Cultural- trends tend to have a life of only a few years, as consumer purchasing power changes over time. Ryanairs services are available all the time to its customers it does not change, unless customers who book regular cheap flights decide to switch to business class or one of their competitors because their circumstances have changed. E.g. extra expenditure from a new job or prices of fares are cheaper else where.

Furthermore, the public are generally quite friendly to the prospect of cheap flights, however they may feel begrudged where they see promotions found in news papers where flights are for £10 only to find that the actual cost is much higher for the particular time or day they wish to travel.

Furthermore, one of Ryanair's main aims towards its employees is to understand the group's strategy, in order to gain commitment5. The motivation and commitment of the employees is part of measuring performance. The groups' policy is to provide training, career development and promotion opportunities which are available to all employees. Therefore, Ryanair needs to keep its employees they are an asset, do not want them to go and work for one of their competitors cause they provide a better employment package. If on the other hand, competitors (e.g. easy jet) prices are lowered, then they will go and spend their extra cash with them. This highlights, that the firm needs to keep grip on their position as No1. Ryanair considers the importance of effective communication with its employees.

.6 Technological

In the airline industry, many new technological factors have been introduced. In 001, Ryanair introduced 10 new Boeing 77-800 series aircrafts, in order to upgrade their aircrafts in order to compete with their competitors. These aircrafts enabled Ryanair to employ the latest technology in terms of engine noise reduction and reduced level of fuel consumptions. This gave them advantage overeasyJet who are using Airbus A1s.

A significant factor in the low-cost/no-frills growth has been the growing popularity of the Internet, through the availability of swift and simple on-line booking and payment by credit card, in addition to the growing use of direct telephone reservations, has proved to be a god send for the low cost operators. It has enabled them to bypass travel agents, and pass the savings on to the passenger. Mintel estimates that around two-thirds of all bookings come through the Internet, and the figure is likely to increase. Only a comparatively small number of tickets are sold directly at the airports or through a travel agent.

Furthermore, the amazing success of Ryanair.com will continue to transform Ryanair's business model. The internet development will enable Ryanair to gain large savings in sales, marketing and distribution costs. For example, in the last 1 months % of sales have been taken through Ryanir.com. this has enabled Ryanir to reduce sales, marketing and distribution costs by 6%. Again like other low cost airlines whose average fares are being increased Ryanair has passed on these savings in the form of lower average airfares.

4. Industry Analysis with Porter's five forces model (near environment)

Michael Porter's seminal article, 'How competitive forces shape strategy' (17) introduced the five forces model for analysing an industry. It is as follows

(Source M. E. Porter, 17)

4.1 The bargaining power of suppliers

In most industries, including the airline industry, firms rely upon suppliers to ensure that their goods and services are available on time and at a high quality (Haberberg and Rieple 001).

After looking at Ryanair, we established that they need supplies of aeroplanes, fuel and airport facilities, together with time slot's during which its aircraft are able to take off and land at designated airports. Furthermore, if firms have a wide variety of suppliers to choose from suppliers have little power. On the other hand, if there are few a suppliers, then a firm has more power over their suppliers. Fuel prices are a major cost with no substitute, therefore powerful hold on airlines. That is because aviation fuel is largely undifferentiated, which means that one supplier is good as another as all suppliers offer similar facilities. In addition, price of aviation fuel is directly related to the cost of oil, as an individual company Ryanair does not have the power to alter this.

Another form of supplier is the quality of service that is offered to its customers by Ryanair and its competitors. Ryanair has to offer a better supply service compared to Easy Jet , in order for travellers to arrive at their destination in time for the start of the working day, and airlines that deliver this are more attractive than those that cannot. By looking at Ryanair's 00 annual report, they were at No 1 position for punctuality (0.5% on time compared to Easy Jet 71.7%), fewest complaints received (.4% of none cancellations compared to Easy Jet). This analysis shows that Ryanair's performance is exceptional compared to its competitors.

Moreover, in the airline industry there are only two suppliers of aircrafts

1.Boeing

.Airbus

Ryanair tends to purchase Boeing 77-800 aircrafts; these provide a cheap and reliable option. One reason for using these types of aircrafts is because they are cheap for Ryanair to maintain than a mixed fleet, while easyJet uses Airbus.

It's clear from the analysis that suppliers powerful, as there are only a few suppliers in the market. The more Ryanair expands the more power it will possess over its suppliers.

In relation to life cycle, the suppliers of fuel and aircrafts are at a mature stage of the life cycle they have a foothold in supplying to the aviation industry as there are no other suppliers to stop them from charging high prices as they have control.

4. The bargaining power of buyers

Buyer power refers to the extent to which an industry's customers have the power to dictate prices, quality standards and other terms and conditions to the firms that are supplying them in determining buyer power behaviour, switching costs are used, which involves looking at the relationship between the firms in an industry and their customers. (Morden, T 17).

No frills service- Ryanair offers its customers low fares, which are designed to stimulate demand, particularly from fare conscious leisure and business travellers, who might otherwise have used forms of transportation or would not have travelled at all. Furthermore, Ryanair's no-frills scheduled service provides essential services such as frequent departures, advance reservations, baggage handling and consistent on-time service while eliminating non-essential "extras" such as advance seat assignments, multi-class seating, and access to a frequent flyer programme.

Taking advantage of internet bookings- in 000 Ryanair launched their internet site, which enabled customers to book flights at their own convenience through the www.ryanair.com, so no delays are experienced in booking flights. This provides customers with fast and dependable service. This stage is still in the growth stage, as not many customers, have access to the internet to take advantage of this facility. But this could be strategy that Ryanair could build in order to encourage their customers to use the internet to book flights. (They could inspire customers by offering them a discount if they booked online).

Business class and Leisure- Ryanair has segmented its customer into two broad categories business and leisure. Business class offers customers the opportunities to travel on a first class service. In addition, leisure travellers are customers who look for low fares, e.g. "No-frills Airline", such as Ryanair. Therefore, leisure travellers are usually visiting friends and family, who require low fares.

In 00, Ryanair increased its passenger volume by 4% to 15.7 million, compared to 00 where there were only 11.1 million passengers. This shows that customers tend to look for low air fares.

By analysing all the above buyers, we came to a conclusion that buying power is high unless there is good evidence to the contrary. Moreover, buyer power was low when Ryanair first started, and grow once customers established Ryanair also the sign of profitability indicated that they have matured into the industry.

4. The threat of new entrants

Haberberg and Rieple (001) have suggested the height of barriers to entry determines the strength of the threat that new entrants pose to firms in an industry. In many firms there are many barriers to entry such as economises of scale and threats of retaliation which is also a potential barrier to entry.

The threat of new entrants in the aviation industry is very lo w, due to increase in competition. Other operators will try to gain entry into the "no frills" airlines into European tourist countries such as France, Italy and Scandinavia. It is probable, that they will be some failures, as not every entrant will be successful as Ryanair or easy Jet, and as the UK market is starting to look a little crowded, as more and more "new entrants" emerge.

Furthermore, when low-cost operators enter a route, they expand traffic rather than take share from existing operators. For example, if easyJet enters a route that Ryanair already serves, Ryanair could be under threat to with draw from that particular route.

After analysing the threat of new entrants in the market, we have come to a conclusion; the entrance into the aviation market is very low, due to the high costs involved in setting up e.g. purchasing aircrafts, fuel prices, and recruitment of highly skilled staff. Another threat to entry could be the threat of retaliation. This could provoke Ryanair to cut prices or step up their marketing efforts to prevent the new competitors from getting a foothold in the market.

Most barriers to entry are not affected by an industry's progression through its life cycle. However, the transition from growth to maturity, and the resulting intensification of competition in an industry, is likely to reduce the threat of entry by making the industry less attractive, and try by making it more likely that Ryanair will take defence action against new entrants.

4.4 The threat of substitutes

Buyer power is strongly influenced by the availability of substitute products. If customers

ȱȵincrease their power.

The following are considered to be Ryanair's substitutes trains, ferries, other "No Frills" airlines. These modes of transport are no tenable threats distances too great except from London to Paris, which cam be reached by Euro Star.

Customers will turn to substitute products, if Ryainair does not offer lower fares than their competitors or a flight to a certain destination. For example, a customer wants to go to a certain destination which Ryanair does not offer then customers will go by train or ferry and Ryanair will lose out.

In relation to the life cycle substitute products are considered to have an effect of Ryanair's existing products/services in the market. Therefore, substitute products can make them uncompetitive, deriving it into the maturity or decline phase in its life cycle.

4.5 The industry jockeying for position among current competitors

The airline industry is a very competitive industry. Ryanair sells the lowest air fare tickets in the industry compared to its competitors. For a flight to Rome Ciampinio, leaving from London Stanstead it will cost you £6., but if you look at easyJet its competitor they charge £1. for the same destination. By analysing the prices of the same destination, it proves that Ryanair offers lowest fares in the market.

Ryanir operates cost leadership and differentiation strategies. The other strategy that it does not or is not able to implement is that of 'Focus' (Porter, 180). It does not maintain close links to its market, in order to do this.

Ryanair sustains a cost leadership advantage over all other operators, as it only flies out of 'uncontested, inexpensive airports', which have by comparison much lower airport charges. At some airports such as Heathrow these charges can double the price of a ticket. While easyJet fly into Glasgow international and mainstream airports.

The second strategy which Ryanir implements is differentiation. Ryanair offers lowest prices in the market, which differentiates it from its competitors.

How concentrated

How fierce

How global

5. Strategic Resources

Strategic resources are those that make a particular difference to a firm's strategic positionto its cost or differentiation advantage (Haberberg and Rieple 001). Resources consist of assets, capabilities and competences. Most organisations tend not to have a strategic resource, as strategic resources are very infrequent. For an organisation such as Ryanair to have a strategic resource, it needs to offer its customers something unique, that none of its competitors can offer.By analysing Ryanair's resources, we feel that they have no strategic resources, as currently Ryanair does not offer any service/s, which are not offered by its competitors (e.g. easy Jet). Nevertheless, it may come up with a strategic resource for the future, which competitors will be unable to replicate and would be far too expensive for them to reproduce.

6. Value chain

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tide polymorphism vs. family dinners. Neurotransmitters vs. sibling rivalries. Deoxyribonucleic acid vs. broken homes.

Its the age-old debate of nature vs. nurture. And the battle rages on.

In the wake of the horrifying death of six-year-old Kayla Rolland, who was shot point-blank by a fellow first-grader at her Michigan elementary school in early March, family, friends and people all across the country were left to wonder how a six-year-old boy could become a murderer. People usually speculate about what societal influences led him astray--but could it have been in his genes?

The nature of nurturing

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After witnessing the detrimental effects of a bad neighborhood on his peers, junior Mark Nyles believes the evidence is more compelling on the side of environment than science. The system affects everybody, says Nyles. My friends [who live in New York] got into a lot of trouble, but they were all people who were good at heart and got drawn into the wrong crowd.

And unfortunately, Rollands killer seemed to have been born into the wrong crowd. According to a March 1 Newsweek article by Keith Naughton and Evan Thomas, the shooters father could only be a part of his sons life between prison sentences for charges of cocaine possession and burglary. And his mother had recently been evicted from her home. She left the boy and his eight-year-old brother with an uncle, whose house, police say, served as one of the neighborhoods regular hot spots for dealing crack cocaine.

Clearly, there is something wrong with a picture like this. The family structure in which a child grows up greatly affects how he or she is able to react to the world, warns teen psychologist Dr. Meredith Branson.

Nyles recognizes and appreciates the role his family played in steering him in the right direction. All of the negativity my friends and I were around makes you curious, and [so] you want to get involved, he explains. Fortunately, my parents being there kept me out of trouble.

And so it seems that Rollands murder, which police say was prompted by a harsh exchange of words the day before, might have been prevented if the boys parents had provided a suitable environment for a developing child. Maybe then the shooter wouldnt have opted to settle the score with a gun.

DeCODEing the truth

But the environments influence on a childs development is not so widely accepted. Richard Herrnsteins and Charles Murrays 14 paper, The Bell Curve Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, explored DNAs role in determining personality, and it reignited a large debate over the nature vs. nurture theory. But according to a January , 18, article in The Economist, most researchers agree that both DNA and environment play important roles in shaping a persons character. However, theorists are split about exactly how much influence each element has and thus, where the blame should rest for tragedies like the Michigan shooting.

For years, scientists have known that features like eye color and ear shape are controlled by specific genes carefully coded in each human cell. However, according to genetics teacher Angelique Bosse, researchers have had some difficulty in tracing the origins of more intricate traits like shyness, intelligence and aggression because they are multi-factorial characteristics, meaning they are connected to several genes and environmental factors.

Specifically, Bosse says, one study has suggested that an extra Y-chromosome in men could increase their tendency towards aggression.

While a persons genetic makeup may make him or her more susceptible to certain characteristics, Branson says parents, peers and community members have the ability to initiate and reinforce these tendencies. Genetics can give someone a predisposition to a certain feature, [but] the environment can both trigger the predisposition and affect the severity of the reaction, she explains. A girl may have [a genetic] inclination to have an eating disorder, but she might not develop the problem unless she grows up in an environment focused on looks, clothing and weight.

It takes a village

I have always had an interest in science, says history resource teacher Cherie McGinn, acknowledging the impact of genetics on human behavior and its relevance to todays society. However, being an educator first, I believe we can affect great change by creating a nurturing environment for students, which would be responsible for decreasing crime rates and increasing educational success.

In McGinns opinion, the solution lies within our schools. A child born in poor circumstances can turn out very poorly unless educators intervene, she says. Society has to undergo a major paradigm shift from the idea that children are born a certain way to realizing that, with appropriate education, children can achieve at high levels.

Senior Dayo Olaiya, who immigrated from Nigeria four years ago, is a genuine example of what McGinn would like to see more frequently in high schools. Olaiya explains that the academic environment in Nigeria was detrimental to his ability to succeed because the students were not as serious. He remembers, Most of the time [my friends and I] were just going out to have fun, not really studying.

The quality of schooling in the United States is much, much better than back home, Olaiya believes. I think [learning is] easier here because here we have after-school academic support, he explains. And most of my friends, were calling each other [for homework]. In Nigeria, you can hardly [find] that.

Since he has lived here, Olaiya has been able to accumulate a solid .7 cumulative GPA, which shows that he has been making the most of the opportunities his change in environment has offered him.

But most students wont experience the possible benefits of a drastic shift in scene like Olaiyas. In some cases, according to Branson, the impetus for change manifests itself in the guidance of one influential figure. Sometimes all you need is just one person to give you the confidence and support you need, she says.

And at times, one person is all that senior Peter Okolo had to help him maintain a diligent work ethic and a stellar . cumulative GPA in the Magnet program. Having grown up in a Rockville housing project where you could hear gun shots at night, Okolo based his priorities on the limited guidance of his mother who, he says, often couldnt come home from work untilora.m.

However, when his mother was around, Okolo says, she made it a point to emphasize the importance of respect. I always gave [adults] respect, and I felt that if I did well in school, I could get it, he says. I think [success is] all in your environment and how your parents raised you.

But of course, nurturists would argue otherwise. And so the battle of nature vs. nurture continues.

Without any decisive ground gained on either side, many people seem to be moving towards the center, claiming, as senior Jason Rubenstein does, I think its both. I think well learn in the future that there are a lot of little things that will be controlled by genes, and well find there are big things that arent.

And maybe well discover how to keep another Kayla Rolland from becoming another victim.

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Nature versus nurture

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Nature versus nurture is a popular term used to describe debates over the relative degrees to which ones genetic makeup (nature) and ones life experiences (nurture) influence ones traits or attributes. A wide variety of traits have been considered in such debates, including personality, sexual orientation, political orientation, intelligence, and propensity for violence or criminality.

Although nurture may have historically referred mainly to the care given to children by their parents, a number of other environmental factors probably also would count as nurture in a contemporary nature versus nurture debate, including ones childhood friends, ones early experiences with television, or even ones experience in the womb. Additionally, although childhood experience (especially early childhood experience) is often regarded as more influential in who one becomes than post-childhood experience, a liberal interpretation of nurture might count all life experience as nurture.

Clear-cut cases

In a few clear-cut cases, it makes sense to say that a trait is due almost entirely to nature, or almost entirely to nurture. In the case of Huntingtons disease, nature seems to be the right answer; basically, you will get the disease if and only if you have the corresponding disease. In the case of which particular language you speak, nurture seems to be the right answer; linguists have found that any normal child can learn any human language. With most interesting traits, however, there is probably significant mixing between nature and nurture, and people may disagree wildly about the relative importance of the two.

How we can try to compare the effects of nature and nurture, and why this is hard

Much of current thinking tends to discount the notion of genetics as valid in determining subjectively qualified traits, such as intelligence or personality but research has indicated that genetics often influences the development of these traits. Identical twins raised separately, for example, have often been found to live similar lives and have similar personalities and levels of intelligence. It is also thought that the environment may trigger the expression of certain genes, that is, determine whether and to what extent a genetic predisposition will actually manifest itself. Hence, untangling nature and nurture, even with experiments like the above, can be very problematic and open to wide interpretation.

After a long, contentious, maturing, what can be said scientifically, is that for valid categorical attributes, there can be probabilities assigned to genetic triggers. This is the limit of what genetics can scientifically predict about human psychological development.

A researcher seeking to quantify the influence of genes or environment on a trait needs to be able to separate the effects of one factor away from that of another. Often this reduces to calculating the heritability of a trait.

In many cases the difficulty of creating situations suitable for testing environmental and genetic influence on traits has been compensated for by finding existing populations that reflect the experimental setting the researcher wishes to create. For example, many twin studies have made use of identical twins (who have the same genetic makeup) who were raised in differing environments in order to control for genetic effects that is, any variation between twins is clearly attributable to the environment, allowing the researcher to quantify the effects of the environment by measuring variance of a trait between twins.

Contemporary researchers have pointed out the likelihood that the individual, to some extent, shapes their own environment in ways that are presumably influenced by their genes. In addition, environment may trigger the expression of genes, that is, determine whether and to what extent a genetic predisposition will actually manifest itself. Hence, untangling nature and nurture, even with experiments like the above, can be almost impossible.

Another is the question of intelligence - was Einstein genetically predestined to become a revolutionary thinker? The subject is highly contentious, as many questions raised seem unlikely to be answerable scientifically. With so many variables to contend with, it seems impossible to isolate the effects that either genes or the environment have on the subjects of experiments.

Moral difficulties eugenics, etc..

Modern science, however, tends to frown upon giving too much weight to the nature side of the argument, in part because of social consciousness. Historically, much of this debate has had undertones of racist, and eugenicist policies - the notion of race as a scientific validity has often been assumed as a prerequisite in various incarnations of the nature versus nurture debate. Genetics, long having been used as scientific justification for genocide, or race-based discrimination.

...Steven Pinker moral ideals directing science?

Philosophical difficulties are the traits real?

It is sometimes a question whether the trait being measured is even a real thing. Much energy has been devoted to calculating the heritability of intelligence (usually the I.Q., or intelligence quotient), but there is still far from any agreement on whether intelligence exists, or how one should define or measure it.

Myths and mysteries

Within the debates surrounding cloning, for example, is the far-fetched contention that a Jesus or a Hitler could be re-created through genetic cloning. Current thinking finds this largely preposterous, and discounts the possibility that the clone of anyone would grow up to be the same individual.

Misc

A number of social issues exist, especially in education and in law with regards to culpability.

The concurrent development phenomenon identical twins, separated at birth, grow to look and act so similarly?

Some nature versus nurture debates are criticized for leaving little role for free will; if nature and nurture together have so much influence on who I am, then is there such a thing as free will?

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Nature vs. Nurture

Do you inherit intelligence, or is your brainpower affected by your environment? The nature vs. nurture debate is an old one. Is intelligence inherited or learned? Now researchers in Washington, D.C. have an answer. According to their study, its both. Genetics has a lot to do with how intelligent a person is, but environment has a lot to do with how that intelligence develops. Whats more surprising is that intelligence, as measured in an I-Q score, can change based on changes in environment. If you once took an I-Q test and got a high score, you may not be able to rest on your laurels. For example, a challenging environment may boost your I-Q, but your score could drop again when your environment changes. The researchers say this effect means that small genetic differences could ultimately have a big effect. People who are naturally a bit smarter may seek more challenging situations, which make them even smarter. One factor that could affect intelligence is nurturing from parents during childhood. Researchers in Canada found that baby rats whose mothers gave them more attention learned more easily. Doctors at UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas say spending time with your children, reading to them, playing games and otherwise showing you care not only makes your children feel good, but it could help them be smarter. Either way, its good for both of you.

Beyond nature versus nurture

Massimo Pigliucci

The debate on the relative importance of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) in determining human traits has been prolonged and often acrimonious. Great minds have engaged in it over the last 00 years, including philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, and scientists Stephen Gould, Richard Lewontin, and Edward Wilson. The problem is that most of the debate has proceeded on the basis of either a simplistically dichotomous view of the question, or with a dearth of relevant empirical evidence. The controversy has in fact largely been solved when it comes to plants and non-human animals. Unfortunately, most philosophers are not aware of such progress, which has taken place within the arcane discipline of evolutionary ecology. On the other hand, most scientists keep focusing on the special case of humans which - while obviously the most interesting - has demonstrated to be the most recalcitrant to empirical analysis and the most open to philosophical inquiry.

While it is safe to say that humans have always investigated their own nature and have certainly done so since the onset of Greek philosophy, modern positions on the issue of nature/nurture may more or less clearly be traced to the works of two English philosophers, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Locke (16-1704) was the founder of the school known as empiricism, holding that knowledge can be gained only through the use of the senses, as opposed to rationalism, according to which the mind can derive knowledge solely on logical grounds. On the question of human nature, Locke thought of the human mind as a tabula rasa (literally, a blank slate). On it, experience writes and moulds the individual throughout her life. Innate thoughts do not enter the picture, according to this view. Interestingly, Lockes theory of human nature - like the ones espoused by biologists such as Gould and Lewontin in modern times - was tightly coupled with his social theories. Locke thought that people are born

essentially good and with equal rights, and that an ideal society should reflect these fundamental assumptions.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-167) espoused a different notion. In his books, and particularly in the famous Leviathan he proposed that mechanical processes control human actions, which are innately fearful and violent. Consequently, the only hope for humans is to submit entirely to an organised state (and religious authority), so to be forced to live in a reasonable way. This is not a far cry from the right-wing politics implicitly or explicitly adopted by some social scientists involved in the modern debate, such as Arthur Jensen, R J Herrnstein, and C Murray.

Of course, modern philosophers and scientists readily acknowledge that human traits are in fact the result of both nature and nurture, but they are usually also quick to add that one of these two components takes precedence. For example, Gould, Lewontin and others think that the environment is the major determinant of human nature. Their position could hardly be summarised more concisely than by the title of one of Lewontins books, Not in Our Genes. If the causes of intelligence, aggression, or whatever other aspect of our behaviour are not in our genes, they must surely be found in the environment. On the other side of the divide, Jensen, Herrnstein, Murray, Wilson (albeit in a category of his own) and many others are convinced that genetics and natural selection have shaped the physical as well as mental characteristics of all living beings, including humans. When Murray suggests (in the title of one of his articles) that IQ will put you in your place he is assuming that IQ is written in stone in the DNA of each one of us.

Interestingly from the point of view of the sociology of science, the modern debate on nature/nurture has often been accompanied by unpleasantness, as in the case of E O Wilson being treated to a shower of ice cold water during a conference by somebody who disagreed with his opinions on sociobiology, and Gould being characterised as someone whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticised because he is at least on our side against the creationists by an esteemed British colleague. Clearly, the emotional stakes are much higher than in your typical academic debate.

A solution to the nature/nurture problem has been at hand since the beginning of the 0th century, with the introduction in evolutionary biology of the concept of reaction norm. Simply put, a reaction norm is the set of all possible morphologies and behaviours that a living organism with certain genes can exhibit whenever exposed to a variety of environmental conditions. Biologists have quickly come to realise that if one changes either the genes or the environment, the resulting behaviour can be dramatically different. The trick then, is not in partitioning causes between nature and nurture, but in what is technically known as genotype-environment interactions, the way genes and environments interact dialectically to generate an organisms appearance and behaviour. This dialectical relationship produces different outcomes when genes or environments change, and the precise shape of a reaction norm can only be found empirically.

The concept of reaction norms has dealt a fatal blow to a staple of nature/nurture discussions throughout the last century the much vaunted (or criticised, depending on the author) measure of heritability of a trait. When we hear (or read in newspapers, textbooks, and even technical papers) that the heritability of, say, intelligence (or homosexuality, or what have you) is 70% we tend to conclude that that is a major reason to believe that genes have a lot to do with determining the trait in question. Yet, biologists working on plants and animals have shown over and again that heritability changes dramatically (sometimes between 0 and 100%!) if one studies a different population of the same species, or even the same population raised in a different environment. Furthermore, we now understand that genetic influences do not imply rigid determinism studies of reaction norms in a variety of organisms have shown that the genes only set the limits of what an organism can do, but that within such limits the degree of plasticity of the organism - its ability to respond to different environmental challenges - can be very high.

Perhaps one of the best examples of the true relationship between nature and nurture is found in classic experiments performed by Cooper and Zubek in the late 150s. They compared intelligence, as measured by the ability to avoid mistakes in running through a maze, in two genetically distinct lines of rats. One line had been selected for high performance in the maze (bright rats), the other for particularly low performance (dull rats). When reared under a standard environment, comparable to the one in which the selection process occurred, the two lines showed a highly significant difference in their abilities (i.e., a high heritability of the trait). Cooper and Zubek, however, also reared individuals of the two lines in two other environments a situation in which the cage was entirely devoid of visual and tactile stimuli (poor environment), and one in which the developing animals were exposed to brightly coloured walls and toys (enriched environment). The results were simply stunning under the poor conditions, the bright rats performed as badly as the dull ones, while under the enriched environment the dull rats did as well as the bright ones (and the heritability of intelligence plummeted to zero in both cases)! The inescapable conclusion is that maze-running ability in rats is very plastic, and that different genes may lead to similar behaviours depending on environmental conditions.

So, why is there still such an acrimonious debate among philosophers and scientists about nature and nurture in humans? Because for both technical and ethical reasons we simply cannot perform on ourselves the sort of clear-cut experiments that Cooper and Zubek carried out on rats. Not only do humans have a very long life span and encounter very complex environments during their typical lifetime, but it is obviously unacceptable to experimentally breed human beings and control their environment for the sole purpose of scientific or philosophical investigation (or for any purpose, most would argue).

Unfortunately, this means that we are left with no sensible answer to a crucial question. Our educational policies, for example, may be more or less fruitful depending on the precise shape of human reaction norms. The same can be said for policies concerned with curbing crime, or for a host of other fundamental and difficult decisions we have to make in our societies. Regrettably, it should be clear by now that this is where the line must be drawn and that the only honest answer a philosopher or a scientist can give is I do not know. There is of course a strong temptation to keep guessing anyway. Sociologists, psychologists, and philosophers of science have long pointed out that personal egos, social prestige, financial rewards (personal or for research) all play into this tendency in a remarkably complex fashion. The fact remains, however, that there are - and always will be - some questions that science cannot answer (either at the moment, or in general). As Richard Lewontin himself put it in a similar context I must say that the best lesson our readers can learn is to give up the childish notion that everything that is interesting about nature can be understood. ... It might be interesting to know how cognition (whatever that is) arose and spread and changed, but we cannot know. Tough luck.

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